|
Table 9 lists the river basin wise threats with the appropriate mitigation measures to enhance the functional aspects of aquatic ecosystems.
Table 9: Threats and Mitigation Measures
River Basin |
Region |
Problem |
Remedial Measures |
Kali |
Dandeli |
Paper mill effluent |
Enforce effluent treatment by the industry (implementation of the control of water pollution, Polluter pays principle) |
Kali |
Ramnagar |
Non-point source pollution in
streams and rivers from Agriculture fields |
Avoiding intense use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides |
Kali |
Honkon (Brackish) |
Mechanized sand mining |
Stopping of sand mining in certain ecologically sensitive region and regulated sand mining in selected localities |
Bedthi |
Sangdevarkoppa |
Non-point source pollution |
Avoiding intense use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides |
Bedthi |
Kalghatghi |
Urban domestic sewage, non-point source pollution |
Implementation of sewage treatment plant in Hubli town. Sewage should be treated before letting in to the river. |
Bedthi |
Kalghatghi |
Solid Waste Disposal in River |
Setting up Solid waste disposal facility in outskirts of Hubli town. |
|
Manchikeri |
Urban domestic sewage, non-point source pollution |
Implementation of sewage treatment plant in Hubli town. Sewage should be treated before letting in to the river. |
Sharavathi |
Gerusoppa and downstream |
Mechanized sand mining |
Stopping of sand mining in certain ecologically sensitive region and regulated sand mining in selected localities |
References
- Ahearn, D. S., Sheibley, R. S., Dahlgren, R. A., Anderson, M., Jonson, J. and Tate, K. W. (2005). Land use and land cover influence on water quality in the last free-flowing river draining the western Sierra Nevada, California, J. Hydrol, 313: 234–247
- APHA. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th edition), American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
- Bhat, A. (2002). A study of the diversity and ecology of freshwater fishes of four river systems of the Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India. PhD Dissertation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 178 pp.
- Blinn, D. W. (1993). Diatom community structure along physicochemical gradients in saline lakes. Ecology, 74: 1246–1263.
- Blinn, D. W. (1995). Diatom community structure along salinity gradients in Australia saline lakes: biogeographic comparisons with other continents. In: A Century of Diatom Research in North America. Special Symposium for Reimer and Patrick Festschrift, (eds Kociolek, P. and Sullivan, M.). Koeltz Scientific Books. pp 163–174.
- Brewin, P.A., Buckton, S.T. and Ormerod, S.J. (2000). The seasonal dynamics and persistence of stream macroinvertebrates in Nepal: do monsoon floods represent disturbance? Freshwater Biology, 44: 581 – 594.
- Diamond, J.M. and May, R.M. (1977). Species turnover rates on islands: dependence on census interval. Science, 197: 266 – 270.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1957a). The freshwater diatoms from Radhanagari - Kolhapur. Ceylon Journal of Science. Biological Section 1: 45-47.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1957b). Some common freshwater diatoms from Gersoppa-falls (Jog-Falls). Journal of Poona University. Science Section, 12: 13-21.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1957c). A contribution to our knowledge of the diatom genus Pinnularia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 54: 845-853.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1958a). Freshwater diatoms from Kolhapur and its immediate environs. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 55: 493-511.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1958b). The freshwater diatoms flora of the Hirebhasgar Dam area, Mysore State. Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 37: 249-265.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1959a). The freshwater diatom flora from Mugad, Dharwar District with some ecological notes. Ceylon Journal of Science. Biological Section, 2: 98-116.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1959b). Freshwater diatom flora of the Panhalgarh Hill Fort in the Kolhapur district. Hydrobiologia, 14: 93-129.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1959c). Notes on the Diatomaceae from Ahmedabad and its environs-II. On the diatom flora of fountain reservoirs of the Victoria Gardens. Hydrobiologia, 14: 130-146.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1960a). On the diatom flora of some ponds around Vasna Village near Ahmedabad. Journal of Indian Botanical Society 39: 558-567.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1960b). Some new diatoms from the Jog Falls, Mysore State. Journal of Royal Microscopic Society, 79: 81-84.
- Gandhi, H.P. (1960c). The diatom flora of the Bombay and Salsette Islands. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 57: 7 & 123.
- Gotelli, N.J. and Ellison, A.M. (2004). A primer of ecological statistics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
- H.P. Jarvie, H.P., Whitton, B.A. and Neal, C. (1998). Nitrogen and phosphorus in east-coast British rivers: speciation, sources and biological significance, Sci. Tot. Environ., 210–21: 79–109.
- Hanski, L. (1982). Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite species hypothesis. Oikos, 38: 210-221.
- Hegde, V. R., Shreedhara, V. and Hegde, V. S. (1994) Changing landuse/land cover pattern in the Kali River Basin in Western Ghats, south India. Curr. Sci., 66 (2): 128-137
- Kamath, S.U. (1985). Gazetteer of India, Karnataka State Gazetteer, Uttara Kannada District, Government of Karnataka Publications, Bangalore.
- Karthick, B. Taylor, J.C., Mahesh, M.K. and Ramachandra, T.V. (2010). Protocols for Collection, Preservation and Enumeration of Diatoms from Aquatic Habitats for Water Quality Monitoring in India, The ICFAI University Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 1: 1-36.
- Krammer, K. and Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986–1991). Bacillariophyceae. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2 (1–4). Fischer, Stuttgart.
- Kwandrans J., Eloranta P., Kawecka B. and Kryzsysztof W. (1998). Use of benthic diatom communities to evaluate water quality in rivers of southern Poland. J. Appl. Phycol., 10: 193-201.
- Lange-Bertalot, H. and Krammer, K (1989). Achnanthes. Eine Monographie der Gattung mit Definition der Gattung Cocconeis und Nachtr~igen zu den Naviculaceae. Bibl. Diatom. 18:392 pp.
- Listori J.J. and World-wide Bank (1990). Environmental Health Components for Water Supply, Sanitation and Urban Projects. World-wide Bank, Washington, DC.
- Maddock, I. (1999). The importance of physical habitat assessment for evaluating river health. Freshwater Biology 41: 373–391.
- McCune, B. and Grace, J.B. (2002). Chapter 11 – Hierarchical clustering. In: McCune. B. and Grace, J.B. Analysis of Ecological Communities. pp. 86-96. MJM Publishers.
- McGeoch, M.A., and Gaston, K.J. (2002). Occupancy frequency distributions: patterns, artifact, and mechanisms. Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 77: 311–331.
- Menon, S. and Bawa. K. S. (1998). Tropical deforestation: Reconciling disparities in estimates for India. Ambio, 27(7): 576-577
- Minchin, P.R. (1987). An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetation, 69:89-107.
- Niemi, G.J., DeVore, P., Detenbeck, N., Taylor, D., Lima, A., Pastor, J., Yount, J.D. and Naiman, R.J. (1990). Over-view of case studies on recovery of aquatic systems from disturbance. Environ. Manage., 1 4: 571-587.
- Pan, Y. and Stevenson, R. J. (1996). Gradient analysis of diatom assemblages in western Kentucky wetlands. J. Phycol., 32: 222–232.
- Potapova and Hamilton, 2007
- Prygiel J. and Coste, M. (1993). Utilisation des indices diatomiques pour la mesure de la qualité des eaux du bassin Artois-Picardie: bilan et perspectives. Ann. Limnol. 29: 255–267.
- Prygiel, J., Coste, M. and Bukowska, J. (1999). Review of the major diatom-based techniques for the quality assessment of rivers – State of the art in Europe, [in]: Use of algae for monitoring rivers III, Prygiel J., Whitton B. A., Bukowska J. (eds.), Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie, 224-238.
- R Development Core Team (2006). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0.
- Radhakrishna, B. P. (1991). ‘An excursion into the past – ‘The Deccan volcanic episode’, Current Sci. 61: 641–647.
- Soininen, J. and Eloranta, P. (2004). Seasonal persistence and stability of diatom communities in rivers: are there habitat specific differences? European Journal of Phycology, 39: 153-160.
- Soininen, J. and Heino, J. (2005). Relationships between local population persistence, local abundance and regional occupancy of species: distribution patterns of diatoms in boreal streams. Journal of Biogeography, 32: 1971-1978.
- Stevenson, R. J., Novoveska, L., Riseng, C. M. and Wiley, M. J. (2009). Comparing responses of diatom species composition to natural and antropogenic factors in streams of glaciated ecoregions. Nova Hedwigia Beih., 135: 1-13.
- Sweeting, R.A. (19960. River Pollution. In: (Petts, G. and Calow, P., eds). River Restoration. Blackwell
- Taylor J.C., Prygiel J., Vosloo A. and De La Rey P.A. (2007c). Can diatom-based pollution indices be used for biomonitoring in South Africa? A case study of the Crocodile West and Marico water management area. Hydrobiol. 592: 455-464.
- Taylor, J. C. (2004). The application of diatom-based pollution Indices in the Vaal catchment. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom.
- Taylor, J.C., de la Rey, P.A. and van Rensburg, L. (2005). Recommendations for the collection, preparation and enumeration of diatoms from riverine habitats for water quality monitoring in South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 30: 65–75.
- Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R. and Archibald, C.G.M. (2007). An Illustrated Guide to Some Common Diatom Species from South Africa. WRC Report TT. 282.
- Tong, S. T. Y. and Chen, W. (2002). Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality, J. Environ. Manage, 66 (4): 377–393
- Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and Deban, L. (1998). Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis, Water Res., 32: 3581–3592.
- Walsh, G. and Wepner, V. (2009). The influence of land use on water quality and diatom community structures in urban and agriculturally stressed rivers. Water SA, 35: 579-594.
- White, M. D. and Greer, K. A. (2006). The effects of watershed urbanization on the stream hydrology and riparian vegetation of Los Peñasquitos Creek, California, Landscape Urban Plan, 74: 125–138.
|
Dr. T.V. Ramachandra
Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning (CiSTUP), Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
E-mail : cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Tel: 91-080-22933099/23600985,
Fax: 91-080-23601428/23600085
Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
Subash Chandran M.DEnergy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
E-mail: mds@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Joshi N.V.Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
E-mail: nvjoshi@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Karthick B. Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
Sameer Ali Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
Vishnu D. Mukri Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
Citation:Ramachandra T.V., Subash Chandran M.D., Joshi N.V., Karthick B., Sameer Ali, Vishnu D. Mukri, 2012. Ecohydrology of Lotic Ecosystems of Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats , ENVIS Technical Report 40, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc, Bangalore, India.
Contact Address : |
|
Dr. T.V. Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group,
Centre for Ecological Sciences, TE 15, New Biology Building, Third Floor, E Wing, [Near D Gate], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
Tel : 91-80-22933099 / 22933503-extn 107
Fax : 91-80-23601428 / 23600085 / 23600683 [CES-TVR]
E-mail : cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
Web : http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy |
|