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Literature Review - Present Role of Bioenergy : Bio energy is one of the primary sources of fuel in our country. Recent study by us on energy utilisation in Karnataka considering all types of energy sources and sectorwise consumption reveals that traditional fuels such as firewood (7.440 million tonnes of oil equivalent - 43.62%), agro residues (1.510 million tonnes of oil equivalent - 8.85%), biogas, cowdung (0.250 million tonnes of oil equivalent-1.47%) accounts for 53.20% of total energy consumption in Karnataka [Ramachandra, T.V. and Subramanian, D.K., 1997]. In rural areas the dependence on bio energy to meet the domestic requirements such as cooking and water heating purposes is as high as 80-85%. Fuelwood and agricultural residues are also widely used as fuel in rural industries such as cashew processing and other agro processing industries, brick kilns, and in commercial sectors such as hotels etc. Investigations of energy consumption in few selected villages of Kolar Taluk reveal that per capita fuel wood consumption for domestic purposes such as cooking, water heating etc., are in the range 1.3 to 2.5 kg/person/day [Pramod Dabrase, et.al. 1997]. In developing countries such as India there is seen to be a large difference in the Energy Consumption Patterns in the Urban and Rural areas. According to a survey carried out in 1963-64 and 1973-74 (by National Sample Survey), the average per capita consumption of energy has not changed significantly during this period and it also indicated that the per capita consumption of energy in Rural areas is more than that in Urban areas, which is mainly due to the relatively low efficiency of traditional(energy) devices and the availability of free fuel. These surveys also indicated that the share of commercial and Non-commercial energy in the rural areas works out to 20% and 80% respectively, Corresponding figures for Urban areas are 49% and 51% [NCAER, 1985]. Remote Sensing Applications in Bioresource Inventory Kimothi,M.M. et.al. (1997) carried out a study of horticultural plantations in Kumarsain Tahsil in Simla district of Himachal Pradesh using remote sensing IRS-LISS II satellite data, Survey of India Topographic maps, Forest working plan maps of Kumarsain range along with Ground truth data on location, site characteristics, growth stages and cultural practices of horticultural plantations. This study shows that the identification and discrimination of horticultural plantation needs multi-season satellite data. FCC of IRS LISS II revealed that during the April month maximum contrast between the horticultural area, forests, agriculture and other land use categories was observed. The overall interpretation accuracy assessed on 40 sample points was found to be 87% at 90% confidence limits. Palaniyandi, M. and Nagarathinam, V. (1997) carried out land use / land cover mapping of Thiruvallur area of Chengai-MGR district in Tamil Nadu for 1986-90 using Landsat 5 TM, and IRS-1A LISS II, Sept.1986 and Survey of India Topographic maps. This study shows very little increase of 60 ha in agricultural land and a declination in forested areas from 6,593 ha in 1986 to 6,415 ha in 1990. Degraded/open forests areas have declined during the period of the analysis from 3,928 ha to 3,043 ha accommodated by an increase in forest blanks from 490 ha in 1986 to 1,297 ha in 1990. Murthy,K.S.R. and Rao,V.V. (1997) carried out temporal studies of land use/ land cover in Varaha River basin, Andhra Pradesh in 1986-92 using Landsat TM (April ‘86), IRS LISS II (May’92) and Survey of India toposheets. This study shows that the irrigated area has increased in sub-basins 3,4,5,13 and 16 by 9.63% from 1986 to 1992 whereas in sub-basins 13 the irrigated area has reduced from 50.87 to 40.00 and in 19 from 39.5 to 19.75.At higher levels, jowar and maize are the main crops. In the lower parts of the valley jowar, maize, bajra and pulses are the main crops. Paddy is the major irrigated crop followed by rain fed sugarcane cultivated in low lying plains near Kotauratla during rainy season. The un-irrigated land in 1986 was 274.67 sq.kms and it decreased to 272.85 sq.kms in 1992.The total area of deciduous forests was only 1.52 sq.kms in 1986 which increased to 4.70 sq.kms in 1992.The area of degraded forests has increased from 89.90 sq.kms in 1986 to 107.50 sq.kms in 1992.The upland with or without scrub has decreased from 249 sq.kms in 1986 to 245 sq.kms in 1992. Samant,H.P. and Subramanyan,V. (1997) carried out studies of landuse /landcover in Mumbai and its effects on the drainage basins and channels using Landsat TM, Survey of India topographical maps. This study shows that drastic reduction of about 55% in forest/agricultural land has taken place while 300% increase in built-up area is seen. Madhavan Unni et.al. (1991) carried out a study of IRS-1A application in forestry using LISS I & II, IRS-1A. The study of Narmada valley and environments from 1972–89 has been done by interpreting two submergible areas viz., Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat and Indira Sagar in Madhya Pradesh. It revealed that a little forest area exists in the project area of Sardar Sarovar where as a considerable area of good forest will be lost in Indira Sagar area if the project is taken up as proposed. In the study of forest area in Western Himalaya from 1983 –89 shows that the net depletion of forest during the period has been 2.96%.The study of forest biomass in Rajaji National Park of Uttar Pradesh revealed that 1km x 1km of forest sinks 0.188*109 gm carbon/year. Rao et.al. (1991) carried out wasteland mapping in India using IRS-1A, LISS-II, Survey of India and revenue and census maps. For this study 146 critically affected districts were selected. The study revealed that the total area under wastelands in India was estimated to be 53.3 million ha which is 16.21% of the total geographical area. The interpretation accuracy has been found to be 85-90%. Yadav et.al. (1988) carried out a study on forest type mapping using IRS LISS-I data and compared the result with Landsat MSS data using Survey of India topographical map, forest map of South India, Landsat MSS (April 1985), IRS-1A LISS-I (April 1988) and IRS-1A LISS-I (April 1988) data. The study area is the forest divisions of Haliyal and Belgaum of the Karnataka state. The result shows that the discrimination of evergreen, moist deciduous and dry deciduous forest types is very clear in LISS-I data compared to Landsat MSS data. Gaussian stretch digital enhancement product depicts forest type differentiation more clearly in IRS LISS-I data. Teak plantations are not emerging clearly in IRS LISS-I data compared to Landsat MSS data. Jadhav et.al. (1989) carried out a study on forest mapping and damage detection using Landsat MSS and TM, and IRS LISS I and LISS II, SPOT data along with SOI topographical maps, forest management maps, forest type maps and forest stock maps. The sites selected for this study are Yellapur (Karnataka), Jatga (M.P.), Nepanagar (M.P.), Shirpur and Sanghvi ranges (Maharastra). Forest type map of Yellapur forest division were prepared with accuracy of 90% at 95% confidence limit. Forest type map of Jatga range of M.P. have been prepared with accuracy of 90% at 95% confidence limits. Forest density map of Nepanagar(M.P.) was prepared with accuracy of 80% at 85% confidence limits. Afforestation and deforestation map of Matin and Jatgablocks of Jatga range(M.P.) were prepared with accuracy of 85% at 90% confidence limit. Navalgund et.al. (1996) carried out a study on crops using IRS-1C data. They have used WiFS data over Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and West Bengal and LISS –III data of Palli District (Rajastan). The study of Punjab gave an early pre-harvest estimate of 3.4715 Mha for 1995-96 rabi season. The fully revised estimates have been released by the Ministry of Agriculture for wheat, gram and mustard for crop seasons 1990-91 and 1991-92 add up to 3.406 and 3.398 Mha, respectively. The estimated acreage of paddy and pulses are 5.09 lakh ha and 2.69 lakh ha, respectively. Rao et.al. (1996) carried out a study on land use mapping and planning using WiFS data for the entire Andhra Pradesh, LISS-III data for Kaziranga National Park (Assam) and its environs, composit data of LISS-III and PAN of urban fringe of Hyderabad, NRSA carried out wasteland mapping using 1980-82 Landsat MSS data and it revealed that about 53.3 Mha (16.2%) area to be wasteland. The study of Andhra Pradesh shows that due to the limitation of data (single season) some of the classes like open/degraded forest and uplands could not be separated, in some areas, with the result that some of the uplands in parts of Nizamabad, Medak and Ranga Reddy districts were mixed with degraded forest. Some of the fallow lands in south-western part of the state have been misclassified as upland. The interpretation accuracy has found to be 80-85%.Using multi season data the problem can be solved. Roy et.al. (1996) conducted a study of forestry application using IRS-1C data. The site selected for this study are Western Ghats and Gujarat. WiFS coverage of 24 January 1996 has been analysed. The result shows that the data are excellent sources for rapid forest survey. Around 6.5 lakh km2 area in Western Ghats could be analysed with a high degree of consistency. The study also suggests that WiFS data could be used for annual in season forest fire monitoring and to account damages and suggest control measures for large scale forest fires. |
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