Citation: Bharath H. Aithal and Ramachandra TV, 2012. Modelling the Spatial Patterns of Landscape dynamics: Review., CES Technical Report : 127, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012. doi:http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_tr/TR127/index.htm
Contact Address :
  Dr. T.V. Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences,
New Biological Sciences Building, 3rd Floor, E-Wing, Lab: TE15,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, INDIA.
Tel : 91-80-22933099 / 22933503(Ext:107) / 23600985
Fax : 91-80-23601428 / 23600085 / 23600683 [CES-TVR]
E-mail : cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Web : http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
Modelling the Spatial Patterns of Landscape dynamics: Review
Bharath H. Aithal                              T.V. Ramachandra
Energy & Wetland Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, INDIA
REFERENCES
  1. Alberti, M., Waddell, P., 2000. An integrated urban development and ecological simulation model. Integrat. Assess. 1:215–227.
  2. Allen, P.M. and Sanglier, M., 1979.“A dynamic model of urban growth: II”, Journal of Social and Biological Systems, 2(4): 269-278.
  3. Allen, P.M., Engelen, G. and Sanglier, M., 1986.“Self-organizing systems and the ‘laws of socio-economic geography’ ”, European Journal of Operational Research, 25(1): 127-140.
  4. Alphan, H., Doygun, H., & Unlukaplan, Y. I., 2009. Post-classification comparison of land cover using multitemporal Landsat and ASTER imagery: the case of Kahramanmara angstrom, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 15l:327–336.
  5. Angel, S., Parent, J., & Civco, D., 2007. Urban sprawl metrics: an analysis of global urban expansion using GIS. Proceedings of ASPRS 2007 Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida May 7–11. URL: http://clear.uconn.edu/publications/research/tech_papers/Angel_et_al_ASPRS2007.pdf.
  6. Antrop, M., 2005. Why landscapes of the past are important for the future?. Landscape and Urban Planning. 70:21–34.
  7. Antrop, M., 2000a. Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 77:17–28.
  8. Antrop, M., 2000b.Where are the Genii Loci? In: Pedroli, B. (Ed.), Landscape—our Home, Lebensraum Landschaft. Essays on the Culture of the European Landscape as a Task. Indigo, Zeist, Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart, 29–34.
  9. Antrop, M., 2000c.Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe. Lands. Ecol. 15 (3): 257–270.
  10. Antrop, M., Van Eetvelde, V., 2000. Holistic aspects of suburban landscape: visual image interpretation and landscape metrics. Landsc. Urban Plan. 50: 43–58.
  11. Apan, A.A., Raine, S.R., Paterson, M.S., 2002. Mapping and analysis of changes in the riparian landscape structure of the Lockyer Valley catchment, Queensland, Australia. Landsc. Urban Plan. 59:43–57.
  12. Atkinson, P.M., Curran, P.J., 1997. Choosing an appropriate spatial resolution for remote sensing investigations. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 63:1345–1351.
  13. Avelar, S., Zah, R., & Tavares-Corrêa, C., 2009. Linking socioeconomic classes and land cover data in Lima, Peru: assessment through the application of remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 11:27-37.
  14. Bhatta, B., 2009a. Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Kolkata, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing,30(18):4733– 4746.
  15. Bhatta, B., 2009b. Modeling of urban growth boundary using geoinformatics. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2(4):359–381.
  16. Bhatta, B., 2010. Analysis of urban growth and sprawl from remote sensing data. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
  17. Barnes, K.B., Morgan III, J.M., Roberge, M.C. and Lowe, S., 2001. Sprawl development:Its patterns, consequences, and measurement, Towson University.
  18. Batty M., Besussi E., and Chin N., 2004. Traffic, Urban Growth and Suburban Sprawl, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, Working Paper Series, Paper 70.
  19. Batty M., Chin N., and Besussi E., 2002. State of the Art Review of Urban Sprawl Impacts and Measurement Techniques, Sprawling Cities And Transport: from Evaluation to Recommendations (SCATTER), Work package 1, Version 1.0.
  20. Batty M., Xie Y., and Sun Z., 1999.The dynamics of urban sprawl, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, Working Paper Series, Paper 15.
  21. Batty M. and Xie Y., 1994. From cells to cities”, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 21: 531-548.
  22. Batty, M. and Torrens, P., 2001. “Modelling Complexity:The Limits to Prediction”, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, Working Paper Series, Paper 36.
  23. Batty, M., 1998.“Urban evolution on the desktop: simulation with the use of extended cellular automata”, Environment and Planning , 30: 1943-1967.
  24. Batty, M., and Xie, Y., 1997. Possible urban automata, Environment and Planning B, 24: 175-192.
  25. Batisani, N., & Yarnal, B., 2009. Urban expansion in Centre County, Pennsylvania: spatial dynamics and landscape transformations. Applied Geography, 29:235-249.
  26. Beaufoy, G., Baldock, D., Clark, J., 1994. The Nature of Farming: Low Intensity Farming Systems in Nine European Countries. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London
  27. Bender,O.,Boehmer,H.J., Jens,D., Schumacher,K.M., 2005.Using GIS to analyse long-term cultural landscape change in Southern Germany. Landscape & Urban Plann. 70:111–125.
  28. Benenson I. and Torrens P. M., 2004.Geosimulation: Automata-based modeling of urban phenomena, Chichester, UK: John-Wiley and Sons.
  29. Berry M. W., Flamm R. O., Hazen B. C., and MacIntyre R. L., 1996. Lucas: A System for Modelling Land-Use Change, IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 3(1): 24-35.
  30. Berry, B. J. L., 1990.Urbanization. In The Earth as Transformed by Human Action”, In: B. L. Turner II, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer (Eds.), (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press :103-119.
  31. Brandt, J., Holmes, E., Skriver, P., 2001.Urbanisation of the countryside-problems of inter disciplinarity in the study of rural development. In: Conference on the Open SPACE Functions under URBAN Pressure. Ghent, 19–21 September.
  32. Brouwer, F., Baldock, D., Godeschalk, F., Beaufoy, G., 1997. Marginalisation of agricultural land in Europe. In: Laker, J.,Milne, J. (Eds.), Livestock Systems in European Rural Development. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Aberdeen :25–33.
  33. Brueckner, J., 2001. Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics,” Unpublished Manuscript, (Department of Economics and Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2000).
  34. Bryant, C., Russwurm, L., McLellan, A., 1982. The City’s Countryside: Land and its Management in the Rural Urban Fringe. Longman, London.
  35. Calvo-Iglesias,M.S., Fra-Paleo,U.,Dias-Varela, R.A., 2008. Changes in farming system and population as drivers of land cover and landscape dynamics: the case of enclosed and semi-openfield systems in Northern Galicia (Spain). Landscape & Urban Plan. 90:168–177.
  36. Champion, T., 2001.Urbanisation, sub urbanisation, counter urbanisation and reurbanisation. In: Paddison, R. (Ed.), Handbook of Urban Studies. Sage Publications, London:143–161.
  37. Cheng, J., and Masser, I., 2003. Urban growth pattern modelling: a case study of Wuhan City, PR China”, Landscape Urban Plan., 62:199-217.
  38. Cheshire, P., 1995. A new phase of urban development in Western Europe? The evidence for the 1980s. Urban Stud. 32 (7):1045-1063.
  39. Chuvieco, E.,1999. Measuring changes in landscape pattern from satellite images: short-term effects of fire on spatial diversity. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20: 2331–2346.
  40. Ciscel D. H., 2001. The economics of urban sprawl: Inefficiency as a core feature of Metropolitan growth”, Journal of Urban Economics, 35(2): 405-413.
  41. Clarke, K. C., and Gaydos, L., 1998. Loose coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 12(7):699-714.
  42. Clarke, K. C., Hoppen, S., and Gaydos, L., 1996.Methods and techniques for rigorous calibration of a cellular automation model of urban growth”, Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modelling, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
  43. Collins, J.B.,Woodcock, C.E., 1996. An assessment of several linear change detection technique for mapping forest mortality using multitemporal Landsat TM data. Remote Sens. Environ. 56: 66–77.
  44. Comber, A.J., Birnie, R.V., Hodgson, M., 2003. A retrospective analysis of land cover change using a polygon shape index. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 12: 207–215.
  45. Conti, G., Fagarazzi, L., 2004. Sustainable mountain development and the key issue of abandonment of marginal rural areas. Eur. J. Plann., http://www.planum.net
  46. Coppedge, B.R., Engle, D.M., Fuhlendorf, S.D., Masters, R.E., Gregory, M.S., 2001. Landscape cover type and pattern dynamics in fragmented southern great plains grasslands, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 16: 677–690.
  47. Couclelis, H., 1987. Cellular dynamics: How individual decisions lead to global urban change, European Journal of Operational Research, 30(3): 344-346.
  48. Cowen, D.J., Jensen, J.R., 1998. Extraction and modeling of urban attributes using remote sensing technology. In: Diana, L. (Ed.), People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 164– 188.
  49. Curran, P.J., Williamson, H.D., 1986. Sample size for ground and remotely sensed data. Remote Sens. Environ. 20:31–41.
  50. Currit,N., Easterling,W.E., 2009.Globalization and population drivers of rural–urban land-use change in Chihuahua, Mexico. Land Use Policy 26 (3): 535–544.
  51. Cushman, S.A., Wallin, D.O., 2000. Rates and patterns of landscape change in the Central Sikhote-alin Mountains, Russian Far East. Landsc. Ecol. 15:643–659.
  52. Davis K., 1962.Urbanisation in India: Past and Future, In: Roy Turner (Ed.), India’s Urban Future, (Bombay: Oxford University Press.
  53. Davis, K., 1965.The Urbanization of the Human Population”, Scientific American, 213(3):40–53.
  54. Delcourt, P.A., & Delcourt, H.R., 1983. Late-quaternary vegetational dynamics and community stability reconsidered.Quaternary Research, 19( 2): 265-271
  55. Dewan, A.M., Yamaguchi, Y., 2009. Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Appl. Geogr. 29 (3):390–401.
  56. Dibari, J., 2007. Evaluation of five landscape-level metrics for measuring the effects of urbanization on landscape structure: the case of Tucson, Arizona,USA. Landsc. Urban Plann. 79:308–313.
  57. Dietzel, C., Herold, M., Hemphill, J.J., Clark, K.C., 2005. Spatio-temporal dynamics in California’s Central Valley: empirical links to urban theory. Int. J. Geogr. Inform.Sci. 19:175–195.
  58. Donnay, J.P., Barnsley, M.J., Longley, P.A., 2001. Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis.Taylor and Francis, London and New York.
  59. Dorney, R. S., and P.W. McLellan. 1984. The urban ecosystem: its spatial structure, its scale relationships, and its subsystem attributes. Environments 16(1): 9-20.
  60. Dramstad, W.E., Fry, G., Fjellstad, W.J., Skar, B., Helliksen, W., Sollund, M.-L.B., Tveit, M.S., Geelmuyden, A.K., Framstad, E., 2001. Integrating landscape-based values—Norwegian monitoring of agricultural landscapes. Lands. Urban Plan.57 (3– 4):257–268.
  61. Engelen, G.,1988.“The theory of self-organization and modelling complex urban systems”, European Journal of Operational Research, 37(1):42-57.
  62. Epstein, J., 2002. Payne, K. and Kramer, E., “Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl”, Photogrammetr. Eng. Remote Sens., 63(9): 913-918.
  63. Fenga, Y., Liub, .Y., Tongc, X., Liuc, M., & Dengd, S. 2011.Modeling dynamic urban growth using cellular automata and particle swarm optimization rules Landscape and Urban Planning, 102 (3):188-196.
  64. Feranec, J., Jaffrain, G., Soukup, T., & Hazeu, G. 2010. Determining changes and flows in European landscapes 1990–2000 using CORINE land cover data. Applied Geography, 30(1):19–35.
  65. Firmino, A., 1999. Agriculture and landscape in Portugal. Landscape Urban Plann. 46:83–91.
  66. Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., et al., 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science, 309(5734):570–574.
  67. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1995. Planning for Sustainable Use of Land Resources: Towards a New Approach. Land and Water Development Division, Rome.
  68. Forman, R.T.T., Gordron,M., 1986. Landscape Ecology. JohnWiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-87037-4.
  69. Forrester, J.W., 1969. Urban Dynamics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Wright Allen Press.
  70. Fuller, D.O., 2001. Forest fragmentation in Loudoun County, Virginia, USA evaluated with multitemporal Landsat imagery. Landsc. Ecol. 16:627–642.
  71. Gabriel, S.A., Faria, J.A., Moglen, G.E., 2006. A multi-objective optimization approach to smart growth in land development. Soc.-Econ. Plan. Sci. 40: 212–248.
  72. Gakenheimer, R., 2002. Planning, Transportation and Land use for Cities in India”, Paper presented at the Workshop on Integrated Planning for Transportation, Land Use and the Environment in Indian Cities, organized by the Harvard University Centre for Environment and hosted by Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, India.
  73. Gardner, R.H., Milne, B.T., Turner, M.G., O’Neill, R.V., 1987. Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landsc. Ecol. 1:19–28.
  74. Gayda S., Boon F., Schaillée N., Batty M., Besussi E., Chin N., Haag G., Binder J., Martino A., Lautso K., Noël C., and Dormois R., 2003. The SCATTER Project - Sprawling Cities and Transport: From Evaluation to Recommendations”, Paper presented at the European Transport Conference 2003, Strasbourg, Germany.
  75. Geri, F., Amici, V., & Rocchini, D., 2010. Human activity impact on the heterogeneity of a Mediterranean landscape. Applied Geography. 30(3): 370-379.
  76. Geyer, H.S., Kontuly, T.M., 1993. A theoretical foundation for the concept of differential urbanization. Int. Region. Sci. Rev.15 (12):157–177.
  77. Gilliesa, R. R., Boxb, J. B., &Symanzik , J., 2003. Effects of urbanization on the aquatic fauna of the Line Greek Watershed, Atlanta satellite perspective. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86 (3):411–412.
  78. Gustafson, E.J., Parker, G.R., 1992. Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern. Landsc. Ecol. 7:101–110.
  79. Gustafson, E.J., 1998. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: what is the state of the art? Ecosystems 1:143–156.
  80. Hahs, A.K.,McDonnell,M.J., 2006. Selecting independentmeasures to quantify Melbourne’s urban–rural gradient. Landscape Urban Plan. 78:435–448.
  81. Haines-Young, R., & Chopping, M., 1996. Quantifying landscape structure: a review of landscape indices and their application to forested landscapes. Progress in Physical Geography, 20:418 -445.
  82. Hargis, C.D., Bissonette, J.A., David, J.L., 1998. The behaviour of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landscape Ecology 13:167– 186.
  83. Harris, L.D., 1984. The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  84. Herold, M., Goldstein, N.C., Clarke, K.C., 2003. The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling. Remote Sens. Environ. 86:286–302.
  85. Herold,M., Couclelis, H., Clarke, K.C., 2005. The role of spatialmetrics in the analysis and modeling of urban land use change. Comput. Environ. Urban 29:369– 399.
  86. Hervieux, B. (2008) Les orphelins de l’exode rural. La Tour d’Aigues. Éditions de l’Aube.
  87. Huang, y., & Leung, Y., 2002. Analysing regional industrialisation in Jiangsu province using geographically weighted regression, Journal of Geographical Systems, 4: 233-249.
  88. Hurd, J.D., Wilson, E.H., Lammey, S.G., Civco, D.L., 2001. Characterisation of forest fragmentation and urban sprawl using time sequential Landsat Imagery, In: Proceedings of the ASPRS Annual Convention, St. Louis, MO, USA.
  89. Imbernon, J., Branthomme, A., 2001. Characterization of landscape patterns of deforestation in tropical rain forest. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22:1753–1765.
  90. Jensen, J.R., 2005. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective (Third). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  91. Ji, C.Y., Liu, Q.H., Sun, D.F., Wang, S., Lin, P., Li, X.W., 2001. Monitoring urban expansion with remote sensing in China. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22:1441–1455.
  92. Jianquan, C. and Masser, I., 2002. Cellular automata based temporal process: understanding or urban growth, In: Bandini, S., Chopard, B., and Tomassini, M., (Eds.), Cellular Automata, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry ACRI, (Geneva, Switzerland: Springer, 2002): 325-336.
  93. Jiang, F., Liu, S., Yuan, H., & Zhang, Q., 2007. Measuring urban sprawl in Beijing with geo-spatial indices. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 17(4): 469-478.
  94. Jim, C.Y., Chen, S., 2003. Comprehensive greenspace planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing city, China. Landsc. Urban Plan. 65: 95–116.
  95. Jothimani, P., 1997. Operational urban sprawl monitoring using satellite remote sensing: excerpts from the studies of Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat, India, Paper presented at 18th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Malaysia.
  96. Joao, P. P., Leila, M. G., Fonseca, & Lino, A. S. C., 2010. Projections onto convex sets through particle swarm optimization and its application for remote sensing image restoration. Pattern Recognition Letters, 31(13):1876–1886.
  97. Kammerbauer, J., Ardon, C., 1999. Land-use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical watershed in the hillside region of central Honduras. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 75:93–100.
  98. Kim, J., Ellis, C., 2009. Determining the effects of local development regulations on landscape structure: comparison of the woodlands and North Houston, TX. Landsc. Urban Plann. 92:293–303.
  99. Kong, F., Nakagoshi, N., 2006. Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape Urban Plan. 78:147–164.
  100. Kong, F., Yin, H., Nakagoshi, N., 2007. Using GIS and landscape metrics in hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: a case study in Jinan city, China. Landsc. & Urban Plann. 79:240–252.
  101. Kuo, R. J., & Lin, L. M., 2010. Application of a hybrid of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm for order clustering. Decision Support Systems, 49(4):451–462.
  102. Landis J. and Zhang M., 1997. Modeling Urban Land Use Change: The next generation of the California Urban Futures Model”, Paper presented at the Land Use Modelling Workshop, held at the USGS EROS Data Centre, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. Available Online: http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/landuse97/papers/ Last Accessed: 19th July 2011.
  103. Lasanta - Martınez, T., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., & Cuadrat-Prats, J. M., 2005. Mountain Mediterranean landscape evolution caused by the abandonment of traditional primary activities: a study of the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Applied Geography, 25(1):47–65.
  104. Lata, K.M., Sankar Rao, C.H., Krishna Prasad, V., Badrinath, K.V.S., and Raghavaswamy, 2001.Measuring urban sprawl: a case study of Hyderabad”, GIS Development, 5(12).
  105. Li, H.,Wu, J., 2004. Use and misuse of landscape indices. Landsc. Ecol. 19, 389– 399.
  106. Li X. and Yeh, A. G. O., 2000. Modelling sustainable urban development by the integration of constrained cellular automata”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 14(2): 131-152.
  107. Li, L., Sato, Y., Zhu, H., 2003. Simulating spatial urban expansion based on a physical process. Landscape Urban Plan. 64:67–76.
  108. Li, H., Reynolds, J.F., 1993. A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of lanscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 8 (3):155–162.
  109. Li, X., Yeh, A.G.O., 2004. Analyzing spatial restructuring of land use patterns in a fast growing region using remote sensing and GIS. Landsc. Urban Plan. 69:335–354.
  110. Li, X., He, J. Q., & Liu, X. P., 2009. Ant intelligence for solving optimal path-covering problems with multi-objectives. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(7): 839–857.
  111. Lin, Y., Han, G., Zhao, M., & Chang, S. X., 2010. Spatial vegetation patterns as early signs of desertifi cation: a case study of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Landscape Ecology, 10:1519-1527.
  112. Liu, H., & Weng, Q., 2009. Scaling-up effect on the relationship between landscape pattern and land surface temperature. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 75(3): 291–304.
  113. Liu, Y., 2008. Modelling urban development with geographical information systems and cellular automata. New York: CRC Press.
  114. L ¨ofvenhaft, K., Bjorn, C., Ihse, M., 2002. Biotope patterns in ur-ban areas: a conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning. Landsc. Urban Plann. 58:223–240.
  115. Lo, C.P., 1986. Applied Remote Sensing. Longman, New York.
  116. Lo´pez, S., & Sierra, R., 2010. Agricultural change in the Pastaza River Basin: a spatially explicit model of native Amazonian cultivation. Applied Geography, 29. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.004.
  117. Long, H. L., Liu, Y. S., Wu, X. Q., & Dong, G. H., 2009. Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su-Xi-Chang region: implications for building a new countryside in coastal China. Land Use Policy, 26:322-333.
  118. Lowry, I. S., 1967. Seven Models of Urban Development: A Structural Comparison, In: G. C. Hemmens (Ed.) Urban Development Models, Special Report 97, (Washington DC, USA: Highway Research Board):121-163.
  119. Lu, D., Mausel, P., Brondizio, E., Moran, E., 2004. Change detection techniques. Int. J. Remote Sens. 25:2365–2407.
  120. Lu, D., &Weng, Q. (2006). SpectralMixture Analysis of ASTER Images for Examining the Relationship between Urban Thermal Features and Biophysical Descriptors in Indianapolis, United States. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104(2):157–167.
  121. Luck, M., Wu, J., 2002. A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan, Arizona, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 17:327–339.
  122. Lucas, R., Rowlands, A., Brown, A., Keyworth, S., Bunting, P., 2007. Rule-based classification of multi-temporal satellite imagery for habitat and agricultural land cover mapping. ISPRS J. Photogramm. 62:165–185.
  123. Macleod, R.D., Congalton, R.G., 1998. A quantitative comparison of changedetection algorithms for monitoring eelgrass from remotely sensed data. Photogramm Eng. Rem. Sens. 64:207–216.
  124. MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J.R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez Lazpita, J., Gibon, A., 2000. Agricultural abandonment in moun-tain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. J.Environ. Manage. 59:47–69.
  125. Mander, U., Palang, H., 1994. Change on landscape structure in Estonia during the Soviet period. GeoJournal 33:55–62.
  126. Mas, J.-F., 1999. Monitoring land-cover changes: a comparison of change detection techniques. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20:139–152.
  127. McCracken,D.I.,Bignal,E.M.,Wenlock, S.E. (Eds.), (1995) Farming on the edge: the nature of traditional farmland in Europe. Proceedings of the Fourth European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism. Trujilo, November 1994.
  128. McGarigal, K., S.A. Cushman, M.C. Neel, E. Ene. 2002. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site: www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html (last accessed 13 June 2011).
  129. Meadows D. H., Meadows D. L., Randers J., Beherns W. W., 1972.The Limits to Growth: Report for the club of Rome’s project on the predicament of Mankind, (New York, USA: Universe Books).
  130. Meadows D., 1998.“Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development”, Report to the Balton Group, (Hartland, USA: The Sustainability Institute
  131. Melluma, A., 1994. Metamorphoses of Latvian landscapes during fifty years of Soviet rule. GeoJournal 33:55–62.
  132. Mitsovaa, D., Shusterb. W., & Wangc .X.,2010. A cellular automata model of land cover change to integrate urban growth with open space conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 99 (2):141-153
  133. Miller, A.B., Bryant, E.S., Birnie, R.W., 1998. An analysis of land cover changes in the northern forest of new England using multitemporal Landsat MSS data. Int. J.Remote Sens. 19:245–265.
  134. Mottet, A., Ladet, S., Coqué, N., Gibon, A., 2006. Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountains landscapes: a case study in the Pyrenees. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 114: 296–310.
  135. Narumalani, S., Mishra, D. R., & Rothwell, R. G., 2004. Change detection and landscape metrics for inferring anthropogenic processes in the greater EFMO area. Remote Sensing of Environment, 91:478-489.
  136. National Institute of Urban Affairs, 1996. Carrying Capacity based Regional Planning”, In: B. N. Singh, Shipra Maitra and Rajiv Sharma (Eds.), Urban Environmental Management: The Indian Experience, (New Delhi, India: Human Settlement Management Institute, HUDCO).
  137. O’Neill, R.V., Krummel, J.R., Gardner’, R.H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D.L., Milne, B.T., Turner’, M.G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen’, S.W., Dale’, V.H., Graham, R.L., 1988.Indices of landscape pattern. Landsc. Ecol. 1, 153–162.
  138. Olsson, E. G. A ., Austrheim, G., & Grenne, S. N., 2000. Landscape change patterns in mountain, land use and environmental diversity, Mid-Norway 1960 e1993.Landscape Ecology, 15,155-170.
  139. Parunak, H.V.D, Bisson, R, & Brueckner, S.A., 2010. Agent Interaction, Multiple Perspectives, and Swarming Simulation. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS 2010), IFAAMAS., Toronto, Canada: 549-556.
  140. Parunak, H. V. D., Brueckner, S. A., Matthews, R., & Sauter, J., 2006. Swarming methods for geospatial reasoning. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20(9):945–964.
  141. Parker,D.C., Evans, T.P.,Meretsky,V., 2001.Measuring emergent properties of agent based land use/landcover models using spatial metrics. Retrieved June 8, 2011, from Seventh annual conference of the international society for computational economics.Web site: http://php.indiana.edu/∼dawparke/parker.pdf
  142. Patton, D.R., 1975. A diversity index for quantifying habitat “edge”. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 3:171–173.
  143. Pelorosso, R., Leone, A., Boccia, L., 2009. Land cover and land use change in the Italian central Apennines: a comparison of assessment methods. Appl. Geogr. 29:35– 48.
  144. Perez, L., & Dragi´cevi´ c, S., 2011. Forest Sim MPB: A swarming intelligence and agent-based modeling approach for mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Ecological Informatics, 6:62–72.
  145. Petit, C.C., Lambin, E.F., 2001. Integration of multi-source remote sensing data for land cover change detection. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 15:785–803.
  146. Petrov, L., Lavalle, C., Kasanko, M., 2009. Urban land use scenarios for a tourist region in Europe: applying the MOLAND model to Algarve, Portugal. Landsc. Urban Plann. 92:10–23.
  147. Porter-Bolland, L., Ellis, E.A., Cholz, F.L., 2007. Land use dynamics and landscape history in La Monta˜ na, Campeche. Landsc. Urban Plan. 82:198–207.
  148. Potter, C., Lobley, M., 1996. The farm family life cycle: succession paths and environmental change in Britain’s countryside. J. Agr. Econ. 47:172–190.
  149. Proulx , R ., & Fahrig , L.2010. Detecting human -driven deviations from trajectories in landscape composition and configuration. Landscape Ecology, 10 , 1479-14 87.
  150. Pumain, D., Saint-Julien, T. and Sanders, L., 1986. Urban dynamics of some French cities”, European Journal of Operational Research, 25(1): 3-10.
  151. Ramachandra, T.V.; Bharath H. Aithal and Durgappa D. S. 2012. Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis, Int. J Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 18; 329-343, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.005
  152. Rao, K.S., Pant, R., 2001. Land-use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical micro watershed in the mid elevation zone if central Himalaya, India. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 86:113–123.
  153. Reed, R.A., Johnson-Barnard, J., Baker, W.L., 1996. Fragmentation of a forested rocky mountain landscape, 1950–1993. Biol. Conserv. 75:267–277.
  154. Rocchini, D., Perry, G.L.W., Salerno, M., Maccherini, S., Chiarucci, A., 2006. Landscape change and the dynamics of open formations in a natural reserve. Landscape Urban Plan. 77:167–177.
  155. Rogan, J., Franklin, J., Stow, D., Miller, J., Woodcock, C., Roberts, D., 2008. Mapping land-cover modifications over large areas: a comparison of machine learning algorithms. Remote Sens. Environ. 112:2272–2283.
  156. Roy, P.S., Tomar, S., 2001. Landscape cover dynamics pattern in Meghalaya. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22:3813–3825.
  157. Schumaker,N.H., 1996.Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity. Ecology 77 (4):1210–1225.
  158. Seto, K.C., Fragkias,M., 2005. Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban land-use change in four cities of China with time series landscape metrics. Landsc. Ecol.20:871–888.
  159. Sierra Club, “The Dark Side of the American Dream: The Costs and Consequences of Suburban Sprawl”, (1998). Available Online: http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report98/ Last Accessed: 7:00 (GMT), 12th July 2011.
  160. Skanes, H.M., Bunce, R.G.H., 1997. Directions of landscape change (1741–1993) in Virestad, Sweden—characterized by multivari-ate analysis. Landsc. Urban Plan. 38:61–75.
  161. Solon, J., 1990. Landscape approach to the studies of suburban zones. Geogr. Slov. 21:57–75.
  162. Stephan, P., Friedrich, D., 2001. Assessing the environmental performance of land cover types for urban planning. Landscape Urban Plan. 52 (1):1–20.
  163. Stephan, P., Roland, E., Yvonne, G., 2005. Modeling the environmental impacts of urban land use and land cover change: a study in Merseyside, UK. Landscape Urban Plan. 71:295–310.
  164. Su,W.Z., Yang, G.S., Yao, S.M., Yang, Y.B., 2007a. Town road network based on free scale structure in Southern Jiangsu province. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 17 (4): 311–316.
  165. Sua, W., Gub, C., Yanga, G., Chena, S., Zhenc, F., 2010. Measuring the impact of urban sprawl on natural landscape pattern of the Western Taihu Lake watershed, China. Landscape and Urban Planning 95:61–67
  166. Subudhi, A. P., and Maithani S., 2001. Modeling urban sprawl and future population prediction using remote sensing and geographical information system techniques, In: Subudhi, A. P., Sokhi, B. S., and Roy, P. S. (Eds.), Remote sensing and GIS application in urban and regional studies, (Dehradun, India: Human Settlement and Analysis Group, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing.
  167. Sudhira, H.S., Ramachandra, T.V., Raj, K.S. and Jagadish, K.S., 2003. Urban Growth Analysis using Spatial and Temporal Data”, Photonirvachak, Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 31(4): 299-311.
  168. Sudhira, H. S., Ramachandra, T. V., and Jagadish, K. S., 2004.Urban Sprawl dynamics modelling using remote sensing and GIS”, Paper presented at 3rd Annual Workshop on Transportation, Land Use and the Environment: Integrated Urban Transport Policy, Harvard University Centre for Environment and Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, India.
  169. Sudhira, H.S., Ramachandra, T.V. and Jagadish, K.S., 2004. Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS”, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5(1):29-39.
  170. Sudhira, H. S., & Ramachandra, T. V., 2007. Characterizing urban sprawl from remote sensing data and using landscape metrics. Iguassu Falls, PR Brazil: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. July 11–13.
  171. Sudhira, H. S., Ramachandra, T. V., Wytzisk, A., and Jeganathan, C., 2005. Framework for integration of agent-based and cellular automata models for geospatial simulations, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Technical Report, No. 100.
  172. Sui, D.Z., Zeng, H., 2001. Modeling the dynamics of landscape structure in Asia’s emerging desakota regions: a case study in Shenzhen. Landsc. Urban Plan. 53:37–52.
  173. Sundell-Turner, N. M., & Rodewald, A. D. (2008). A comparison of landscape metrics for conservation planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 86: 219- 225.
  174. Tang, J.,Wang, L., Zhang, S., 2005. Investigating landscape pattern and its dynamics in Daqing, China. Int. J. Remote Sens. 26:2259–2280.
  175. Theobald, D.M., Hobbs, N.T., Bearly, T., Zack, J.A., Shenk, T., Riebsame, W.E., 2000. Incorporating biological information in local land-use decision making: designing a system for con-servation planning. Landsc. Ecol. 15:35–45.
  176. Tian, G., Wu, J., Yang, Z., 2010. Spatial pattern of urban functions in the Beijing metropolitan region. Habitat Int. 34 (2):249–255.
  177. Tinker, D.B., Resor, C.A.C., Beauvais, G.P., Kipfmueller, K.F., Fernandes, C.I., Baker, W.L., 1998. Watershed analysis of forest fragmentation by clearcuts and roads in a Wyoming forest. Landsc. Ecol. 13:149–165.
  178. Torrens P. M., and O’ Sullivan D., 2001. Cellular automata and urban simulation: where do we go from here?,Environment and Planning B, 28: 163-168.
  179. Torrens, P. M., 2000. How cellular models of urban systems work, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, Working Paper Series, Paper 28.
  180. Transportation Research Board, The Costs of Sprawl-Revisited, 1998. (Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board and the National Research Council, National Academy Press).
  181. Transportation Research Board, 2002. Costs of Sprawl, 2000. (Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board and the National Research Council, National Academy Press).
  182. Turner, M.G., 1989. Landscape ecology: the effects of pattern on process. Ann. Rev.Ecolog. Syst. 20:171–197.
  183. Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H., 1990. Quantitative method in landscape ecology: an introduction. Ecolog. Stud. 82: 3–14.
  184. Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H., O’Neill, R.V., 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  185. Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Marja, R., Mander, U., 2009. Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research. Living Rev. Landsc. Res. 3, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2009-1 (last accessed 15 March 2011).
  186. Viedma, O., Melia, J., 1999. Monitoring temporal change in the spatial patterns of a mediteranean shrubland using Landsat TM images. Divers. Distrib. 5:275–293.
  187. Walmsley, A., 2006. Greenways: multiplying and diversifying in the 21st century. Landscape Urban Plan. 76:252–290.
  188. Waddell P., “UrbanSim: Modeling urban development for land use, transportation and environmental planning”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3), (2002): 297-314.
  189. Walter Helly, Urban Systems Models, (USA: Academic Press, 1975).
  190. Welch, R., 1982. Spatial resolution requirements for urban studies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 3:139–146.
  191. Weng, Y.C., 2007. Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization. Landsc. Urban Plan. 81: 341–353.
  192. Weng, Q., Liu, H., & Lu, D., 2007. Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States. Urban Ecosystem, 10(2):203–219.
  193. Weng, Q., Liu, H., Liang, B., & Lu, D., 2008. The spatial variations of urban land surface temperatures: Pertinent factors, zoning effect, and seasonal variability. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations & Remote Sensing,1(2), 154–166.
  194. White, R. W., & Engelen, G., 1993. Cellular automata and fractal urban form: a cellular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land use patterns. Environment and Planning A, 25, 1175-1193.
  195. Wolfram, S., A New Kind of Science, (Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2002).
  196. Wolfram S., “Universality and Complexity in Cellular Automata”, Physica, 10 D, (1984): 1-35.
  197. Wood, R., Handley, J., 2001 Landscape dynamics and the management of change. Landscape Res. 26 (1):45–54.
  198. Wu, Q., Li, H., Wang, R., Paulussen, J., Hec, Y., Wang, M., Wang, B., & Wang, Z., 2006 . Monitoring and predicting land use change in Beijing using remote sensing and GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning, 78 (4): 322–333.
  199. Wu, J. X., Cheng, X., Xiao, H. S., Wang, H. Q., Yang, L. Z., & Ellis, E. C. 2009. Agricultural landscape change in China’s Yangtze Delta, 1942-2002: a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 129:523-533.
  200. Xiao, J., Shen, Y., Ge, J., Tateishi, R., Tang, C., Liang, Y., et al., 2006. Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang, China, by using GIS and remote sensing. Landsc. Urban Plan. 75:69–80.
  201. Yang, X., Lo, C.P., 2002. Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. Int. J. Remote Sens. 23:1775–1798.
  202. Yang, L.M., Xian, G., Klaver, J.M., Deal, B., 2003. Urban land-cover change detec-tion through sub-pixel imperviousness mapping using remotely sensed data. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 69:1003–1010.
  203. Yeh, C.-T., Huang, S.-L., 2009. Investigating spatiotemporal patterns of landscape diversity in response to urbanization. Landsc. Urban Plan. 93:151–162.
  204. Yeh, A.G.O., Li, X., 1999. Economic development and agricultural land loss in the Pearl River Delta, China. Habitat Int. 23:373–390.
  205. Yu, X.J., Ng, C.N., 2007. Spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl along two urban–rural transects: a case study of Guangzhou, China. Landscape Urban Plan. 79:96–109.
  206. Yuan, D., Elvidge, C.D., 1998. NALC land cover change detection pilot study: Washington, DC area experiment. Remote Sens. Environ. 66:166–178.
  207. Zeng, H., & Wu, X. B. 2005. Utilities of edge-based metrics for studying landscape fragmentation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29:159-178.
  208. Zheng, D., Wallin, D.O., Hao, Z., 1997. Rates and patterns of landscape change between 1972 and 1988 in the Changbai Mountain area of China and North Korea. Landsc. Ecol. 12:241–254.
  209. Zhou, Z.Z., 2000. Landscape changes in a rural area in China. Landsc. & Urban Plan. 47:33–38.

Bibliography

  1. Akcakaya, H.R., Radeloff, V.C., Mladenoff, D.J., He, H.S., 2004. Integrating landscape and metapopulation modeling approaches: viability of the sharp-tailed grouse in a dynamic landscape. Conserv. Biol. 18, 526–537.
  2. Barredo, J.l., Demicheli, L., 2003. Urban sustainability in developing countries mega cities, modeling and predicting future urban growth in lagos. Cities, 20(5): 297-310.
  3. Cushman, A.S., Wallin, O.D., 2000. Rate and patterns of landscape change in the Central Sikhote-alin Mountains, Russian Far East. Landscape Ecol. 15, 643–659.
  4. Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E., and Stork, D, G., 2000. Pattern classification, pp. 517-598. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Indianapolis, IN.
  5. Fanhua K., Haiwei Y., and Nobukazu N., 2007. Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: A case study in Jinan City, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3-4): 240-252.
  6. Herben, T., Munzbergova, Z., Milden, M., Ehrlen, J., S.A.O. Cousins and O. Eriksson, Long-term spatial dynamics of Succisa pratensis in a changing rural landscape: linking dynamical modelling with historical maps, J. Ecol. 94 (2006), pp. 131–143.
  7. Jensen, J.R., Remote Sensing of Environment: An Earth resource perspective, Pearson Education, 2003.
  8. Kerr, J. T., & Ostrovsky, M, 2003. From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 299−305.
  9. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer. R. W., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2002, ISBN 9971-51-427-3.
  10. McIntyre, S., Hobbs, R., 1999. A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models. Conservation Biology 13, 1282–1292.
  11. Natural Resources Census, “National Landuse and LC Mapping Using Multitemporal AWiFS Data (LULC – AWiFS),” Project Manual, Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Area, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Government of India, Hyderabad, April 2005.
  12. Ratze, C., Gillet, F., Muller, J.-P and Stoffel, K., Simulation modeling of ecological hierarchies in constructive dynamical systems, Ecol. Complex. 4:13–25.
  13. Lookingbilla T.R.,Gardnera R.H, Waingerb L.A. and Taguec C.L., 2008.Landscape Modeling. Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2108-2116.

E-mail     |     Sahyadri     |     ENVIS     |     GRASS     |     Energy     |     CES     |     CST     |     CiSTUP     |     IISc     |     E-mail