Sahyadri Conservation Series: 19 ENVIS Technical Report: 49,  August 2012
http://www.iisc.ernet.in/
Beekeeping: Sustainable Livelihood Option in Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats
 http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/
Ramachandra T.V.                Subash Chandran M.D.                Joshi N.V.                Balachandran C.
Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560012, India.
*Corresponding author: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Annexure 2
Flowering periods, nectar secreting concentration (%NSC) and other economic importance of bee flora recorded from Karnataka (Source: Sivaram, 2001).
Sl.No Name Family Flower duration % NSC Economic importance
1 Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae Aug – Nov 46.2 Vegetable
2 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Jan – Feb 29.65 Fibre
3 Acacia auriculiformis Fabaceae Mar-May 38.5 Timber and pulp
4 Acacia leucophloea Fabaceae Aug-Nov 39.56 Fibre
5 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Jul-Oct 49.62 Medicine, timber
6 Acacia polycantha Fabaceae June-Sep 38.6 Fodder
7 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Apr-May - Medicine
8 Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Jan-Mar 36.86 -
9 Albizia amara Fabaceae Feb-Apr 46.5 Timber
10 Albizia chinensis Fabaceae Mar-May 52.63 Timber
11 Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae Mar-May 44.52 Timber
12 Allium cepa Liliaceae Jan-Mar - Vegetable
13 Alstonia scholaris Apocyanaceae Oct-Nov - Medicine
14 Amaranthus gracilus Amaranthaceae Feb-Mar - Vegetable
15 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Sep-Oct - Vegetable
16 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Feb-Apr 36.45 Fruit /nut
17 Annona reticulata Annonaceae Apr-May 47.25 Fruit
18 Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae Apr-May 44.6 Ornamental
19 Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae Sep-Nov - Oil, food, fodder
20 Areca catechu Arecaceae Jun-Dec 52.9 Masticatory
21 Argemone mexicana Papavaraceae Sep-Dec -  
22 Aster sp. Asteraceae Jan-Dec 30.25 Ornamental
23 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Mar-Apr 56.85 Medicine, biopesticide
24 Barleria buxifolia Acanthaceae Oct-Jan 36.28 Ornamental
25 Barleria prattensis Acanthaceae Sep-Oct 33.25 Ornamental
26 Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Sep-Nov 42.5 Ornamental
27 Bauhinia purpurea Fabaceae Oct-May - Ornamental
28 Bauhinia racemosa Fabaceae Feb-July - Fibre
29 Bidens bidentata Asteraceae Jul-Feb 27.5  
30 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Feb-Mar 18.5 Fibre, softwood
31 Borreria sp. Rubiaceae Aug-Jan 53.5  
32 Brassica sp. Brassicaceae Oct-Nov 42.06 Condiment, oil
33 Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Dec-Mar 33.29 Pulse
34 Callistemon linearis Myrataceae Feb-Apr 38.5 Ornamental
35 Capparis sepiaria Capparidaceae Mar-May - Ornamental
36 Capparis zeylanica Capparidaceae Feb-Mar - Medicinal
37 Capsicum sp. Solanaceae Jul-Feb - Condiment, vegetable
38 Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Mar-Apr 46.5 Fruit
39 Cassia mimoisoides Fabaceae Jul-Oct - Medicinal
40 Cassia montana Fabaceae Feb-Jul - Ornamantal
41 Cassia italica Fabaceae May-Sep - Ornamental
42 Cassia occidentalis Fabaceae Mar-Jun - Ornamental
43 Casia tora Fabaceae Sep-Nov - Ornamental
44 Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Feb-Jul - Timber
45 Celosia argentia Amaranthaceae Jan-Jun - Vegetable
46 Caesalpinia pulcherima Fabaceae Mar-May - Ornamental
47 Chenopodium amrosoides Chenopodiaceae Jan-Dec 52.65 Medicinal
48 Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae Mar-Jun 53.25 Medicinal
49 Chrysanthemun indicum Asteraceae Jan – Dec 43.8 Ornamental
50 Cinnamomum macrocarpum Lauraceae Jan-Jun 54.86 Medicine, spice
51 Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Sep-Oct - Fruit
52 Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Mar-Apr 41.75 Fruit
53 Citru aurantium Rutaceae Mar-May 39.5 Fruit
54 Citrus medica Rutaceae Mar-Jul 43.08 Fruit
55 Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Mar-Apr 45.5 Hedge plant
56 Clerodendrum viscosum Verbenaceae Jan-Mar 53.25 Medicine
57 Coccinia india Cucurbitaceae Jan-Aug - Vegetable
58 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Jan-Dec - Nut/Oil
59 Coffea arabica Rubiaceae Mar-Apr 30.5 Beverage
60 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae Aug-Dec 32.8 Weed
61 Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Nov-Dec _ Fibre
62 Corchorus trilocularis Tiliaceae Aug-Dec - Fibre
63 Cordia dichotoma Cordiaceae Mar-Apr 44.62 Medicinal
64 Coriandrum sativum Apiceae Sep-Dec 60.29 Spice
65 Cosmos caudatus Asteraceae Nov-Dec - Ornametal
66 Crossandra sp. Acanthaceae Aug-Dec 40.5 Ornamental
67 Cucumis melo Cucurbitaceae Sep-Nov - Fruit
68 Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Oct-Nov - Vegetable
69 Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae Jan-Dec - Vegetable
70 Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Jan- Dec 36.5 Vegetable
71 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Aug-Oct - Fodder
72 Dahlia variabilis Asteraceae Jan-Dec 35 Ornamental
73 Dalbergia sisoo Fabaceae Feb-Apr 54.96 Timber
74 Datura sp. Solanaceae Apr-Dec - Medicine
75 Delonix regia Fabaceae Mar-May 56.24 Ornamental
76 Dicoma tomentosa Asteraceae Jun-Jan 36.5 Medicinal
77 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Mar-May 56.5 Timber, Tendu leaf
78 Diospyros montana Ebenaceae Jan-Dec 49.24 Timber
79 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae Jan-Dec 49.55 Medicine
80 Ellettaria cardamomum Zingeberaceae Jul-Nov 37.48 Spices
81 Erythrina indica Fabaceae Feb-Apr 52.06 Ornamental
82 Eucalyptus spp Myrtaceae Nov-Apr 41.96 Timber, aromatic oil
83 Eupatorium odoratum Asterceae Jul-Aug 30.25 Weed
84 Gossypium sp. Malvaceae Dec-Apr 34.06 Fibre
85 Grewia hirsuta Tiliaceae Mar-Jul 44.38 Timber
86 Grewia orientalis Tiliaceae Apr-Sep 43.4 Timber
87 Grewia tiliaefolia Tiliaceae Apr-Aug 42.09 Timber
88 Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae Sep-Nov 36 Oil
89 Helianthus annuus Asteraceae Nov-Dec 43.8 Oil
90 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Jan-Dec 26.48 Ornamental
91 Hibiscus ovalifolius Malvaceae Jan-May - Ornamental
92 Hibiscus surattensis Malvaceae Aug-Nov - Fibre
93 Hygrophilia auriculata Acanthaceae Jul-Dec 29.64 Medicinal
94 Impatiens balsaminia Balsaminaceae Aug-Oct 21.5 Medicinal
95 Impatiens trichocarpa Balsaminaceae Aug-Dec 16.75 Medicinal
96 Ipomea alba Convoluvaceae Oct-Dec 37.25 Ornamental
97 Ipomea batatas Covoluvaceae Feb-Mar 36.27 Food
98 Ipomea eriocarpa Covoluvaceae Dec-Jan 27.46 Vegetable
99 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Feb-Mar - Ornamental
100 Jacaranda sp. Bignoniaceae Feb-Mar 44.63 Ornamental
101 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae Jan-Dec 48.25 Medicinal
102 Justicia glabra Acanthaceae Jan-Sep 43.8 Ornamental
103 Justicia simplex Acanthaceae Jan-Dec 36.57  
104 Kigelia pinnata Bignoniaceae Jul-Nov 33.46 Avenue tree
105 Lagscea mollis Asteraceae May-Nov 36.66 Medicinal
106 Lagenaria leucantha Cucurbitaceae Aug-Nov 46.65 Medicinal
107 Lagerstoemia reginae Lythraceae May-Jul _ Timber, ornamental
108 Lagerstromia speciosa Lythraceae May-Jul 52.64 Timber
109 Lagerstroemia microcarpa Lythraceae Mar-Apr 39 Timber
110 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Mar-May - Medicinal
111 Leonotis nepetifolia Lamiaceae Sep-Nov 51.2 Medicinal
112 Lepedogathis cristata Acanthaceae Jan-Feb 26.43 Medicinal
113 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Jan-Aug 38.92 Medicinal
114 Leucas lavendulaefolia Lamiaceae Sep-Mar 43.99 Medicinal
115 Linum mysorensis Linaceae Sep-Nov 29.67 Ornamental
116 Lycopercicum esculentum Solanaceae Jul-Sep _ Vegetable
117 Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Mar-Apr 52.4 Oil
118 Medicago sativa Fabaceae Sep-Nov 48.5 Fodder
119 Melia azardirachta Meliaceae Feb- May - Medicinal
120 Melia dubia Meliaceae Mar-May - Medicinal
121 Millettia peguvensis Fabaceae Jan-Mar 46.25 Ornamental
122 Memecylon umbellatum Melastomaceae Jan-May 23.3 Medicinal
123 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Jan-Dec 30.5 Medicinal
124 Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Aug-Oct - Vegetable
125 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Feb-Apr 56.4 Vegetable
126 Muntingia calabura Tiliaceae Dec-Feb - Avenue, fruit
127 Murraya koenigi Rutaceae Apr-Jun 51.66 Spice
128 Musa sp. Musaceae Jan-Dec 24.44 Fruit
129 Mussaenda frondosa Rubiaceae Sep-Dec 52.6 Medicinal
130 Neolitsea zeylanica Lauraceae Jan-May 41.5  
131 Nymphaea pubescens Nymphaceae Jan-Apr 23.75 Ornamental
132 Ocimum sp. Lamiaceae Jan-Dec 39.87 Medicinal
133 Opuntia monocantha Cactaceae Oct-Nov 46.75  
134 Oryza sativa Poaceae Aug-Sep - Food
135 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Mar-May 50.26 Medicinal
136 Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae Jan-Jul 44.56 Fruit
137 Peltaphorum pterocarpus Fabaceae Jan-Jun 44.5 Ornamental
138 Petrea volubilis Verbenaceae Feb-Apr - Ornamental
139 Phaseolus vulgaris Fabaceae Dec-Feb 34.86 Pulses
140 Phaseolus aureus Fabaceae Dec-Feb 28.3 Pulses
141 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Dec-Feb 49.45 Timber
142 Polianthus tuberosa Agavaceae Oct-Dec 44.28 Flower
143 Polygonum sp. Polygonaceae Jun-Aug 33.86 Ornamental
144 Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Feb-Apr 56.3 Oil
145 Portulaca oleracea Portulaceae Jan-Feb - Medicinal
146 Prosopsis cineraria Fabaceae Jun-Sep 52.45 Fuel
147 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Mar-Jun 39.66 Fruit
148 Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Feb-Apr 43.6 Timber
149 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Feb-Apr 22.5 Oil, medicine
151 Rosa sp. Rosaceae Jun-Jul 26.55 Ornamental
152 Samanea saman Fabaceae Mar-Jun 38.5 Ornamental
153 Santalum album Santalaceae Jan-Jul 48.6 Wood/oil
154 Sapindus laurifoilus Sapindaceae Dec-Jan 40.5 Medicinal
155 Schefflera venulosa Araliaceae Apr-May 56.55  
156 Seasamum orientale Pedaliaceae May-Sep - Oil, food
157 Sechium edule Cucurbitaceae Jan-Dec 44.5 Vegetable
158 Sida acuta Malvaceae Jan-Dec   Weed
159 Sida cordata Malvaceae Oct-Dec 33.45 Weed
160 Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Jan-Dec 42 Weed
161 Solanum indicum Solanaceae Sep-Jan 24.58 Medicinal
162 Solanum melongena Solanaceae Sep-Jan - Vegetable
163 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Jun-Dec 25.64 Medicinal
164 Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Mar-Jun 19.36 Vegetable
165 Solidago sp. Asteraceae Nov-Dec 49.2 Ornamental
166 Spathodea compannulata Bignoniaceae Nov-Mar - Ornamental
167 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Mar-Apr 58.5 Timber/fruit
168 Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae Mar-Jun 49.65 Fruit
169 Tabebuia argentea Bignoniaceae Dec-Feb 42.4 Ornamental
170 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Aug-Sep 38.58 Ornamental
171 Tagetus sp. Asteraceae Jan-Dec 28.5 Ornamental
172 Tamarindus indicus Fabaceae Apr-Jun 56.74 Timber/spice
173 Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Sep-Nov 16.24 Ornamental
174 Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Jun-Sep 56.25 Timber
175 Terminalia arjuna Combetaceae Mar-May 46.6 Timber
176 Terminalia chebula Combetaceae Mar-Apr 58.23 Timber, medicine
177 Terminalia tomentosa Combetaceae May-Jun 57.29 Timber
178 Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Jan-Feb - Timber
179 Todalia asiatica Rutaceae Feb-Sep 44.8 Medicinal
180 Toona ciliata Meliaceae Jan-Feb - Timber
181 Trichosanthes anguina Cucurbitaceae Jan-Mar 39.5 Vegetable
182 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Jan-Dec 29.58 Weed
183 Vernonia albicans Asteraceae Aug-De - Weed
184 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Sep-Nov 20.5 Medicinal
185 Zinnia elegars Asteraceae Jul-Jan 30.5 Ornamental
186 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Jul-Oct 48 Fruit
187 Ziziphus oenopila Rhamnaceae Mar-Aug 44.64 Fruit
188 Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae Mar-Sep 50.75  

 

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