ID: 66365
Title: Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles through green route and its application in methylene blue dye degradation
Author: Jayant K. Jogi , S. K. Singhal, Ravindra Jangir , Ashish Tanna , Sangita Chavda , Nikesh Shah , Madan Singh and Divya N. Panchotia
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1133-1136 10 June (2025)
Subject: Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles through green route and its application in methylene blue dye degradation
Keywords: Green synthesis, nanoparticles, photocatalysis, X-ray techniques.
Abstract: Zinc oxide nanomaterial, called ‘ZnO-G’ was synthesised by sol–gel auto combustion method using
lemon juice. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction along
with Rietveld refinement validated the single-phased
hexagonal structure with P63mc wurtzite space group.
The estimated average crystallite size of ZnO-G by
Williamson–Hall plot was 24 nm and obtained particle
size from field emission scanning electron microscopy
was 70 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the purity of ZnO-G. In the presence of sunlight, maximum photodegradation (94%) of methylene
blue dye was obtained by employing ZnO-G because
of photo-induced charge carriers in conduction and
valence bands.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Arulraj, A., Senthil, T. S., Mangalaraja, R. V., Anitha, R. and Vijayalakshmi, V., Improved photocatalytic activity for degradation of
methylene blue dye using ZnO NPs. Mater. Lett., 2024, 362, 136176.
Mir, N., Salavati-Niasari, M. and Davar, F., Preparation of ZnO
nanoflowers and Zn glycerolate nanoplates using inorganic precursors
via a convenient rout and application in dye sensitized solar cells.
Chem. Eng. J., 2012, 181–182, 779–789.
Literature cited 2: Özgür, Ü., Hofstetter, D. and Morkoç, H., ZnO devices and applications: a review of current status and future prospects. Proc. IEEE,
2010, 98, 1255–1268.
Salavati-Niasari, M., Davar, F. and Khansari, A., Nanosphericals and
nanobundles of ZnO: synthesis and characterization. J. Alloys Compd.,
2011, 509, 61–65.
ID: 66364
Title: Characterisation of plant–pathogenic fungal associate from an invasive ambrosia beetle (Euplatypus parallelus) infesting rubber plantations of South India
Author: Aathira Pratap, Jithu Unni Krishnan, Prem Das Shanmughan and Murali Revanasiddappa
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1126-1132 10 June (2025)
Subject: Characterisation of plant–pathogenic fungal associate from an invasive ambrosia beetle (Euplatypus parallelus) infesting rubber plantations of South India
Keywords: Ambrosia beetles, Fusarium ambrosium, Fusarium solani, Hevea brasiliensis, mutualistic fungus.
Abstract: Ambrosia beetle infestations in rubber plantations of
northern Kerala caused rapid tree decline, impacting farmers significantly. The present study focused
on isolating and identifying fungal strains associated
with Euplatypus parallelus, a recently reported invasive pest in rubber trees. Two fungal associates,
Fusarium solani and Fusarium ambrosium, were identified. While F. Solani is a major sporulating plant
pathogen; this marks its first report from adult E.
parallelus beetles. Phytopathogenicity tests confirmed
both isolates as pathogenic to rubber, with F. solani
exhibiting higher virulence. The findings emphasise
the need for stringent phytosanitary measures to prevent the spread of this infestation to other regions.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: National Rubber Policy (NRP)-Department of Commerce, Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Government of India, 2019.
Rubber Board of India – Annual Report 2022–2023.
Literature cited 2: Hiremath, S. R. and Prathapan, K. D., First report of the invasive South American pinhole borer, Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), on rubber in India.
Coleopt. Bull., 2019, 73(3), 714; https://doi.org/10.1649/0010065x73.3.714.
Hulcr, J., Atkinson, T. H., Cognato, A. I., Jordal, B. H. and McKenna,
D. D., Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogenetics of bark beetles. In
Elsevier eBooks, 2015, pp. 41–84; https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-
417156-5.00002-2
ID: 66363
Title: Heat-induced changes in bioactive compounds of colourful potato varieties
Author: Bandan, Vineet Sharma , S. K. Luthra , R. K. Singh , Dinesh Kumar and Brajesh Singh
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1120-1125 10 June (2025)
Subject: Heat-induced changes in bioactive compounds of colourful potato varieties
Keywords: Ascorbic acid, carotenoids, heat treatment, phenols, potato
Abstract: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of two
different cooking methods and flesh colour on the retention of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds,
and total antioxidants in potato. Additionally, the study
assesses the biochemical changes occurring in potatoes
with and without peel to determine their impact on nutrient retention. Tubers with white skin and white flesh
contained low amounts of antioxidant activity, whereas
tubers with yellow flesh, red and purple skin and/or
flesh exhibited high concentrations of antioxidants. The
highest levels of antioxidant activity were observed in
potatoes prepared using steam boil. Colored potatoes,
particularly those with red or purple skin and/or flesh,
exhibited higher concentrations of phenolic and antioxidant activity compared to white and yellow var
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Teucher, B., Olivares, M. and Cori, H., Enhancers of iron absorption:
ascorbic acid and other organic acids. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 2004,
76, 403–419.
Stintzing, F. C. and Carle, R., Functional properties of anthocyanins
and betalains in plants, food, and human nutrition. Trends Food Sci.
Technol., 2004, 15, 19–38.
Literature cited 2: Xu, H. et al., Anti-breast-cancer activity exerted by β-sitosterol-dglucoside from sweet potato via upregulation of MicroRNA-10a and
via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2018,
66(37), 9704–9718.
Donado-Pestana, C. M., Salgado, J. M., de Oliveira Rios, A., dos Santos, P. R. and Jablonski, A., Stability of carotenoids, total phenolics
and in vitro antioxidant capacity in the thermal processing of orangefleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars grown in Brazil.
Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 2012, 67(3), 262–270.
ID: 66362
Title: Unravelling the therapeutic potential of Dioscorea deltoidea against breast cancer: a combinational approach via network pharmacology and molecular docking
Author: Anuradha and Navneeta Bharadvaja
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1112-1119 10 June (2025)
Subject: Unravelling the therapeutic potential of Dioscorea deltoidea against breast cancer: a combinational approach via network pharmacology and molecular docking
Keywords: Dioscin, Dioscorea deltoidea, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, network pharmacology
Abstract: Dioscorea deltoidea, a tuberous plant which is extensively grown in tropical and subtropical climates, has
a wide array of therapeutic uses. The therapeutical potential of D. deltoidea was further explored
by the interaction of different phytocompounds and
multiple signalling pathways associated with breast
cancer using a network pharmacology approach involving preliminary screening of active phytocompounds, target prediction, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes
and Genomes/Gene Ontology pathway enrichment and
molecular docking and results were further validated
by the molecular dynamics simulation study. The
present article provides a detailed insight into the action
mechanism of D. deltoidea against breast cancer via network pharmacology and molecular docking thus, deciphering the therapeutic potential of D. deltoidea against
breast cancer.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Zugazagoitia, J., Guedes, C., Ponce, S., Ferrer, I., Molina-Pinelo, S.
and Paz-Ares, L., Current challenges in cancer treatment. Clin. Ther.
2016, 38(7), 1551–1566; doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.026.
Harbeck, N., Breast cancer is a systemic disease optimally treated by
a multidisciplinary team. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, 2020, 6, 30; doi:
10.1038/s41572-020-0167-z
Literature cited 2: Sedeta, E. T., Jobre, B. and Avezbakiyev, B., Breast cancer: Global
patterns of incidence, mortality, and trends. J. Clin. Oncol., 2023,
41(16_suppl), 10528; Sudan J. Health Sci.+3.
Burguin, A., Diorio, C. and Durocher, F., Breast cancer treatments: updates and new challenges. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11(8), 808; doi:
10.3390/jpm11080808.
ID: 66361
Title: Momordica cymbalaria: an untapped hidden nutritional treasure of semi-arid Vertisols
Author: N. M. Anusha, M. N. Ramesha* , B. Krishna Rao and K. N. Ravi
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1108-1111 10 June (2025)
Subject: Momordica cymbalaria: an untapped hidden nutritional treasure of semi-arid Vertisols
Keywords: Crop production, karchikai, semi-arid Vertisols, sustainability, underutilised vegetab
Abstract: Hot arid and semi-arid regions are often characterised
by scarcity of food resources, and the need for characterising climate-resilient crops is paramount. In such
environments, the cultivation of underutilised crops
can offer a sustainable solution to enhance food security and build resilience against climate variability. The Momordica cymbalaria Hook f. is one such
least concerned, minor and underexploited tuberforming cucurbit member of the family Cucurbitaceae,
native to the Western and Eastern Ghats of India.
The fruits have good medicinal and nutritional values. The fruits and tubers are used in traditional
medicine and as a vegetable food by the tribal farmers. Plants are propagated by round, oval seeds with
hypogeal germination, and tubers are also used for
the multiplication of plants. This crop is well suited
to the semi-arid soil types prevalent in many regions
of India and has natural adaptations to survive and
thrive in such challenging conditions, making it an
ideal candidate for cultivation in these areas under a
climate change scenario. Hence, this underutilised vegetable needs to be conserved and popularised among
farmers for sustainability and nutritional security.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: POWO, Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl ex Naudin. In Plants of
the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, 2024;
http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed on 06 April 2024).
Chinthan, K. N., Manjunathagowda, D. C., Rathod, V., Devan, S. R.
and Anjanappa, M., Karchikai (Momordica cymbalaria Hook f.): an
untapped cucurbit indigenous to India. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.,
2021, 68, 3427–3433.
Literature cited 2: Bharathi, L. K., Munshi, A. D., Behera, T. K., Joseph John, K., Bhat,
K. V. and Sidhu, A. S., Morphological relationship among the Momordica species of Indian occurrence. Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed.,
2013, 73(3), 278–286.
Bharathi, L. K. et al., Cytotaxonomical analysis of Momordica L. (Cucurbitaceae) species of Indian occurrence. J. Genet., 2011, 90(1),
21–30; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-011-0026-5.
ID: 66360
Title: A comprehensive review on the utilisation of layered materials as sensors
Author: Hemanga Jyoti Sarmah
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1101-1107 10 June (2025)
Subject: A comprehensive review on the utilisation of layered materials as sensors
Keywords: 2D materials, bio-molecule sensor, gas sensor, humidity sensor, limit of detection, pH sensor, sensitivity
Abstract: A sensor is a device which can detect and determine
the quantity of presence of a selected target. Layered
nanomaterials, i.e., the materials in one-dimensional
confined form, are rapidly used as sensors due to their
large surface area. Graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphene, boron nitride,
different hetero-structures, etc., have been found suitable for sensing applications. To date, gas sensors, biomolecule sensors, humidity sensors, pH sensors, etc.,
are being fabricated using different layered materials.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Anichini, C., Czepa, W., Pakulski, D., Aliprandi, A., Ciesielski, A.
and Samorì, P., Chemical sensing with 2D materials. Chem. Soc.
Rev., 2018, 47(13), 4860-4908.
Rout, C. S., Late, D. J. and Morgan, H. (eds), Fundamentals and sensing applications of 2D materials. Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp.
5-23
Literature cited 2: Donarelli, M. and Ottaviano, L., 2D materials for gas sensing applications: a review on graphene oxide, MoS2, WS2 and phosphorene. Sensors, 2018, 18(11), 3638.
Fraden, J., Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications, Springer, Cham, 2010, pp. 1-681
ID: 66359
Title: Igniting India’s fusion future
Author: D. Raju , I. Bandyopadhyay and D. K. Aswal
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1090-1100
10 June (2025)
Subject: Igniting India’s fusion future
Keywords: Digital twin, fusion energy, ITER, national fusion mission, tokamak
Abstract: Nuclear fusion, the process powering stars, holds immense potential as a sustainable energy source with minimal radioactive waste. India, with its strong foundation in nuclear fission, is strategically advancing fusion research through tokamak
experiments (ADITYA-U, SST-1) and major contributions to the international experimental thermonuclear reactor (ITER).
The present article outlines India’s fusion roadmap, emphasising key challenges in plasma confinement, tritium breeding
and reactor materials. In a phased approach, we propose to build and operate a steady-state deuterium-tritium fusion reactor called SST-Bharat as an intermediate fusion device, whose primary objective would be to demonstrate fusion power
production with a net energy gain in steady-state power plant-like scenarios, as well as test tritium breeding and fissile
blankets. Thereafter, we shall launch the project to construct an indigenous DEMOnstration reactor (fusion power plant),
also known as DEMO, reactor to be commissioned by 2060 for net energy supply to the grid. DEMO may be chosen
either as a fusion-fission hybrid reactor or a pure fusion reactor, depending on the success of the R&D in SST-Bharat.
The integration of digital twins, advanced superconducting magnets and strategic industry partnerships will be crucial.
By prioritising innovation, policy support and international collaboration, India can transition from experimental fusion
research to scalable power generation, aligning with its Net Zero 2070 commitment. The time to ignite India’s fusion
energy future is now.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Aswal, D. K. and Chandra, A., Key drivers for achieving India’s 100
GW nuclear power ambition. Curr. Sci., 2024, 127(4), 393-395.
Ministry of Finance, Summary of Union Budget 2025–26. Press Information Bureau, New Delhi; https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?
-PRID=2098352 (accessed on 21 February 2025)
Literature cited 2: Cowley, S. C., The quest for fusion power. Nat. Phys., 2016, 12, 384-
386.
Kaw, P. K., Fusion power, who needs it?!. Curr. Sci., 1993, 65(1),
20-25
ID: 66358
Title: Co-shear slipped s-type flanking structure within Precambrian gneisses from the western edge of Western Dharwar Craton
Author: Aditya U. Joshi Preethiga. A Parita Gorania, M. A. Limaye
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1075-1077 10 June (2025)
Subject: Co-shear slipped s-type flanking structure within Precambrian gneisses from the western edge of Western Dharwar Craton
Keywords: None
Abstract: A host fabric element is a gneissosity fabric present in a rock, which
gets sheared to produce normal or
reverse drag/slip of the pre-existing
fabric. The shearing over the host fabric element is coined as cross-cutting
elements. The resultant structure developed due to this phenomenon is
termed a flanking structure1
. The
flanking structures range from micro to mega-scale in size1,2, and their
nomenclature depends on their geometry, viz., ‘s’, ‘a’, ‘n-type’ and ‘shear
bands’3,4. Where s-type is the deflection in the rock fabric characterised by
s-shaped curvature developed alongside a vein or fault indicating sinistral
shear sense5
, a-type are similar folds
depicted by a-shaped geometry usually showing dextral shear sense5
and
n-type shows deflection in a concave
geometry indicating a normal sense
of shear1
. These flanking structures
are valuable for interpreting shear
sense, strain and vorticity in deformed
regions
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Passchier, C. W., Flanking structures. J.
Struct. Geol., 2001, 23, 951-962.
Mukherjee, S. and Koyi, H. A., Flanking
microstructures. Geol. Mag., 2009, 146,
517–526.
Literature cited 2: Grasemann, B., Stüwe, K. and Vannay, J.
C., Sense and non-sense of shear in flanking
structures. J. Struct. Geol., 2003, 25, 19–34.
Exner, U., Mancktelow, N. S. and Grasemann, B., Progressive development of s-type
flanking folds in simple shear. J. Struct.
Geol., 2004, 26, 2191-2201.
ID: 66357
Title: A circular bio-economical
Author: Ramamoorthy, Navnit Kumar; Chanda, Prakriti; Venkateswara Sarma, Vemuri
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1073-1074 10 June (2025)
Subject: A circular bio-economical
Keywords: None
Abstract: India, with its ∼80% contribution
to global agricultural produce, continues to hold the glory of being
one among the top five agricultural
nations1
. The Indian agricultural sector, employing ∼60% of the nation’s
workforce2
, is ∼75% constituted by
the economically weak3 marginal
farmers4
. Despite the rising cases
of ∼10,000 annual farmer suicides,
they annually contribute ∼17% of
the nation’s GDP4
. Such suicides
could be attributed to rejections of indigenous produce5
, improper reach
of governmental policies/funds to
rural areas6, 7, and lack of funds to
hire/rent and operate modern agricultural equipment6, 8. Since the harvest itself is tedious9
, the pollutionfree stubble management practices,
despite ∼50–80% governmentalsubsidy, are avoided7
. Contrarily, the
stubble/remnants are burnt8, 10, which
is an offence under the Indian Penal
Code’s Section 188 (ref. 11); the practice is widespread in regions around
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
The aftermaths include: poor air quality index, reduced soil fertility,
increased soil erosion12 and levels of
(in million tonnes): CO2 – 150; CO –
9; SOx – 0.25; particulate emissions –
1; carbon soot – 0.5 (ref. 11); CH4 –
hydrocarbons
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: 1. Privacy Shield Framework, 2023;
https://www.privacyshield.gov/ps/article?id=
India-Agricultural-Sector (accessed on 27
November 2023)
Krishnan, M., Made for Minds, 2022;
https://www.dw.com/en/india-why-aresuicides-among-farmers-on-the-increase/a62991022 (accessed on 27 November 2023)
Literature cited 2: Ramamoorthy, N. K., Vengadesan, V.,
Pallam, R. B., Sadras, S. R., Sahadeven,
R. and Sarma, V. V., Prep. Biochem.
Biotechnol., 2023, 53(8), 954–967;
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2022.
2162922.
Mitra, 2023; https://mitraweb.in/blogs/theways-to-improve-condition-of-farmer-inindia/ (accessed on 27 November 2023
ID: 66356
Title: Microplastics in human tissues: a growing concern
Author: V. Shree Yazhini
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1067-1068 10 June (2025)
Subject: Microplastics in human tissues: a growing concern
Keywords: None
Abstract: Microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5 millimetres in size
that cause environmental and health
concerns. The study of microplastics began in the early 2000s when
researchers first identified these tiny
particles in the ocean. Initially, the
focus was on understanding their environmental impact on marine ecosystems, where plastic debris was causing widespread harm to aquatic life.
With time, scientists realised that
the issue extended far beyond the
oceans. Evidence of microplastics
was found in the air, soil and food
products, which led to further investigation into the exposure of human
populations. This raises alarms about
potential long-term health effects1
.
These particles come from everyday
sources like contaminated food, water
and air. Microplastics are common
contaminants in urban environments.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Grzelak, A., J. Educ. Health Sport, 2024,
75, 56606.
Lee, Y., Cho, J., Sohn, J. and Kim, C., Yonsei
Med. J., 2023, 64, 301–308.
Literature cited 2: Roslan, N. S., Lee, Y. Y., Ibrahim, Y. S., Anuar, S. T., Yusof, K. M. K. K., Lai, L. A.
and Brentnall, T., J. Glob. Health, 2024, 14,
04179.
Preda, O. T., Vlasceanu, A. M., Andreescu,
C. V., Tsatsakis, A., Mezhuev, Y., Negrei,
C. and Baconi, D. L., Toxics, 2024, 12 (10),
730.
ID: 66355
Title: Reviving the Yamuna: Science and Policy Drivers
Author: Rajiv Sinha
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 128 (11) 1067-1068 10 June (2025)
Subject: Reviving the Yamuna: Science and Policy Drivers
Keywords: None
Abstract: Large river systems constitute one of the most fundamental life-support systems that have sustained civilisations
and are projected to be critical for the future sustenance
of human civilisations. A river can be termed as a healthy
ecosystem only when all flora and fauna in and along the
river and the cultivation in flood plains are healthy, and the
river morphology (in all three dimensions – plan, longitudinal and cross-sectional) is in equilibrium. River health
assessment has many connotations as perceived by scientists from different disciplines, such as geomorphologists,
ecologists, hydrologists and water quality experts. In a geomorphic context, the quantification of geomorphic change
provides a useful platform for River Health Indices (RHI),
whereas biological monitoring of river health has often been
used to assign the health status in ecology. River health assessment generally focuses on integrating geomorphic and
ecological data to evaluate whether river structure (includes river network, morphology, connectivity) is appropriate for its environmental/landscape setting for performing various functions, such as, sediment transport, nutrient
cycling and energy exchange, support for riparian vegetation and ecosystem (in-channel and floodplain), maintaining longitudinal and lateral connectivity, and maintaining
geodiversity and biodiversity. In large rivers exhibiting significant geomorphic diversity, it is imperative to design the
criteria for river health assessment separately for different
geomorphic settings.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1:
Literature cited 2:
ID: 66354
Title: Software viruses and the internet
Author: Sanjay Saxena and B.Basavaraj
Editor: None
Year: 2013
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Computer fundamentals MH-01 (Software viruses and the internet-Unit 4) Pg no. 41-71 2013
Subject: Software viruses and the internet
Keywords: None
Abstract: A computer cannot do any work on its own. It depends on the logical sequence of instructions to perform any function. This logical sequence of instructions is termed as a 'computer program', and it is a part of the computer software. Basically, the sequences of instructions are the algorithms that step-wise instruct the computer what to do. Hence, a computer cannot work without software. The term 'software' was first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.There are various types of software designed to perform specific tasks. The different types of computer software are interpreter, assembler, compiler, operating systems, networking, word processing, accounting into a machine language so that the computer can execute it.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1:
Literature cited 2:
ID: 66353
Title: I/O and secondary storage devices
Author: Sanjay Saxena and B.Basavaraj
Editor: None
Year: 2013
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Computer fundamentals MH-01 (I/O and secondary storage devices-Unit 3) Pg no. 27-40 2013
Subject: I/O and secondary storage devices
Keywords: None
Abstract: Memory is used for storage and retrieval of instructions and data in a computer system. The CPU contains several registers for storing data and instructions. You The basic input/output devices, such as keyboard, mouse, light pen, etc. The computer system is a dumb and a useless machine if it is not capable of communicating with the outside world. Memory is used for storage and retrieval of instructions and data in a computer system. The CPU contains several registers for storing data and istructions. But these can store only a few bytes. If all the instructions and data being executed by the CPU were to reside in secondary storage like magnetic tapes and disks and loaded into registers of the CPU as the program execution proceeded, it would lead to the CPU being idle for most of the time, since the speed at which the CPU processes data is much higher than the speed at which data can be transferred from disks to registers. Every computer thus requires storage space where instructions and data of a program can reside temporarily when the program is being executed. This temporary storage area is built into the computer hardware and is known as the primary storage or main memory. Devices that provide backup storage are called secondary storage or auxiliary memory.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1:
Literature cited 2:
ID: 66352
Title: Number system
Author: Sanjay Saxena and B. Basavaraj
Editor: None
Year: 2013
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Computer fundamentals MH-01 (Number System-Unit 2) Pg no. 17-25 2013
Subject: Number system
Keywords: None
Abstract: A number is an idea that is used to refer to amounts of things. People use number words, number gestures and number symbols. Number words are said out loud. Number gestures are made with some part of the body, usually the hands. Number symbols are marked or written down. number symbol is called numeral. The number is the idea we think of when we see the numeral or when we see or hear the word. You must be familiar with the decimal number system, which is well known as the base 10 number system. Some call its positional number system since the values of the numbers are decided by the position of the values, like units, decimals and hundreds. In other words, the value of the number is determined by multiplying each digit by a weight decided by its position and then adding the individual products. The weight is decided by the location as well as the base in which you want to represent the number.
There are four systems of arithmetic, which are often used in digital systems. These systems are: In any number system, there is an ordered set of symbols known as digits. Collection of these digits makes a number which in general has two parts, integer and fractional, and are set apart by a radix point(.).
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1:
Literature cited 2:
ID: 66351
Title: Basics of Computer
Author: Sanjay Saxena and B.Basavaraj
Editor: None
Year: 2013
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Computer fundamentals MH-01 (Basics of computer-Unit 1) Pg no. 1-16 2013
Subject: Basics of Computer
Keywords: None
Abstract: A computer is machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. The ability to store and execute a prerecorded list of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile. Hence, it is programmable electronic device and responds to a specific set of instructions and performs high-speed processing of numbers, as well as of text, graphics, symbols and sound. Modern computers are electronic and digital. The Central Processing Unit (CPU), wires, transistors, circuits, memory, peripheral devices, etc, are called hardware, while the instructions and data are software.
Technically speaking, a computer is a programmable machine, which executes a programmed list of instructions and also responds to new instructions that are given to it. Basically, computers are of three types, digital, analog and hybrid. The digital computer stores data in discrete units and performs arithmetical and logical operations at very high speed. The analog computer has no mercy and is slower than the digital computer but has a continuous rather than a discrete input. The hybrid computer combines some of the advantages of digital and analog computers.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
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