ID: 58413
Title: Classification and comparison of maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review
Author: Ali Reza Reisi, Mohammad Hassan Moradi, Shahriar Jamasb
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: MPPT, P V system, Offline, Online, Hybrid methods
Abstract: In recent years there has been a growing attention towards use of solar energy . The main advantages of photovoltaic (PV) systems employed for harnessing solar energy are lack of greenhouse gas emission, low maintenance costs, fewer limitations with regard to site of installation and absence of mechanical noise arising from moving parts. However, PV systems suffer from relatively low conversion efficiency. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array is essential in a PV system. The nonlinear behavior of PV systems as well as variations of the maximum power point with solar irradiance level and temperature complicates the tracking of the maximum power point. A variety of MPPT methods have been proposed and implemented. This review paper introduces a classification scheme for MPPT methdos based on three categories: offline, online and hybrid methods. This classification, which can provide a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation, is based on the manner in which the control signal is generated and the PV power system behavior as it approaches steady state conditions. Some of the methods from each class are simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment in order to compare their performance. Furthermore, different MPPT methods are discussed in terms of the dynamic response of the PV system to variations in temperature and irradiance, attainable efficiency, and implementation considerations.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58412
Title: Learning in dedicated wood production systems: Past trends, future outlook and implications for bioenergy
Author: Marc de Wit, Martin Junginger, Andre Faaij
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Short rotation crops (SRC), learning, bioenergy, production costs, bottom-up, top-down
Abstract: This paper assesses the learning potential of dedicated wood production systems to boost yields and reduce production costs. In particular, the paper analyses past trends and provides a future outlook of developments in dedicated wood production for three cases: eucalyptus production in Brazil, poplar production in Italy and willow production in Sweden. A main objective of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which experience curves can be devised for conventional woody plantation systems, and whether these can also be applied to short rotation cropping (SRC) production systems. For current average SRC production systems, Italian poplar shows the highest cost at 5.5 ?GJ-1followed by Swedish willow at 4.4 ?GJ-1 and Brazilian eucalyptus is produced to the lowest costs at 2.8?GJ-1. It was assessed to what extent production costs can be reduced per step in the production cycle and how this affects the minimum cost levels that can ultimately be achieved. Ultimate cost reduction could lead to delivered costs of 2.2 ?GJ-1 for poplar, 1.9 ?GJ-1 for willow and 1.9 ?GJ-1 for eucalyptus on better quality lands. Based on historic cost data and production trends, experience curves were applied providing progress ratios for poplar in Italy and eucalyptus in Brazil. Brazilian eucalyptus production follows a steeper slope (63-73%) than poplar in Italy (71-78%). The extent to, and rate at, which cost reductions can occur within the next 20 years were evaluated by combining current costs, minimum cost levels and progress ratios with ranges in European and global biomass demand projections. This shows that, at the assumed growth rates for biomass production in Europe and for global production, minimum cost levels can be reached within the next decades for all cases.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58411
Title: Global policy of rural electrification
Author: F S Javadi, B Rismanchi, M Sarraf, O Afshar, R Saidur, H W Ping, N A Rahim
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Rural electrification, global policies, renewable resources
Abstract: Energy poverty and lack of electricity in the rural area exacerbate the poverty of the developing countries. The sustainable renewable technologies can be considered as efficient tools to reduce energy poverty whenever they are conducted based on an appropriate policy. Electricity can improve the human ' s lifestyle by increasing the level of health, education, welfare and technology. Currently, Sub-Sahara Africa with only 14.2% of rural electrification has the first rank in the world with lowest access to electricity, in that region around 585 million citizens has almost no access to electricity. The present study focuses on the general global policies to electrify the rural areas. In this regard, variety of plans and programs conducted by governmental and private institutes are investigated. In the year 2011, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has developed three global strategies based on the world energy market that defines the overall world energy approach. In the present work, different technologies for rural electrification are taken into account in two major categories of grid connected and off-grid systems. Furthermore, based on sustainable development with emphasis on environmental consideration, the feasibility of electrification by using different types of renewable energies such as solar, biomass, hydro, wind and wave have been studied. Despite reliability of grid connection, results indicate that renewable energy sources are the best choice especially in areas far from grid connections. Challenges between financial institutes and executive agencies result in resource management and technology development in order to overcome existing barriers and issues.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58410
Title: A review of waste heat recovery on two-stroke IC engine aboard ships
Author: Gegun Shu, Youcai Liang, Haiquiao Wei, Hua Tian, Jian Zhao, Lina Liu
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: WHR, ship, refrigeration, desalination, turbocharger
Abstract: Differetn types of waste heat recovery technologies available onboard ships have been discussed from the perspective of technical principle and application feasibility. Study of basic principle, novel methods, existing designs, theoretical and experimental analyses, economics and feasibility are discussed in this paper. The primary focus of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the options available for waste heat recovery and using in various applications onboard ocean-going ships to improve fuel economy and environmental compliance.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58409
Title: Iterative non-deterministic algorithms in on-shore wind farm design: A brief survey
Author: Salman A Khan, Shafiqur Rehman
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Genetic algorithms, Iterative heuristics, Optimization methods, swarm intelligence, wind farm layout design
Abstract: Wind farm layout design is a complex optimization problem consisting of number of design objectives and constraints. Different variations of this problem have been solved using several optimization techniques. Iterative heuristics are well-known optimization techniques that have been applied to a variety of complex optimization problems. This paper briefly outlines the design issues and constraints involved in the wind farm layout design, computational complexity of the problem, and single-objective and multi-objective aspects of the problem. The main focus of the aper is a brief survey of all iterative non-deterministic algorithms that have been applied to solve the wind farm layout design problem.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58408
Title: Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: status and prospects
Author: Ting Cai, Stephen Y Park, Yebo Li
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Microalgae, wastewater, nutrient, nitrogen, phosphorus
Abstract: Disposal of wastewater often results in high nutrient loading into aquatic environments, which may lead to favorable conditions for undesirable phytoplankton blooms. Microalgae are efficient in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and toxic metals from wastewater under controlled enviornments. If key nutrients in the wastewater stream can be used to grow microalgae for biofuel production, the nutrients can be removed, thus significantly reducing the risk of harmful phytoplankton overgrowth. This review paper summarizes the major nutrient components of different wastewater streams, the mechanisms of algal nutrient uptake, nutrient removal performance of various species of microalgae when cultured in wastewater, and current microalgae production systems. Finally, new algae cultivation technologies applicable for biofuel production and nutrient recovery in polluted water bodies are discussed
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58407
Title: Global trend in wind power with special focus on the top five wind power producing countries
Author: Bikash Kumar Sahu, Moonmoon Hiloidhari, D C Baruah
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Renewable energy, wind power, climate change, Global wind distribution
Abstract: Wind is one of the cleanest sources of renewable energy. The confidence on wind power can be realized from the recent growth of wind power at global level. Several countries have set specific target to meet substantial portion of their domestic energy demand from wind while many others have initiated large scale R&D. In this article, a comprehensive discussion on global trend in wind power is presented by highlighting potential, installation status and future prospect at global, regional and national context. A comparison on wind power status among the top five wind power producing countries viz. China, USA, Germany, Spain and India is also presented. The importance of use of modern tool and technique in wind power potential assessment is also discussed by highlighting wind power reassessment studies done for India.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58406
Title: Techno-economic prospects for CO2 capture from distributed energy systems
Author: Takeshi Kuramochi, Andrea Ramirez, Wim Turkenburg, Andre Faaij
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: CO2 capture, techno-economic analysis, distributed generation, CHP, economies of scale, district heating
Abstract: CO2 emissions from distributed energy systems are expected to become increasingly significant accounting for about 20% for current global energy - related CO2 emisssions in 2030. This article reviews, assesses and compares the techno-economic performance of CO2 capture from distributed energy systems taking into account differences in timeframe, fuel type and energy plant type. The analysis includes the energy plant, CO2 capture and compression, and distributed transport between the capture site and a trunk pipeline. Key parameters, e.g., capacity factor, energy prices and interest rate, were normalized for the performance comparison.
The findings of this study indicate that in the short-mid term (around 2020-2025), the energy penalty for CO2 capture ranges between 23% and 30% for coal-fired plants and 10-28% for natural gas-fired plants. Costs are between 30 and 140 ?/gCO2 avoided for plant scales larger than 100 MWLHV (fuel input) and 50-150 ?/tCO2 avoided for 10-100 MWLHV. In the long-term (2030 and beyond), the energy penalty for CO2 capture might reduce to between 4% and 9% and the costs to around 10-90 ?/tCO2 avoided for plant scales larger than 100 MWLHV, 25-100 ?/tCO2 avoided for 10-100 MWLHV and 35-150 ?/tCO2 avoided for 10 MWLHV or smaller.
CO2 compression and distributed transport costs are significant. For a distance of 30 km, 10 ?/tCO2 transported was calculated for scales below 500 tCO2/day and more than 50 ?/tCO2 transported for scales below 5 tCO2/day ( equivalent to 1MWLHV natural gas). CO2 compression is responsible for the largest share of these costs.
CO2 capture from distributed energy systems is not prohibitively expensive and has a significant cost reduction potential in the long term. Distributed CO2 emission sources should also be considered for CCS, adding to the economies of scale of CO2 transport and storage, and optimizing the deployment of CCS.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58405
Title: From Malthus to sustainable energy - Theoretical orientations to reforming the energy sector
Author: Pekka Peura
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Sustainable energy, sustainable development, renewable energy sources (RES), social change, diffusion of sustainable energy, Malthus and Boserup
Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to consider marco level theories for understanding the urge for reform as well as the process of societal change both in general terms, and more specifically within the energy sector. The aim is also to consider the energy sector in a wider context and analyse its recent development as a potential part of this reform. The scope and logical framework of this article is the following: The state of the global enviornment is approaching a point where the whole of humankind is in danger. The article reviews and discusses humankind ' s limits of existence and dialectics of the human-nature relationship by contrasting Malthusian and Boserupian theoretical views. This creates both practical and scientific needs. The long societal process of change is discussed according to the three-layer (3L) model of societal chance.
The production of energy has traditionally been one of the core issues concerning the effect humankind has on the environment, and with regards to potential change related to it, reforming the energy sector is in a key position. This article reviews and discusses the way the already established renewal of the energy sector corresponds to the 3L model, and the diverse potentials of the anticipated further progress.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58404
Title: A novel approach for barriers to industrial energy efficiency
Author: E Cagno, E Worrell, A Trianni, G Pugliese
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Industrial energy efficiency, barriers, taxonomy
Abstract: A critical review of the literature highlighted the need for a new taxonomy encompassing the most relevant barriers stemmed from previous studies, and accounting for interactions and independences of the barriers to avoid overlaps and implicit interactions. Based on an extensive literature review the paper provides a novel approach for barriers to the adoption of industrial energy-efficient technologies, coping with the issues risen by the review of the literature. We developed a taxonomy adaptable to empirical research and able to evaluate the difference between perceived and real barriers, the effect of the barriers on decision-making processes, and the interactions among barriers. We modeled three types of interactions, i.e., causal relationship, composite effect and hidden effect in order to start analyzing the dynamics among barriers, and tested the taxonomy in a preliminary investigation. The study proposes a useful instrument both to enterprises and policy -makers to identify critical factors to improve industrial energy efficiency and to open the research to further investigation in this topic.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58403
Title: The development of solar PV in the Netherlands: A case of survival in unfriendly contexts
Author: Bram Verhees, Rob Raven, Frank Veraart, Adrian Smith, Florian Kern
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Solar PV, Strategic niche managment, protective space, shielding, nurturing, empowering
Abstract: This paper reviews the developments of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology in The Netherlands. Despite the recent boom in PV industries and its global deployment, The Netherlands has up to now not experienced major growth in the diffusion of PV electricity generation. But this is only part of the story. This paper focuses on the question why PV is still around in The Netherlands at all despiteits, at times, harsh policy and socio-economic contexts. It builds upon a recently developed framework from the field of transition studies that distinguishes between shielding, nurturing and empowerment of sustainable innovations. A descriptive historical review is combined with an analysis of niche space that shows how PV advocates have been able to strategically secure and shape protective measures over four decades in the context of harsh regime selection environments. The paper suggests how further analyses using this shielding - nurturing -empowerment framework can benefit from this exploratory study into PV innovation in The Netherlands.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58402
Title: Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems
Author: Jinqing Peng, Lin Lu, Hongxing Yang
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Photovoltaic system, life cycle assessment, energy payback time, GHG emission rate, energy requirement
Abstract: This paper aims to examine the sustainability and environmental performance of PV-based electricity generation systems by conducting a thorough review of the life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of five common photovoltaic (PV) systems, i.e., mono-crystalline (mono-Si), multi-crystalline (multi-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), CdTe thin film (CdTe) and CIS thin film (CIS), and some advanced PV systems. The results show that, among the five common PV systems, the CdTe PV system presents the best environmental performance in terms of energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission rate due to its low life-cycle energy requirement and relatively high conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the mono-Si PV system demonstrates the worst because of its high energy intensity during the solar cells ' production process. The EPBT and GHG emission rate of thin film PV systems are within the range of 0.75-3.5 years and 10.5-50 g CO2 -eq./kWh, respectively. In general, the EPBT of mono-Si PV systems range from 1.7 to 2.7 years with GHG emission rate from 29 to 45 g CO2-eq./kWh. which is an order to magnitude smaller than that of fossil-based electricity. This paper also reviews the EPBT and GHG emission rates of some advanced PV systems, such as high-concentration, heterojunction and dye-sensitized technologies. The EBPT of high-concentration PV system is lower, ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 years, but the CO2 emission rate of dye-sensitized PV system is higher than the ones of other PV systems at the moment. The LCA results show that PV technologies are already proved to b e vey sustainable and environmental -friendly in the state of the art. With the emerging of new manufacturing technologies, the environmental performance of PV technologies is expected to be further improved in the near future. In addition, considering the existing limitations in the previous LCA studies, a few suggestions are recommended.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58401
Title: Electric vehicles and the elctric grid: A review of modeling approaches, impacts, and renewable energy integration
Author: David B Richardson
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Electric vehicle, solar energy, renewable energy, wind energy, smart grid
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources offer the potential to substantially decrease carbon emissions from both the transportation and power generation sectors of the economy. Mass adoptation of renewable energy into existing electric grids. This paper reviews the current literature on EVs, the electric grid, adn renewable energy integration. Key methods and assumptions of the literature are discussed. The economic, environmental and grid impacts of EVs are reviewed. Numerous studies assessing the ability of EVs to integrate renewable energy sources are assessed; the literature indicates that EVs can significantly reduce the amount of excess renewable energy produced in an electric system. Studies on wind-EV interaction are much more detailed than those on solar photovoltaics (PV) and EVs. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58400
Title: Experimental and analytical studies of earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) systems in India: A review
Author: Trilok Singh Bisoniya, Anil Kumar, Prashant Baredur
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: EAHE, Greenhouse, cooling/heating potential , space conditioning, thermal modelling, Earth ' s undisturbed temperature
Abstract: This is the property of earth that at a depth of about 1.5 to 2 m, the temperature of ground remains almost constant throughout the year. This constant temperature is called earth ' s undisturbed temperature which remains higher than surface temperature of earth in winter season and vice versa in summer. For effective utilization of heat capacity of earth, the earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) has to be designed. The EAHEs are considered as an effective passive heating/cooling medium for buildings. This is basically a series of metallic, plastic or concrete pipes buried underground at a particular depths through which the fresh atmospheric air flows and gets heated in winter and supplied to the building if at sufficiently high temperature and vice versa in summer. Till date many researchers have carried out a number of studies in designing, modeling and testing of EAHEs systems. This paper reviews on the experimental and analytical studies of EAHE systems around the world but the studies are mainly focused on EAHE systems at the Indian universities as of the end June, 2012.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58399
Title: Sustainability in hydropower development - A case study
Author: Jian Lium Jian Zuo, Zhiyu Sun, George Zillante, Xianming Chen
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Sustainability, hydropower development, the three Gorges project, coordinated development
Abstract: Hydropower development has significant impacts on the society and community economically, environmentally and socially. These impacts may go beyond the regional level, even across the nation. As one of the largest scale hydropower developments in the world, the Three Gorges Project has attracted attentions right from the conception stage. This paper adopted a case study approach to investigate the sustainable development practice in the Three Gorges Project. The case study shows that under the guidance of the State Council, the China Three Gorges Corporation has devoted to manage environmental, economic and social sustainability issues of the Three Gorges Project across various project stages (e.g. conception, design, construction and operation). The sustainability practice adopted in the Three Gorges Project generally follows the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol developed by the International Hydropower Association. As a result,the enviornmental auditing is satisfactory to the national standards and the project has achieved numerous social and economic benefits. However, resettlement, coordinated development and ecological impacts on the local ecosystem present significant challenges to future hydropower developments. This study highlighted a number of factors contributing towards better sustainability performance of hydropower developments in China, e.g. international collaboration, system approach, ongoing monitoring and strategic human resource management. The experiences gained from the Three Gorges Project have been applied inot other hydropower development in China. This study provides a useful reference to the sustainable energy development practice over the world.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None