CONCLUSION

Urbanisation and the consequent loss of lakes has led to decrease in catchment yield, water storage capacity, wetland area, number of migratory birds, flora and fauna diversity and ground water table. As land is converted, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. The relationship between LST and NDVI investigated through the Pearson’s correlation coefficient at a pixel level and the significance tested through one-tail Student’s t-test, confirms the relationship for all LC types. Also, increased urbanisation has resulted in higher population densities in certain wards, which incidentally have higher LST due to high level of anthropogenic activities. The growth poles are towards N, NE, S and SE of the city indicating the intense urbanization process due to growth agents like setting up of IT corridors, industrial units, etc. Newly built-up areas in these regions consisted of maximum number of small-scale industries, IT companies, multi-storied building and private houses that came up in the last one decade. The growth in northern direction can be attributed to the new International Airport, encouraging other commercial and residential hubs. The southern part of the city is experiencing new residential and commercial layouts and the north-western part of the city outgrowth corresponds to the Peenya industrial belt along with the Bangalore-Pune National Highway 4.

Temporal land use analysis reveal that there has been a 632% increase in built up area from 1973 to 2009 leading to a sharp decline of 79% area in water bodies in Greater Bangalore mostly attributing to intense urbanisation process. The increase in urban built up area ranges from  342.83% (during 1973 to 1992), 129.56% (during 1992 to 1999), 106.7% (1999 to 2002), 114.51% (2002 to 2006) to 126.19% (2006 to 2010). Number of wetlands has declined from 207 (1973) to 93 (2010). The gradient analysis showed that Bangalore grew radially from 1973 to 2010 indicating that the urbanization is intensifying from the city centre and has reached the periphery of the Greater Bangalore. 

The temperature profile analysis by overlaying the LST on the land use reveal of higher temperatures in urban area while vegetation and water bodies aided in moderating temperature at local levels (evident from at least 2 to 2.5 °C lower temperature compared to urban pockets).

Frequent flooding in the city is a consequence of the drastic  increase in impervious area (of 632% in 4 decades) with the high-density urban developments. This is coupled with lack of drainage upgrade works with the changes in enhanced run-offs, the encroachment and filling in the floodplain on the waterways, obstruction by the sewer pipes and manholes and relevant structures, deposits of building materials and solid wastes with subsequent blockage of the system and also flow restrictions from under capacity road crossings (bridge and culverts). Increased peak discharge and higher frequency of floods are  frequent at pockets  with the intense urbanization,  loss of lakes’ interconnectivity,  encroachment of storm water drains. The uncoordinated pattern of urban growth could be attributed to a lack of good governance and decentralized administration evident from lack of coordination among many Para-statal agencies, which has led to unsustainable use of the land and other resources.  The mitigation of frequent floods and the associated loss of human life and properties entail the restoration of interconnectivity among wetlands, restoration of wetlands (removal of encroachments), conservation and sustainable management of wetlands