Sahyadri Conservation Series: 19 ENVIS Technical Report: 49,  August 2012
http://www.iisc.ernet.in/
Beekeeping: Sustainable Livelihood Option in Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats
http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/
Ramachandra T.V.                Subash Chandran M.D.                Joshi N.V.                Balachandran C.
Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560012, India.
*Corresponding author: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in
REFERENCES
  1. Abrol, D.P. and Kakroo, S.K. 1997. Observations on concurrent parasitism by mites on four honeybee species in India. Tropical Agriculture 74:150-156.
  2. Adalakha, R.L. and Sharma, O.P. 1975. Apis mellifera vs Apis indica. Gleaning in Bee Culture 103(5):160.
  3. Adegbehin, J.O. 1993. Mangroves in Nigeria. In: Diop, E.S. (Ed.), Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa.
  4. Alaux C., Ducloz F., Crauser D., and Le Conte Y. 2010. Diet effects on honeybee immunocompetence. Biological Letter, DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0986.
  5. Allen, M.F. 1995. Bees and beekeeping in Nepal. Bee World 76:185–194.
  6. Anita, V., Roy, P., Potts, S.G., and Davidar, P. 2009. Bees and biodiversity in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve- an overview. Proceedings of the Biodiversity and Livelihood Conference, Coonoor, Tamilnadu.
  7. Bailey, L. 1981. Honeybee Pathology. Academic Press, Inc., USA, 124.
  8. Balasubramanyam, M.V. 2011. Quantitative chemical variations in ripening of honey of indigenous hive bee Apis cerana indica. IJACPT  2:3.
  9. Balasubramanyam, M.V., and Reddy, C. 2011. Mineral characteristics of indigenous bee, Apis dorsata and Apis cerana indica honey from plains, hills and Western Ghats of Karnataka. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci., 1(2): 425 - 433.
  10. Banakar, N. 2009. Comparative studies on the performance of yellow and black colour morphs of Apis cerena indica at Sirsi, Karnataka. M.Sc., Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
  11. Bansal, V., Medhi, B., Pandhi, P. 2005. Honey – A remedy rediscovered and its therapeutic utility. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 3(11): 305-309.
  12. Basavarajappa, S., Raghunandan, K.S. and Hegde, S.N. 2010. Physico-biochemical analysis of multifloral honey of Apis dorsata Fab (Hymenoptera : Apidae) in southern Karnataka, India. Current Biotica 5(2): 144-156.
  13. Basit, M.A.1995. Non-wood forest products from the mangrove forests of Bangladesh. In: Beyond Timber: Social, Economic and Cultural Dimensions of Non Wood Forest Products. Report no.1995/13, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  14. Bawa, K.S. 1990. Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical rainforest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21: 399-422
  15. Bawa, K.S., Hadley, M. 1990. Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants. Carnforth: Parthenon.
  16. Belie, T. 2009. Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie district of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. M.sc., Thesis, Bahir dar University.
  17. Bhat, P.R., and Kolatkar, M. 2011. Performance and Problems of the Beekeeping Industry in Karnataka. Technical report no: 124, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
  18. Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemueller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C.D., Settele J., and Kunin, W.E. 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313: 351–354.
  19. Bogdanov, S.,  Jurendic, T., Sieber, R., and Gallmann, P. 2008. Honey for nutrition and health: a review. American Journal of the College of Nutrition 27: 677-689.
  20. Bogdonov S. 2009. Honey composition. Bee Product Science, www.bee-hexagon.
  21. Cadoret, J.P. 1992. Doorway doses help defeat honeybees’ vampire enemy. Ceres: The FAO Review 24: 8-9.
  22. Capinera, J.L. 2008. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Second Edition, Vol. 4. (S-Z), Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
  23. Chandrasekaran, S., Nagendran, N.A., Krishnankutty, N., Pandiaraja, D., Saravanan, S., Kamaladhasan, N., and Kamalakannan, B. 2011. Disposed paper cups and declining bees, Current Science 101 (10):1262. 
  24. Cobb, P.K. 1979. British Birds. 72: 59-64.
  25. Cramp, D. 2008. The Practical Manual of Beekeeping. Spring-hill House, Oxford, United Kingdom.
  26. Crane, E. 2004. A short history of knowledge about honey bees (Apis) up to 1800, Bee World 85(1): 6–11.
  27. Danaraddi, C.S. 2007. Studies on stingless bee, Trigona iridipennis smith with special reference to foraging behaviour and melissopalynology at Dharwad, Karnataka. M.Sc., Thesis, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad.
  28. Danaraddi, C.S., Viraktamath, S.,  Basavanagoud, K., and Bhat, R.S. 2009. Nesting habits and nest structure of stingless bee, Trigona iridipennis Smith at Dharwad, Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22(2): 310-313.
  29. David W. 2010. Bee Keeping- A Novices’ Guide. Ashford Colour Press ltd., United Kingdom.
  30. Decourtye, A., Mader, E., and Desneux, N. 2010. Landscape enhancement of floral resources for honey bees in agro-ecosystems. Apidologie 41: 264–277.
  31. Devanesan, S. and Jacob, A. 2001. Thai sacbrood virus disease of Asian honeybee Apis cerana indica Fab., in Kerala, India. Proc. 37th International Apiculture Congress, 28th Oct – 1st Nov 2001, Durban, South Africa.
  32. Dhami, P.J., and Dhami, J.K. 1990. Invertebrate Zoology, Chand & co., New Delhi.
  33. Duangphakdee, O., Radloff, S.E., Pirk, C.W.W., Hepburn, R. 2009. Sun angle time windows for absconding by the dwarf honeybee, Apis floreaJournal of Insect Physiology 55(11):1009-1012.
  34. Dulta, P.C. and Verma, L.R., 1987. Role of insect pollinators on yield and quality of apple fruit. Indian Journal of Horticulture 44:274-279.
  35. Engle, M.S. 2002. The honeybees of India (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 99 (1): 3-7.
  36. EPOPA, 2006. From Trade Information Brief: Honey, Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies, Australian Government, Aus AID.
  37. FAO, 2006. Honeybee Diseases and Pests: a Practical Guide. Agricultural and Food Engineering, Technical Report no.4, United Nations, Italy.
  38. FAO, 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper 117, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  39. Fenster, C.B., Armbruster, W.S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M.R. and Thomson, J.D. 2004. Pollination   syndromes and floral specialization. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 35: 375-403.
  40. Free, J.B. 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. Second ed., Academic Press, London.
  41. Freitas B.M., Imperatriz-Fonseca V.L., Medina L.M., Kleinert A.D.P., Galetto L., Nates-Parra G., and Quezada-Euan J.J.G. 2009. Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the Neotropics. Apidologie 40: 332–346.
  42. Fries, I., Feng, F., da Silva, A., Slemenda, S.B., Pieniazek, N.J. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. Sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Europ. J. Protistol. 32, 356–365.
  43. Fujiyoshi, H., and Nakamura, J. 2009. Products of beekeeping – 8 gifts of honey bees.  Development of Beekeeping in Developing Countries and Practical Procedures – Case Study in Africa . JAICAF.
  44. Garg, R., and Kashyap, N.P. 1998. In: Perspectives in Indian Apiculture (Mishra, R.C. ed.) Agro Botanica, Bikaner (Raj.): 290-303.
  45. Gathmann, A., and Tscharntke, T. 2002. Foraging ranges of solitary bees. Journal of  Animal Ecology 71:757–764.
  46. Gheldof, N., Wang X.H, and Engeseth N.J. 2002. Identification and quantification of antioxidant components of honeys from various floral sources. J Agric Food Chem 50: 5870-5877.
  47. Ghosh C.C. 1936. Bee-keeping. Misc. Bull. No. 6, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, Delhi, India.
  48. Ghosh, G.K. 1998. Beekeeping in India, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
  49. Goulson D., Lye G.C., and Darvill B. 2008. Decline and conservation of bumble bees. Annual Review Entomology 53:191–208.
  50. Gulati, R., and Kaushik, H.D. 2004. Enemies of honeybees and their management – a review, Agric. Rev. 25 (3): 189 – 200.
  51. Gullan, P.J., and Cranston, P.S. 2010. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, fourth edition,  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, USA.
  52. Harichand and Singh, R. 1995. Effect of pollination by Apis cerana on yield of mustard, (Brassica juncea Linn). Indian Bee J. 57: 173-174.
  53. Haydak M.H. 1970. Honey bee nutrition. Annual Review Entomology 15: 143–156.
  54. Hepburn, R., and Radloff, S.E. 2011. Honeybees of Asia. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp 669.
  55. Kovacs, J.M. 1999. Assessing mangrove use at the local scale. Landscape and Urban Planning 43: 201 – 208.
  56. Jeffrey, A.E., and Echazarreta, C.M. 1996. Medicinal uses of honey. Rev Biomed 7:43-49.
  57. Joshi, M.A, Lakshmi, K., and Suryanarayana, M.C. 1998. Melittopalynological investigations on Apis and Trigona honeys collected in and around Pune, Maharashtra. Indian Bee Journal 60:90–98.
  58. Joshi, S.R., Pechhackera, H., Willam, A.,  and Ohe, W.V. 2000. Physico-chemical characteristics of Apis dorsata, A. cerana and A. mellifera honey from Chitwan district, central Nepal. Apidologie 31: 367–375.
  59. Karnataka State Gazetteer, Uttara Kannada, 1985. Ed. Kamath, S.U. Government of Karnataka Publication, Bangalore, 1051pp.
  60. Kaur, H., Kamboj, U., Malhotra, V., Mishra, S., and Kapur, P. 2010. Physicochemical methods in conjunction with chemometrics for quality determination of honey. National Conference on Computational Instrumentation, CSIO, Chandigarh.
  61. Keller I., Fluri P., and Imdorf, A. 2005. Pollen nutrition and colony development in honey bees-Part II. Bee World 86: 27–34.
  62. Kenmore, P. and Krell, R. 1998. Global perspectives on pollination in agriculture and agroecosystem management. International Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators in Agriculture, with Emphasis on Bees, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  63. Kevan, P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of state of the environment: species, activity and diversity. Journal of  Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 373-393.
  64. Krishnamurty, K. 1990. The apiary of the mangroves. In: D. F. Whigham, D. Dykyjova and S. Hejny (eds.), Wetland Ecology and Management: Case Studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp135–140.
  65. KVIC. 1991. Anonymous Annual Report for the Year 1990-1991. Directorate of Beekeeping. Khadi and Village Industries Commission. Bombay.
  66. Lassalle, J., and Gauld, I. D. 1993. In: Hymenoptera: Their Diversity, and Their Impact on the Diversity of Other Organisms. C.A.B. International, Wellington, UK.
  67. Manjunath, M.N. 1999. Carbohydrates of Indian Honey. Ph.D., Thesis, Department of Food Science, University of Mysore.
  68. Matsuka, L.R. Verma, S. Wongsiri, K.K. Shrestha and Partap, U. 1998. Asian bees and beekeeping: Progress of research and development. Proceedings of the Fourth AAA International Conference, Kathmandu, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 274.
  69. Michener, C. D. 2000. The Bees of the World, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
  70. Michener C.D. 2007. The Bees of the World. Second ed., The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, USA and UK.
  71. Mishra, R. C, Kumar, J., and Gupta, J. K., 1988. The effect of mode of pollination on yield and oil potential of Brassica campestris L. Var. Sarson with observation on insect pollinators. J. Apic. Res, 27 (3): 186-189.
  72. Mishra, R.C.1995. Honeybees and Their Management in India. ICAR publication, New Delhi,
  73. Molan, P.C. 1992. The antibacterial activity of honey. 1. The nature of the antibacterial activity. Bee World 73:5-28.
  74. Morse, R.A. and Calderone, N.W. 2000. The Value of Honey Bees as Pollinators of US Crops in 2000. http://bee.airoot.com/beeculture/pollination2000 .
  75. Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S.J.M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L.G., Meynecke, J.O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H.M., Sasekumar, A. and Somerfield, P.J. 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review. Aquat. Bot. 89, 155–185.
  76. Nair, M.C. 2003. Apiculture Resource Biodiversity and Management in Southern Kerala. Ph.D., Thesis, Mahatma Ghandhi University, Kottayam.
  77. Nath, S. and Viraktamath, S. 2010. Pollinator fauna of sunflower and their relative abundance. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23 (3): 517-518.
  78. Olsen, S., and Maugle, P. 1988. Status and prospects for shrimp mariculture in Ecuador. In: Hook, D.D. et al. (Eds.), The Ecology and Management of Wetlands: Management, Use and Value of Wetlands. Vol. 1. Timber Press, Portland, 316-326.
  79. Otis, G.W. 1996. Distribution of recently recognized species of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis) in Asia. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69: 311-333.
  80. Partap, U. and Partap, T. 1997. Managed Crop Pollination: The Missing Dimension of Mountain Agricultural Productivity. Mountain Farming Systems’ Discussion Paper Series No. MFS 97/1. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.
  81. Partap U, Partap T, Yoghua H 2001. Pollination failure in apple crop and farmers’ management strategies in Hengduan, China. Acta Hortic 561:225–229.
  82. Partap, U. and Partap, T. 2002. Warning Signals from Apple Valleys of the HKH Region: Productivity Concerns and Pollination Problems. Kathmandu: ICIMOD, 106.
  83. Partap, U., Shukla, A.N., and Verma, L.R. 2000. Comparative attractiveness of broad-leaf mustard, cauliflower and radish to Apis cerana in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. In: Proceedings of the 4th Asian Apicultural Association International Conference, Kathmandu  203–205.
  84. Perez-Arquillue, C., Conchello, P., Arino, A., Juan, T. and Herresa, A. 1994. Quality, evaluation of Spanish rosemary (Rosomarinus oficinalis) honey.  Food Chem., 51: 207-210.
  85. Phadke, R.P. 2008. Beekeeping as an industry and its role in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. Proceedings of the Workshop on Role of Apiculture in Increasing Crop Yields in Horticulture” Maharashtra State Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Board, Pune.
  86. Potts, S.G., Vulliamy, B., Dafni, A., Neeman, G. and Willmer, P.G. 2003. Linking bees and flowers: how do floral communities structure pollinator communities. Ecology 84: 2628-2642.
  87. Primack, R.B. 1998. Essentials of Conservation Biology, Second ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
  88. Ritchie, M.E., Olff, H. 1999. Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity. Nature 400:557–560.
  89. Roubik, D.W., Sakagami, S.F. and Kudo, I. 1985. A note on distribution and nesting of the Himalayan honeybee Apis laboriosa Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Kans Entomol Soc 58:746–749.
  90. Roy, P., Leo, R., Thomas, S.G., Varghese, A., Sharma, K., Prasad, S., Bradbear, N., Roberts, S., Potts, S. G. and Davidar, P. 2011. Nesting requirements of the rock bee Apis dorsata in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Tropical Ecology 52(3): 285-291.
  91. Ruttner, F. 1988. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. Springer, Berlin.
  92. Salinas F., Montero-de-Espinosa V., Osorio R., Lozano M. 1994. Determination of mineral elements in honey from different floral origins by flow injection analysis coupled to atomic spectroscopy. Revista Española de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos 34 (4): 441- 449.
  93. Sammatara, D., and Alphones, A. 1978. The Beekeepers: Handbook. Peach Mountain Press ltd., Dexter, Michigan.
  94. Sathirathai, S., and Barbier, E.B. 2001. Valuing mangrove conservation in southern Thailand. Contemp. Econ. Policy 19:109–122.
  95. Seeley, T. D. 1995. The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of the Honeybee Colonies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London.
  96. Selvakumar, P., Sinha, S.N., Pandita, V.K., and Srivastava, R.M., 2003. Foraging behaviour of honeybee on parental lines of hybrid cauliflower push hybrid-2. 38th  Congress Apimondia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  97. Sharma, H. K., Partap, U., Gurung, M. B. 2012. Policy and Processes that Enable Honey Export- A Case Study from India, ICIMOD working paper 2012/1.
  98. Sharma, O. P. and Raj, D.1985. Diversity of Bee Flora in Kangra Shivaliks and its impact on bee keeping.. Indian Bee Journal 47(1-4): 21-23.
  99. Sina, M., Alastair, G., Farmer, M., Andersen, R., Anderson, O., Barta, J., Bowser, S., Brugerolle, G., Fensome, R., Fredericq, S., James, T., Karpov, S., Kugrens, P., Krug, J., Lane, C., Lewis, L., Lodge, J., Lynn, D., Mann, D., Maccourt, R., Mendoza, L., Moestrup, O., Mozley, S., Nerad, T., Shearer, C., Smirnov, A., Spiegel, F. and Taylor, M.. 2005. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52:399–451.
  100. Singh, S. 1962. Beekeeping in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
  101. Singh, N., and Bath, P.K. 1997. Quality evaluation of different types of Indian honey. Food Chemistry 58:129-133.
  102. Sivaram, V. 2001. Honeybee flora and beekeeping in Karnataka state, India. Proceedings of 37th  International Apiculture Congress, Durban, South Africa.
  103. Sivaram, V. 2012. Status, prospects and strategies for development of organic beekeeping in the South Asian Countries. www.apiservices.com/.../23_02_12_concept_organic_south_asia.pdf
  104. Soman A.G., and Chawda S.S. 1996. A contribution to the biology and behaviour of dwarf bee, A. florea F. and its economic importance in Kutch, Gujarat, India. Indian Bee Journal 58:2: 81-88.
  105. Steffan-Dewenter I., Potts S.G., and Packer L. 2005. Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 1–2.
  106. Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T. 2002. Insect communities and biotic interactions on fragmented calcareous grasslands -a mini review. Biological Conservation 104: 275–284.
  107. Stonich, S.C. 1992. Struggling with Honduran poverty: the environmental consequences of natural resource-based development and rural transformations. World Devel. 20: 385-399.
  108. Subbiah, M.S., Mahadevan, V. 1957. Vespa cincta Fabr. – A predator of the hive bees and its control. J Vet Sci 27:153–154.
  109. Tewarson, N.C., Singh, A., Engels, W. 1992. Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis cerana indica under natural and experimental conditions. Apidologie 23:161–171.
  110. Thakar, C.V., Shah, F.A., and Shah, T.A. 1976. The beekeeping development and research programme of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission, India. Commonwealth Secretariat, International Bee Research Association, London, 91-106.
  111. Thakur, M.L. 1991. Honey and Honeybees. ICFRE, Dehradun. 301.
  112. Thapa, R., Wongsiri, S., Manandhar, H. 2001. Current status of predators and diseases of honey bees in Nepal. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tropical Bees, Chiang Mai, 221–226.
  113. Thomas, S.G., Shiny, M. Rehel, S.M., Varghese, A., Davidar, P., and  Potts, S. G. 2009. Social bees and food plant associations in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Tropical Ecology 50(1): 79-88.
  114. Trstenjak, P. Z., Mandic, M., Grgic, J., Grgic, Z. and Besic, J. 1993. Selenium levels in some species of honey in Eastern Croatia. Deuts. Lebensm. Runds. 89: 46 – 48.
  115. Verma, L.R. and Partap, U. 1993. The Asian Hive Bee, Apis cerana, as a Pollinator in Vegetable Seed Production. Kathmandu: ICIMOD, 52.
  116. Visscher, P.K., and Seeley, T.D. 1982. Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology 63:1790–1801.
  117. Wang, X.H, Andrae, L, Engeseth N.J. 2002. Antimutagenic effect of various honeys and sugars against Trp-p-1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 6923-6928.
  118. Wealth of India, 1(A)- Suppl. 2004. Vol-1: A-Ci, NISCAIR, CSIR, New Delhi.
  119. Wealth of India. Vol-2B, 1988., Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Road, New Delhi.
  120. White, J.W. 1975. Composition of honey. In Crane, E. (ed) Honey: A Comprehensive Survey Heinemann ed. London:, pp.157-206.
  121. White, J.W. 1979. Physical characteristics of honey. In: Crane, E, (ed). Honey: A Comprehensive Survey. London. Bee Research Association and Chalfont St Peter, 207- 239.
  122. Wille, A. 1983. Biology of the stingless bees. Annual Review Entomology 28: 41-64.
  123. Williams, I.H. 1992. Apiculture for Agriculture, British Beekeepers Association, Spring Convention. Stone Leigh, UK, 14-18.
  124. Winston, M.L. 1987. The Biology of the Honeybee. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
  125. Winston, M.L., and Scott, C.D. 1984. The value of bee pollination to Canadian agriculture. Canadian Beekeeping 11: 134.
  126. Zamarlicki, C.C. 1984. Evaluation of honeybee plants in Burma – A case study. Proceedings of the FAO (UN) Expert Committee 57-76.
BACK   «   TOP   »   NEXT
E-mail    |    Sahyadri    |    ENVIS    |    GRASS    |    Energy    |    CES    |    CST    |    CiSTUP    |    IISc    |    E-mail