ID: 58398
Title: Sustainability study of hydrogen pathways for fuel cell vehicle applications
Author: Jenn-Jiang Hwang
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Lifecycle analysis, hydrogen, fuel cell vehicle, greenhouse gas emissions
Abstract: The present work has conducted a comprehensive life-cycle analysis for energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for various fuel/vehicles systems. Focus is placed on the hydrogen based fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technology, while the gasoline vehicle (GV) equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE) serves as a reference technology. A fuel-cycle model developed at Argonne National Laboratory, the GREET model, is employed to evaluate the well-to-wheels (WTW) energy and emissions impacts caused by various fuel/vehicle systems. Six potential hydrogen pathways using renewable and non-renewable energy sources are simulated, namely, steam reforming of natural gas and corn ethanol, water electrolysis using grid generation and solar electricity, and coal gasification with and without carbon sequestration. Results showed that the FCVs fuelled with solar electrolysis hydrogen have the greatest benefits in energy conservation and GHG emission reduction. However, by the primary mode of production for the initial introduction of FCVs.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58397
Title: Fuzzy thermoeconomic optimisation applied to a small water treatment plant
Author: Wendell de Queiroz Lamas
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Exergetic production cost, Fuzzy non-linear programming problem, Thermodynamic modelling
Abstract: This work proposes to use thermodynamic modelling, and fuzzy thermoeconomic to optimise the small waste water treatment plant work period concerning to sewage treatment and energy generation through products associated to it. Thermoeconomic optimisation is described as a fuzzy non-linear programming problem in those local criteria is multi-objective: maximum exergetic efficiency and minimal total cost rate. These objective functions and constraints for this non-linear programming problem can be structured and represented by fuzzy sets. Several simulations about real possibilities are done to search the best performance configuration for the small waste water treatment plant. Results deal to previous system optimisation that was a physical optimisation through a thermo-economic analysis. Then, Pareto set for this one indicated that the system had been optimised previously and it is working with better configuration.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58396
Title: Status of pumped hydro-storage schemes and its future in India
Author: N Sivakumar, Devadutta Das, N P Padhy, A R Senthil Kumar, Nibedita Bisoyi
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Pumped storage, Energy storage, hydro-thermal mix, hydro power
Abstract: The growing economy with corresponding increase in power demand causes more challenges in power sector of developing countries. In India, the increase in peak power demand necessitates energy storage schemes over and above the storage-hydro-, oil- and gas-based peak power plants to ensure power system stability. In utility energy storage schemes, the Pumped storage schemes attract more attention even in the developed countries due to its unique operational flexibility over other energy storage systems. In India, the availability of suitable topographies, hydro-thermal ratio imbalance in various regions, and optimal storage capacity for flexible power system operation gives a thought for the planers and executors to implement these schemes to meet peak demands. This paper presents a critical review of the necessity of pumped storage schemes in India. This review reveals that the major constraint for pumped storage operation in India is the deficit of off-peak power available in all the regional grids exept north-east region for pumping at present. But the current adversity is likely to be gradually solved by the commissioning of newly proposed power projects. Fixing of a separate operational tariff for pumped storage schemes throughout the country is another requirement for which the government has set up a one man committee to analyze the feasibility for this peak tariff. Non availability of lower tail pools and irrigation needs also causes poor pumping operations in some cases. However, most of the states in India are evincing interest in pumped storage schemes and proposal are being submitted to central government for securing stations clearance.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58395
Title: Waste materials co-processing in cement industry: Ecological efficiency of waste reuse
Author: Wendell de Queiroz Lamas, Jose Carlos Fortes Palau, Jose Rubens de Camargo
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Energy-intensive industry, industrial waste recycling, Portland cement
Abstract: Cement is the main component of concrete, which is, in turn, the second most consumed material on earth, in addition, the cement industry is one of the most intensive energy consumptions. The modern plants often have nominal production capacity exceeding one million tons per year. To produce one ton of cement, you need the equivalent of 60-130 kg of fuel and 110 kWh of electricity. Due to the large consumption of energy, which represents over 30% of the total production cost for the cement industry, the reduction in spending on energy inputs is a major motivation for technological advances in the production process of cement. To reduce the costs of fossil fuel consumption (non-renewable source), the technique of co-processing has been employed for introducing alterantive fuels as part of the manufacturing process. This technique provides a lower cost of production, introducing fuel waste from different industrial activities, besides contributing to the reduction of environmental liabilities; they generate waste when discarded in inappropriate places. It is evident that the cement industry sector is highly intensive in energy consumption, and should be considered in studies on energy planning especially with the changes in its energy matrix, which has occurred continuously since the oil crisis in 70 years, still that this change is very heterogeneous when one considers each manufactures cement. The ecological analysis is done through comparison between ecological efficiency, pollution indicator and values for CO2 equivalent from cement industry rate, before and after adoption of waste reuse.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58394
Title: Evolution of communication technologies for smart grid applications
Author: Ahmad Usman, Sajjad Haider Shami
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Smart grids, Power Line Communications (PLCs), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, GSM/GPRS, DASH7
Abstract: The idea of Smart Grid has started to evolve more rapidly with the enhancement in Communication Technologies. Two way communication is a key aspect in realizing Smart Grids and is easily possible with the help of modern day advancements in both wired and wireless communication technologies. This paper discusses some of the major communication technologies which include IEEE specified ZigBee, WiMAX and Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) technologies, GSM 3G/4G Cellular, DASH 7 and PLC (Power Line Communications), with special focus on their applications in Smart Grids. The Smart Gird enviornments and domains such as Home Area Automation, Substation Automation, Automated Metering Infrastructure, Vehicle - to- Grid Communications, etc. are considered as priority areas for developing smarter grids. The advancements, challenges and the opportunities present in these priority areas are discussed in this paper.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58393
Title: Recent advances in the solar water heating systems: A review
Author: Ruchi Shukla, K Sumathy, Phillip Erickson, Jiawei Gong
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Solar water heating, collector, heat pump water heater, thermal stratification, refrigerant
Abstract: Solar water heating (SWH) systems have a widespread usage and applications in both domestic and industrial sectors. According to Renewable Energy Policy Network data (2010), 70 million houses worldwide were reported to be using SWH systems. Solar water heating is not only enviornmentally friendly but requires minimal maintenance and operation cost compared to other solar energy applications. SWH systems are cost effective with an attractive payback period of 2-4 years depending on the type and size of the system. Extensive research has been performed to further improve the thermal efficiency of solar water heating. This paper presents a detailed review exclusively on the design aspects of SWH systems. The first part of the paper provides a consolidated summary on the development of various system components that includes the collector, storage tank and heat exchanger. The later part of this paper covers the alternative refrigerant technology and technological advancements in improving the performance as well as the cost effectiveness of the SWH system.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58392
Title: CO2 emissions from China ' s power sector at the provincial level: Consumption versus production perspectives
Author: Soeren Lindner, Zhu Liu, Dabo Guan, Yong Geng, Xin Li
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: CO2 emission, power sector, consumption versus production, China
Abstract: The Chinese electricity sector plays an important role in domestic CO2 mitigation efforts due to its large contribution to overall emissions. However, primary energy resources used for electricity generation are not evenly distributed across the country. Such a supply and demand mismatch in reality results in large parts of electricity to be transferred from economically less developed provinces in the west to economic growth centres in the east. A literature review shows that the emissions embodied in electricity transfer within China have not been explicity studies, although in fact they cause a shift of environmental pollution away from economically well-off provinces to resource-rich, and less developed provinces. Therefore, it is critical for policy makers to address this issue. Under such a circumstance, a bottom-up model is developed to calculate direct CO2 emissions embodied in electricity export and import between Chinese provinces. It helps quantifying emissions from the power sector associated with both production and consumption perspectives and sheds lights on the environmental impact of regional supply and demand mismatch in China. Results show that the difference between consumption and production based CO2 emissions from electricity sector in some provinces were higher than the total CO2 emissions from electricity sector in Netherlands (in the case of Beijing), or as high as the total CO2 emission from France ' s electricity sector (in the case of Guangdong). Based upon Chinese realities, policy implications and suggestions are made, such as how to set up appropriate emission reduction targets for electricity sector at provincial level, and the inclusion of consumption emissions in designing China ' s cap-and -trade mechanism. The methodology and findings may be useful for investigation of embodied emissions throughout various regions of the world.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58391
Title: Solar assisted sea water desalination: A review
Author: Chennan Li, Yogi Goswami, Elias Stefanakos
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Desalination, energy consumption, solar energy, low grade heat, cogeneration
Abstract: Seawater desalination is an important process to meet the increasing demand for fresh water demand; however, it is highly energy intensive due to the high salinity of the source. Studies on using solar energy to drive seawater desalination are very actively being pursued. This paper reviews the current solar desalination research activities first, followed by discussions of solar assited desalination processes and a variety of possible combinations. Solar assisted desalination has been proved technically feasible; however the combined solar and fossil fuel desalination, and desalination using low grade waste heat could be more cost effective at this time. Though solar assisted desalination processes have not been commercialized as yet, with the current ongoing research, they remain a valid option for future desalination plants.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58390
Title: Factors affecting commercial energy consumption in Pakistan: Progress in energy
Author: Khalid Zaman, Muhammad Mushtaq Khan, Mehboob Ahmad
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Commercial energy consumption, oil consumption, gas consumption, electricity consumption, coal consumption, fuel factors, Pakistan
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify major macroeconomic factors that enhance energy consumption for Pakistan through the cointegration, error correction model and Granger causality tests over a 32 - year time period, i.e, between 1980 and 2011. The study employed the bivariate cointegration technique to estimate the long-run relationship between the variables; an error correction mode was used to determine the short-run dynamics of the system, while Granger causality test was used to find the directions between these variables. The study investigates the relation between four energy consumption variables (i.e., oil/pertroleum consumption, gas consumption, electricity consumption and coal consumption) and four macoeconomic factors which have further sub-classifications, i.e, balance of payment (BOP) factors (i.e, exports, imports, trade deficit, worker ' s remittances and current account balance), fuel factors (i.e, carbon dioxide emissions, natural resource depletion and net forest depletion), agricultural crops yield per hectare (ie., wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize and cotton) and industrial production items (i.e, beverages, cigarettes, motor tyres, motor tubes, cycle tyres and cycle tubes) in order to manage robust data anlaysis. The result confirms the long-run relationship between total commercial energy consumption and macroeconomic factors in Pakistan, as oil/petroleum consumption increases exports, fuel factors, agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial items; however, the intensity of these factors are different in nature. Carbon dioxide emissions, net forest depletion, beverages, motor tyres and motor tubes are more elastic with oil/petroleum consumption. However, oil/petroleum consumption decreases trade deficit and workers ' remittances in Pakistan. Gas, electricity and coal consumption increases agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial production which shows that as agriculture and industry modernizes, energy demand increases. Energizing the food production chain is an essential feature of agricultural development which is a prime factor in helping to achieve food security in Pakistan. The empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that energy consumption has significant long-run casual effect on macroeconomic variables in Pakistan. The present study finds evident of unidirectional causality between the commercial energy consumption factors and macroeconomic factors in Pakistan. However, there is some biodirectional causality exist which is running between electricity consumption (EC) and exports, EC to imports, EC to carbon emissions, EC to natural resource depletion (NRD) and EC to wheat. The results conclude that macroeconomic variables tend to positively respond to total primary energy consumption. This indicates that increasing total commercial energy consumption may cause growth variables which show that Pakistan is an input-driven economy.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58389
Title: Fighting globla warming by photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using giant photocatalytic reactors
Author: Renaud Kiesgen de_Richter, Tingzhen Ming, Sylvian Caillol
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: CO2 capture, CO2 reduction, photocatalysis, photocatalytic reactor, Solar chimney power plant
Abstract: Over the last decades, fighting global warming has become the most important challenge humanity has to face. Therefore technologies of carbon dioxide capture, sequestration and recycling technologies important in order to tackle the global climate change stakes. Among recycling technologies, photocatalytic processes reducing CO2 with H2O back to fuels or to other useful organic compounds, have the potential to be part of a renewable energy system. Indeed these processes can help to control CO2 emissions and eventually eliminate CO2 in excess.
This perspective paper describes a large size device, able simultaneously:
* to proceed to direct air capture (DAC) of CO2;
* to transform part of it into useful chemicals, like hydrocarbons or syngas:
* and to produce renewable energy, thus preventing future CO2 emissions.
Synergies between solar chimney power plants (SCPPs) and semiconductor photocatalysis in order to create giant photocatalytic reactor for artificial photosynthesis are discussed, as well as scale economies for unconventional carbon capture directly from the atmosphere.
This paper presents a carbon negative emission technology obtained by coupling SCPPs with DAC systems which allows many scale economies,and also synergies to proceed to solar-to-chemical energy-conversion process by photocatalytic reduction of atmospheric CO2 under sunlight.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58388
Title: A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancements in pipe exchangers
Author: S Liu, M Sakr
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Passive heat transfer, twisted tape, wire coil, wings, swirl flow, ribs, conical ring
Abstract: Enhancing heat transfer surface are used in many engineering applications such as heat exchanger, air conditioning, chemical reactor and refrigeration systems, hence many techniques have been investigated on enhancement of heat transfer rate and decrease the size and cost of the involving equipment especially in heat exchangers. One of the most important techniques used are passive heat transfer technique. These techniques when adopted in Heat exchanger proved that the overall thermal performance improved significantly. This paper reviews experimental and numerical works taken by researchers on this technique since 2004 such as twisted tape, wire coil, swirl flow generator.... etc, to enhance the thermal efficiency in heat exchangers and useful to designers implementing passive augmentation techniques in heat exchange. The authors found that variously developed twisted tape inserts are popular researched and used to strengthen the heat transfer efficiency for heat exchangers. The other techniques used for specific work enviornments are studied in this paper. Twisted tape inserts perform better in laminar flow than turbulent flow. However, the other several passive techniques such as ribs, conical nozzle, and conical ring, etc. are generally more effective in the turbulent flow than in the turbulent flow than in the laminar flow.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58387
Title: Vision 2023: Assessing the feasibility of electricty and biogas porduction from municipal solid waste in Turkey
Author: Mehmet Melikoglu
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Electricity, combustion, methane, Municipal solid waste, Turkey
Abstract: Turkey imports most of its energy. However, according ot the recently avowed Vision 2023 agenda the country also plans to produce 30% of its electricity demand from renewable energy sources by 2023. Meanwhile, each year around 25 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated nationwide. Not only MSW pollute the enviornment handling, processing and storage requires precious labour and capital. In that context, a synergistic solution can be created between MSW management and energy supply. In this study, economics and environmental impacts of electricity generation from MSW via (i) direct combustion and (ii) biogas harnessing in 81 cities of Turkey is analysed in detail for a period between 2012 and 2023. Firstly, it is estimated that nationwide 8500 GWh of electricity could have been generated by direct combustion of MSW in 2012. This is predicted to rise 9700 GWh in 2023. It is calculated that 3100 million m3 of methane would be emitted from the landfills of Turkey in 2012. If no action taken this would rise to 3600 million m3 in 2023. Furthermore, it is estimated that by capturing 25% of this methane via landfill bioreactors 2900 GWh or 0.5% of Turkey ' s annual electricity demand could be supplied in 2023. Simulations also showed that by realizing apposite landfill investments by 2023 annual energy savings worth 200-900 million ? could be gnerated from MSW. Consequently, this could lead to greenhouse gas emission savings up to 11.0 million tonnes of CO2 per annum.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58386
Title: Technical and economic analysis of large-scale wind energy conversion systems in Algeria
Author: S Diaf, G Notton
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Wind energy, Weibull distribution, power density, capacity factor, cost analysis
Abstract: In this study, the wind energy potential and economic analysis in 13 locations are investigated using wind speed data measured at 10 m height. From all collected data which are the daily, monthly and frequency profiles of the wind speed at htese sites, the southern region of Algeria is found to have the relatively highest wind potential. Technical and economic evaluations of electricity generation from different commercial wind turbines are examined. The yearly energy output, capacity factor and electrical energy cost of KWh produced by the selected wind turbines are calculated. In term of energy production, the results show that Adrar is the best location for harnessing the wind power and generating electricity. The capacity factors are found to vary from 6% at Skikda to 48% at Adrar. In addition, it was found that the minimum cost per kWh of electricity generated is about 0.0179 $/kWh at Adrar for the southern region, 0.0431 $/kWh at Oran for the coastal region and 0.0518 $/kWh at Setif for the highland region. Among all the considered models, the Suzlon 582-1500 wind turbine is found to be the most attractive in terms of cost per kWh. Based on the obtained results, the wind resource appears to be suitable for power production in the southern region, which makes it a viable substitute to diesel oil for electricity generation.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58385
Title: Investigation of possible societal risk associated with wind power generation systems
Author: F O Moura Carneiro, H H Barbosa Rocha, P A Costa Rocha
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Quantitative risk assessment, societal risk, ALARP, safety, HAWT, Wind energy
Abstract: There is progressive acceptance about the proposal of wind as an alternative source of energy to meet future global demand and significant reduction of environmental pollution. In this context, from design to decommission, safety doubtless represents an integral element of wind turbines. Based on historical accident data the quantitative risk measure of societal risk in connection with wind farms was evaluated in the present work. It was considered the CWIF database which contains information on accidents, incidents and fatalities related to wind technology from the 1970s to October 2011. The data were presented in its absolute values and normalized by the capacity of wind power installed worldwide over the years. The security level observed due to the wind turbine operation tends to increase with the increment of installed capacity. The social risk was calculated for two particular cases (characteristically arbitrary). As observed by the results (the curves in the F-N diagram) obtained for both scenarios, the risk does not exceed the upper limit of ALARP criterion. Nonetheless, the required application of principles for the integration of safety to tackle the hazards linked with wind turbines must not be neglected. Safety must be increased as the wind energy production expands, as well as there should be a need for regular reconsideration.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58384
Title: An overview of energy savings measures for cement industries
Author: N A Madlool, R Saidur, N A Rahim, M Kamalisarvestani
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Energy saving, Electrical saving, Emission reduction, cement industry
Abstract: Due the advances in the industrial processes, in which the cement industry is a major contributor, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission has increased significantly. This paper reviews previous studies on energy saving, carbon dioxide emission reductions and the various technologies used to improve the energy efficiency in the cement industry. Energy efficiency measures for raw materials preparation, clinker production, products and feedstock changes, general energy efficiency measures, and finish grinding have been surveyed. It was found that the largest recorded amounts of thermal energy savings, electrical energy savings and emission reductions to date are 3.4 GJ/t, 35 KW h/t and 212.54 kgCO2/t, respectively.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None