Macrophyte diversity in the lakes: Macrophytes, the aquatic macroscopic plants confine themselves to the shallow euphotic zone of the water bodies. In the littoral zone, macrophytes are the chief exploiters of plant nutrients from the sediments, which otherwise, are lost temporarily from the water. The nutrients so logged in the body material are released only after death, decay and subsequent mineralization, thus, they play a role in nutrient dynamics and primary productivity of shallow systems. Therefore, seasonal growth rate patterns and population dynamics of macrophytes are very important. When there is enough room for colonization and abundant availability of nutrients, macrophytes show a high growth rate. They assimilate nutrients directly into their tissues.
Macrophyte collection and identification: Macrophyte samples were collected and washed to remove adhering materials. These samples were identified using Cook CDK (1996).
Kaikondrahalli Lake: There were mainly 8 species found in Kaikondrahalli lake. Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha angustata, Cyperus sp1, Cyperus sp2, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomea aquatica were the main macrophyte species found in the lake. Ipomea aquatica was the dominant macrophytes present in the lake. The inlets were covered by Lemna minor and Lemna gibba, Eichhornia crassipes. These indicate high amount of nutrient entry into the lake.  The middle of the lake was dominated by Ipomea aquatica. The outlets were covered by Typha and Cyperus species.
Kasavanahalli Lake: There were mainly 10 species found in Kasavanahalli Lake. Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha angustata, Cyperus sp1, Cyperus sp2, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomea aquatica, Potomogetan natans and Nymphaea sp were the main macrophyte species found in the lake. The sewage inlet points were covered by Alternanthera philoxeroides, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor and Eichhornia crassipes which indicates high amount of nutrient in the sewage. The middle portion of the lake contained Alternanthera philoxeroides and Cyperus spp. The outlet was dominated by species like Potomogetan natans, Ipomea aquatica and Nymphaea sp.

MACROPHYTES OF KAIKONDRAHALLI LAKE

MACROPHYTES OF KASAVANAHALLI LAKE

Reference:

1. An, X. P., Du, Z. H., Zhang J. H., Li, Y. P., and Qi, J. W., 2012, Structure of the Zooplankton community in Hulun Lake. Procedia Environmental Science, vol. 13, pp. 1099-1109.
2. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, 1998.
3. Arafath, S. Y., Hanjagi, A. D., Nandini, N., Jumbe, A. S., and Tandon, S., 2008, Ecological Assessment of Ullal Lake, Bangalore district, India- A case study. Proceeding of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference, pp. 1707-1716.
4. Bellinger B. J., Cocquyt, C., and O’Reilly C. M., 2006, Benthic diatoms as indicators of eutrophication in tropical streams. Hydrobiologia, vol. 573, pp. 75 – 87.
5. Desikachary, T.V., Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 1959.
6. Ganai, A. H., and Parveen, S., 2014, Effect of physico-chemical conditions on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community in Wular Lake at Lankrishipora, Kashmir. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 6(1), pp. 71-84.
7. Hosmani S. P., 2012, Application of benthic diatom community in lake water quality monitoring. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal {Bi-Monthly}, vol. 2 (3), pp. 21 – 34.
8. Jafari, N. G., and Gunale, V. R., 2006, Hydrobiological study of algae of an urban freshwater river. Journal of AppliedSciences andEnvironmental Management, vol. 10 (2), pp. 153 – 158. 
9. Karthick, B., Alkananda, B. and Ramachandra, T.V., 2009, Diatom based pollution monitoring in urban wetlands of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. ENVIS Technical Report: 31, Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Bangalore.
10. Mahapatra, D. M., Chanakya, H. N., and Ramachandra, T. V., 2011, Role of macrophytes in a sewage fed urban lake. Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology Journal (IIOABJ), vol. 2 (8), pp. 1-9.
11. Mahapatra, D. M., Chanakya, H. N., and Ramachandra, T. V., 2013, Treatment efficacy of algae-based sewage treatment plants. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol 185, pp. 7145 – 7164.
12. Mahapatra, D. M., Chanakya, H. N., and Ramachandra, T. V., 2013, Euglena sp. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment. Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 25, pp. 855 – 865.
13. Ozcalkap, S., and Temel, M., 2011, Seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure in lake Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, vol. 35(5), pp. 689-700.
14. Padmanabha, B., and Belagali, S. L., 2008, Ostracods as indicators of pollution in the lakes of Mysore. Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 29(5), pp. 711-714.
15. Prescott, G. W., How to Know the Fresh-Water Algae. Published by W.M.G Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1954.
16. Ramachandra, T. V., 2009, Conservation and management of urban wetlands: Strategies and challenges, ENVIS Technical Report: 32, Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Bangalore.
17. Ramachandra, T. V., and Ahalya, N., 2001, Wetlands Restoration and Conservation. Proceedings of National Conference on 'Control of Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation'. Department of Civil Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, September 14th and 15th 2001, pp 262-275.
18. Ramachandra, T. V., and Solanki, M., 2007. Ecological assessment of lentic water bodies of Bangalore. Technical Report: 25, Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Bangalore, January 2007.
19. Ramachandra, T. V., and Kumar, U., 2008, Wetlands of Greater Bangalore, India:  Automatic Delineation through Pattern Classifiers. Electronic Green Journal, vol. 1(26), pp. 1-22.
20.  Singh, R. P., and Balasingh G. S. R., 2011, Limnological studies of Kodaikanal Lake (Dindugal District), in special reference to phytoplankton diversity. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, vol. 1 (3), pp.112-118.
21. Solorzano, G. G., Martinez, M. G. O., Vazqueza, L., Garfias, M. B. M., Zuniga, R. E. Q., Conforti,  V., 2011, Trachelomonas (Euglenophyta) from a eutrophic reservoir in Central Mexico. Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 32, pp. 463-471.
22. Tamto, S., and Sharma, P., 2006, Physico-chemical Status of upper Lake (Bhopal, India) water quality with special reference to phosphate and nitrate concentration and their impact on lake ecosystem. Asian Journal of Exp Science, vol. 20, pp. 151-158.
23. Trivedi, R. K., and Goel, P. K., Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Published by Environmental Publications, Post Box 60, Karad, 1986.
24. Varma, P. U., Chandawat, D. K., and Solanki, H. A., 2011, Seasonal variation in physico-chemical and phytoplankton analysis of Kankaria Lake. Life Science Leaflets, vol. 19, pp. 842-854.
25. Venkatachalapathy, R., and Karthikeyan, P., 2013, Benthic diatoms in river influenced by urban pollution, Bhavani region, Cauvery river, South India. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol. 2(3), pp. 206 – 210.
26. Wang, S., Xie, P., Wu, S., and Wu, A., 2007, Crustacean zooplankton distribution patterns and their biomass as related to trophic indicators of 29 shallow subtropical lakes. Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, vol. 37(3), pp. 242-249.