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Kali River

1

Geography

River Kali is located in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka (Figure 1). Originating at Diggi Vilalge - Supa (Figure 2), Kali flows for a distance of nearly 184 km (Amit et al 2008, Survey of India Topographic sheets, Gazetteer of India- Karnataka State – Uttara Kannada) before it joins Arabian Sea at Karwar (Uttara Kannada) (Figure 2).
Tributaries of Kali include, Pandrali, Kali, Tattihala, Vaki, Kaneri, Thananala, Kariholé and many more. Kali river has a catchment area of 5085.9 sq.km spread across districts of Uttara Kannada (Ankola, Karwar, Supa, Yellapur, Haliyal), Dharwad (Kalgatgi, Dharwad) and Belgaum (Khanapura, Bialhongal).

Figure 1: Kali River

Figure 2: Overlay of Google Earth

Figure 3: Topography

Topography of Kali river catchment is as depicted in Figure 3, elevation ranges between < 0m and 1023 m w.r.t Mean Sea Level, slope of the catchment varies up to 139%. Very high slope we observed in the Ghats (Anshi-Dandeli Ghat).
The variations in the terrain has led to formation of various water falls such as the Sathodi Falls, Nagarmadi falls, Devkar falls, Anshi water fall etc.
Rock types: Granites to schists, shale, quartzite’s, Phyllites.
Ores: Iron, limestone, bauxite, quartz, limestone, sand, clay, lime shell, Manganese, Asbestos, Mica.
Soil: Red Soil, Lateritic soils, Black soil, etc

2

Rainfall and Water Yield

Rainfall assessment in Kali catchment (Figure 4) indicates that rainfall in the catchment is orographic with annual rainfall varying spatially between 946 mm at the plains of Dharwad, to over 5951 mm at the Ghats of Anshi-Dandeli.
Water yield in the catchment is 35 - 75 TMC

Figure 4: Rainfall

3

Anthropology

Population in the catchment (Figure 5) has increased from 497892 in 2001 to 542036 in 2011 (Census of India) and is projected to increase to 566065 in the year 2016 at a growth rate of 8.8% per decade. Population density in the catchment is 111.3 persons per square kilometer as on 2016. Major Population is contained at towns such as Dandeli, Haliyar, Dharwad, Karwar, Yellapura, Ramnagar, Virje, Majali, Ammadalli.
Communities: Ambiga, Arer, Bandi, Bedar, Bandaris, Brahmins, Devadiga, Devalis, Gabit, Ganiga, Gouli, Gudikar, Harikanta, Hulsvara, Kahrvi, Vaishyas, Maratha, Kumri Maratha, Lingayath,, Maratha Kubri, Nadava, Namdharis, Padits, Gidbudukis, Siddis, Buddists, Jains, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, etc (Chandran and Hughes 2000, Wikipedia, Gazetter of India-Uttara Kannada district). 

Figure 5: Population dynamics in Kali river catchment

4

History, Culture, Heritage

River Kali has history beyond the Himalayas i.e., 88 Million year compared to Himalayas (50 Million years).
Culture

• Festivals and Jatras: Kurumgad jatra, Karavali utsava, karwar utsava,  Uura habba (Village Festival), Nadi habba (River festival), Bandi habba, Vadya Panchami, Mahamay jatra, Durga devi jatra, Kannika parameshwari jatra, Shantika parameshwari jatra, Venkataramana jatra, etc
• Dance: Folk dances (suggi kunita), bharatha natya, Kolata, bedara kunita, dhamami kunita, Huli kunita, Yakshagana, Masti Kunita, Preta kuntia, Bedara kunita, Mandala kunita, etc
• Music: Folk Songs, Garatiya Haadu, Halliya Haadu, Nadapadagalu, Bingina pada, Gumatepada, Jogavve haadu, Doni pada, Jogi pada, Badi vadya etc.
• Traditional Games: Kallata, kavade, Channe mane, Karu aata, Katte aata, Hulighatta, Bandi aata, Devarata, Sariya mugila aata, Achchu aata, Chowkabara, Tabalamane, etc.

Major temples in the catchment of Kali includes: Uluvi, Shanthadurga temple, Kavale Caves, etc.

5

Land use dynamics

Land use analysis of 2013 show that the catchment forest cover is about 55 % (about 38% covered with evergreen species). Figure 6 depicts FCC of the catchment, Figure 7 and Table 1 depicts land use in the catchment as on 2013.

Figure 6: False colour composite

Figure 7: Land use in Kali Catchment
Table1: Land use of Kali Catchment

6

Agriculture, Irrigation

Variety of Paddy, Sugar cane, Banana, Arecanut, Coconut, Mango, spices, etc.

7

Diversions /Reservoirs

Supa, Kodasalli, Tattihalla, Bommanalli Balancing Reservoir, Kaneri, Kadra.

8

Bio Diversity

Anshi Dandeli is Tiger Reserve, habitat of wild elephants, Hornbill reserves and also wild life corridor.
Bivalves: Ramachandra et al, 2012, http://www.cmfri.org.in
Paphia malabarica, Meretrix meretrix, Meretrix casta, Villorita cyprinoides, Arca granosa, Polymesoda erosa, Oysters, Perna viridis
Flora: Chandran et al 2012, http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/database_new Forest types found in the district are: Evergreen, Semi Evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Scrub, Thorny, un wooded with following species.
Acacia auriculiformis,  Acanthus ilicifolius,  Aegiceras corniculatum,  Albizia lebbeck,  Alseodaphne semicarpifolia,  Alstonia scholaris,  Alysicarpus  vaginalis,  Anacardium occidentale.,  Anogeisus latifolia,  Aporosa lindleyana,  Aristalochia  indica,  Artabotrys  zeylanica,  Artocarpus heterophyllus,  Artocarpus hirsutus,  Arundinella  metzii,  Atalantia racemosa,  Avicinnia officinalis,  Bacopa  monnieri,  Bambusa sp.,  Barringtonia acutangula,  Bauhinia racemosa,  Blyxa  aubertii ,  Bombax ceiba,  Breynia  retusa,  Bridelia  scandens,  Bridelia crenulata,  Bridelia retusa,  Bridelia scandens,  Buchanania lanzan,  Calicopteris floribunda,  Callicarpa wightii,  Calophyllum inophyllum,  Calophylum wightii,  Canscora  decurrens,  Canthium dicoccum,  Canthium parviflorum,  Caralia antigerrima,  Carallia brachiata,  Careya arborea,  Carissa  carandas,  Caryota urens,  Casearia rubescens,  Cassia fistula,  Cassia tora,  Centranthera indica,  Cinnamum macrocarpum,  Clerodendrum  inerme,  Clerodendrum  paniculatum,  Cordia myxa,  Crotalaria filipes,  Crotalaria lutescens,  Crotalaria retusa,  Cyperus  compressus ,  Cyperus  difformis ,  Cyperus  halpan ,  Cyperus  malaccensis,  Cyperus iria ,  Dactyloctenium aegyptium,  Dalbergia horrida,  Dalbergia latifolia,  Derris scandens,  Derris trifoliate    ,  Desmodium  triflorum,  Desmodium laxiflorum,  Dilenia pentagyna,  Dillenia pentagyna,  Dillinia pentagyna,  Dimeria  hohenackeri,  Dimeria  ornithopoda,  Diospyros montana,  Diospyros paniculata,  Diospyros pruriens,  Dolichondrone spathaceae,   Elaeocarpus serratus,  Eleocharis  acutangula ,  Embelia ribes,  Epaltes  divaricata,  Eragrostis  uniloides,  Ervatamia heyneana,  Eupatorium odoratum,  Euphorbia notoptera,  Excoecaria agallocha,  Ficus arnottiana,  Ficus drupacea,  Ficus hisda,  Ficus sp.,  Ficus tinctoria,  Fimbristylis bisumbellata ,  Fimbristylis ferruginea,  Fimbristylis tetragona ,  Fimbristylis dichotoma,  Flacourtia indica,  Flacourtia montana,  Fuirena  ciliaris ,  Garcinia indica,  Geissaspis cristata,  Glochidion sp.,  Gloriosa  superba,  Glycosmis pentaphylla,  Glyphochloa  acuminata,  Gnedia glauca,  Grewia microcos,  Grewia tiliaefolia,  Grewia tilifolia,  Gymnema sylvestre,  Hedyotis  herbacea,  Helicteres isora,  Hemidesmus indicus,  Holarrhena antidysenterica,  Holigarna arnotiana,  Hopea ponga,  Hopea wightiana,  Hoppea dichotoma,  Hydnocarpus laurifolia,  Hydnocarpus,  Ichnocarpus frutescens,  Isacne  globosa ,  Ischaemum   indicum,  Ixora arborea,  Ixora brachiata,  Ixora coccinea,  Justica  simplex,  Kandelia candel,  Kyllinga  melanosperma ,  Lagerstroemia microcarpa,  Lagerstroemia  microcarapa,  Lagerstromia lanceolata,  Lagerstromia microcarpa,  Lannea coromandelica,  Lea indica,  Lea robust,  Lea sp,  Leucas lavandulifolia,  Lindernia crustacea,  Lindernia tenuifolia,  Litsea laevigata,  Lobelia  alsinoides,  Lobelia nicotianifolia,  Ludwigia  perennis,  Macaranga peltata,  Madhuca neriifolia,  Mallotus phillipensis,  Mallotus,  Mammea suriga,  Mangifera indica,  Mariscus  javanicus ,  Mellotus phillipinesis,  Memecylon talbotianum,  Memycelon sp.,  Mimosa  pudica,  Mimusops elengi,  Moullava spicata,  Moulva spicata,  Movalva spicata,  Murraya koenghii,  Myristica malabarica,  Nothapodytes  foetida,  Nymphaea nouchali,  Ochlandra,  Ocimum canum,  Odina wodier,  Olea dioica,  Oplismenus  burmanii,  Paspalum   scrobiculatum,  Phyllanthus  simplex,  Phyllanthus emblica,  Phyllanthus urinaria,  Piper  nigrum,  Polyalthia fragrans,  Pongamia pinnata,  Porteresia  coarctata,  Portulaca oleracea,  Pseudanthistiria umbellata ,  Psidium guajava,  Pycreus  pumilus ,  Pycreus  sanguinolentus ,  Pycreus  stramineus ,  Pycreus   polystachyos,  Randia dumatorum,  Rauvolfia serpetina,  Rhizophora apiculata,  Rhizophora mucronata,  Rhynchospora  wightiana,  Rhynchostylis   retusa,  Sapindus  laurifolia,  Sapium  insigne,  Saraca asoca,  Schleichera oleosa,  Schoenoplectus  lateriflorus ,  Sida acuta,  Smilax zeylanica,  Smithia  hirsuta,  Sonneratia caseolaris,  Spaeranthus  indicus,  Spermacoce  articularis,  Spermacoce  verticillata,  Sphenoclea Zeylanica,  Sporobolus  virginicus ,  Stereospermum personatum,  Streblus asper,  Striga lutea,  Strobilanthus heyneana,  Strobilanthus,  Strychnos nux-vomica,  Symplocos racemosa ,  Syzigium caryophyllatum,  Syzigium cumini,  Syzygium caryophyllatum,  Syzygium hemispericum,  Syzygium,  Teak,  Tephrosia pulcherrima,  Terminalia alata,  Terminalia bellarica,  Terminalia chebula,  Terminalia paniculata,  Terminalia tomentosa,  Theriophonum dalzellii,  Trewia nudiflora,  Tricholepis glaberrima,  Triumfetta  rhomboidea   ,  Urena  lobata ,  Utricularia reticulata,  Vernonia  divergens,  Vitex altissima,  Vitex negundo,  Weisneria  triandra ,  Wendlandia thyrasoides,  Xylia xylocarpa,  Zizhiphus rugosa,  Ziziphus oenoplia,  Ziziphus sp,  Ziziphus xylopyrus,  Zornia  gibbosa,  Zoysia matrella,. etc..

Fauna: : http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/database_new
Mammals: Elephants, Tiger, Black Panther, Leopard, Bison, Gaur, Hare, Wild Boar, Sloth Bear, Deer, Thar, Bonnet Macaque, Lion Tailed Macaque, Giant Squirrel, Hanuman Languor.
Reptiles: Snakes (Vipers, Cobra, Rat snake, Crate, King cobra, Python, Wolf snake, etc), Monitor Lizard, Crocodile.
Birds: Amit et al, 2008
Acridotheres tristis, Aegithina tiphia, Alcedo athis, Alcedo meninting, Amaurornis fusca, Amaurornis phoenicurus, Anas creca, Anas penelope, Anas poecilorhynca, Anas querquedula, Anas Strepera, Anastomus oscitans, Anhinga rufa, Ans clypeata, Anthracoceros coronatus, Anthropoides virgo, Anus acuta, Apus nipalensis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Ardeola grayii, Ardeola grayii , Arenaria interpres, Aythya nyroca, Botaurus stellaris, Bubulcus ibis, Bulbulcus ibis, Burhinus oedicnemus, Butorides striatus, Calidris alpina, Calidris minuta, Calidris temnickii, Calidris testacea, Casmerodius albus, Centropus sinensis, Ceryle rudis, Ceyx erithacus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Charadrius d. jerdoni, Charadrius dubius, Charadrius leschenaultii, Charadrius mongolus, Charadrius veredus, Chliodinas hybridus, Ciconia episcopus, Ciconia nigra, Circus aeruginosus, Columba livia, Copsychus saularis, Corvus levaillantii, Corvus splendens, Cursorius coromandelicus, Dendrocygna javanica, Dicrurus macrocercus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta gularis, Egretta intermediata, Esacus magniristris, Eudynamys scolopaceus, Fulica atra , Gallicrex cinerea, Gallinago gallinago, Gallinago minima , Gallinago stenura, Gallinula chloropus , Gelochelidon nilotica, Glareola lactea, Gorsachius melanolophus, Haematopus ostralegus, Halcyon pileata , Halcyon smyrnensis, Haliastur indus, Halycon Chloris , Himantopus himantopus, Hydrophasianus chirurgus , Hydroprogne caspia , Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, Ixobrychus flavicollis, Lanius schach, Larus brunnicephalus, Larus genei, Larus icthyaetus , Larus ridibundus , Leptoptilos javanicus, Limicola falcinellus , Limosa Limosa , Lonchura striata, Merops leschenaulti, Merops Orientalis, Merops philippinus, Metopidius indicus, Milvus migrans, Mycteria leucocephalus, Nattapus coromandelicus, Nectarinia zeylonica, Numenius arquata , Numenius phaeopus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Oriolus oriolus, pelargopsis capensis, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Phalacrocorax niger, Philomachus pugnax, Phoenicopterus roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Plegadis falcinnellus, Pluvialis dominica, Pluvialis squatarola, Porphyrio porphyrio, Porzona parva, Porzona pusilla, Prinia Socialis, Pseudibis papilosa, Psittacula cyanocephala, Psittacula krameri, Pycnonotus cafer, Rallina eurizonoides, Rallus striatus , Recurvirostra avosetta , Rhynchops albicollis, Rostratula benghalensis, Sarkidiornis melanotos, Saxicola caprata, Spilornis cheela, Sterna acuricauda, Sterna anaethetus, Sterna aurantia, Sterna bengalensis, Sterna bergii, Sterna fuscuta, Sterna Sandvicensis, Streptopelia chinensis, Sturnus roseus, sypheotides indicus, Tadorna ferruginea, Threskiornis melanocephala, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa hypoleucos, Tringa nebularia , Tringa ochropus , Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa terek, Tringa totanus, Vanellus cinereus, Vanellus indicus, Vanellus malabaricus, Venellus indicus.

9

References

• Survey of India Topographic Sheets, 1:50000 scale.
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publications
• http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
• http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
• Google Earth, https://www.google.com/earth/.
• Ramachandra, T.V., Chandran, M. D, S., Joshi, N. V., and Boominathan, M., 2012. Edible Bivalves of Central West Coast, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India., Sahyadri Conservation Series 17, ENVIS Technical Report : 48, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012.
• Census of India, 2001 and 2011, censusindia.gov.in.
• Chandran, M. D. S., Rao, G.R., Vishnu, D. M., Prakash, M., and Ramachandra, T. V., 2012. Grasslands of Anshi-Dandeli Tiger Reserve., ENVIS Technical Report: 36, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012.
• ENVIS Sahyadri Web Portal, http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/database_new/
• Chandran, M. D. S., and Hughes, J. D., 2000, Sacred Groves and Conservation: The Comparative History of Traditional Reserves in the Mediterranean Area and in South India, Environment and History, 6, 2, 169–186.
• Gazetter of India, Uttara kannada district, 1985
• Central Marine and Fisheries Institute, http://www.cmfri.org.in
• Amit S. Yadav, Gururaja, K.V., Karthik, B., Rao, G. R., Vishnu, D. M., Chandran, M.,D. S and Ramachandra, T.V., 2008, Ecological Status of Kali River Flood Plain, ENVIS Technical Report: 29, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012.