Figures

Fig 2.1. Energy recovery potential (MW electrical ) of different wastes from urban and industrial sectors

Fig 2.2. Pathways for solid waste treatment for recovery and recycling process.

Fig 2.3. Pathways available for organic wastes to recover energy

Fig 2.4.1. Hierarchy of technological options for OFUSW

Fig 2.4.2. Overall scheme of anaerobic digestion process

Fig 2.5. Anaerobic breakdown of complex organic matter

Fig 2.6. One-step digestion

Fig 2.7.Two-step digestion

Fig 2.8. Selected types of methane yielding wastes

Fig 3.1. Sketch of SSB reactor

Fig 3.2. Sketch showing gas measurement by downward displacement of water

Fig 3.3. Overall experimental protocol

Fig 3.4. Sketch of BMP vial

Fig 3.5. Sketch showing the set-up used for measurement of gas production from BMP vials

Fig 3.6. Sketch of laboratory scale DFFBR

Fig 3.7. Sketch of DFFBR showing gas measured by downward displacement of water

Fig 4.1. Feed rates achieved for dry feedstocks

Fig 4.2. Feed rates achieved for fresh feedstocks in run 1

Fig 4.3. Daily biogas production rates from dry feedstocks

Fig 4.4. Daily biogas production rates from fresh feedstocks

Fig 4.5. Feed rate Vs volumetric efficiency in dry feedstock

Fig 4.6. Feed rate Vs volumetric efficiency in fresh feedstock

Fig 4.7. Composition of biogas in dry feedstock

Fig 4.8. Composition of biogas in fresh feedstock

Fig 4.9. Changes in TS before and after fermentation in dry feedstocks

Fig 4.10. Changes in TS before and after fermentation in fresh feedstocks

Fig 4.11. TS and VS destruction of dry feedstock

Fig 4.12. TS and VS destruction of fresh feedstock

Fig 4.13.Volumetric efficiencies and gas production pattern of feedstocks in run 2 experiment

Fig 4.14. Cumulative gas production pattern of bagasse

Fig 4.15. Cumulative gas production pattern of paddy straw

Fig 4.16. Cumulative gas production pattern of sugarcane trash

Fig. 4.17. Cumulative gas production pattern of dry water hyacinth

Fig 4.18. Cumulative gas production pattern of dry water hyacinth leaves

Fig 4.19. Cumulative gas production pattern of dry water hyacinth roots

Fig 4.20. Cumulative gas production pattern of photo copying paper

Fig 4.21. Cumulative gas production pattern of banana peel

Fig 4.22. Cumulative gas production pattern of watermelon rinds

Fig 4.23. Cumulative gas production pattern of orange peel

Fig 4.24. Cumulative gas production pattern of mosambi peel

Fig 4.25. Cumulative gas production pattern of mixed fruits and mosambi mixture

Fig 4.26. Cumulative gas production pattern of mixed fruits and orange mixture

Fig 4.27. Cumulative gas production pattern of fresh water hyacinth whole plants

Fig 4.28. Cumulative gas production pattern of fresh water hyacinth leaves

Fig 4.29. Cumulative gas production pattern of fresh water hyacinth roots

Fig 4.30. Cumulative gas production pattern of paper mulberry

Fig 4.31. Feed rate Vs Gas production and COD degradation for bagasse

Fig 4.32. Feed rates Vs Gas production and COD degradation for spirals

Fig 4.33. Feed rates Vs Gas production and COD degradation for bagasse + biomass

Fig 4.34: COD reduction in DFFBR reactor

Fig 4.35. Composition of biogas in DFFB reactor

Tables

Table 2.1: Status of urban solid waste generation in metro cities

Table 2.2: Physical characteristics of solid waste from some cities in India (in per cent)

Table 2.3: Comparative study of waste production (as percentages of total weight) in India and Developed Countries

Table 2.4: Different categories of urban, municipal and industrial wastes and their quantities

Table 2.5: Power generation potential of urban and industrial wastes (MWe )

Table 2.6: Solid waste potential of world countries

Table 2.7: Biogas potential in India

Table 3.1: Feedstock used for the study

Table 3.2: Sources of feedstock chosen for study

Table 3.3: Characteristics of inocula used for study

Table 4.1: Observed Vs theoretical gas yield (based on ideal gas laws)