ID: 66528
Title: Ants as pests: an overlooked challenge in dragon fruit farming
Author: B. R. Jayanthi Mala, P. D. Kamala Jayanthi , G. Karunakaran , G. Sangeetha , B. L. Manjunath and R. Sahanashree
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 645-649 (2025)
Subject: Ants as pests: an overlooked challenge in dragon fruit farming
Keywords: Ant-host interaction, ants, dragon fruit, extra floral nectaries, Selenicerus spp., Trichomyrmex destructor.
Abstract: Ants are integral to agricultural ecosystems, playing
roles that range from beneficial to detrimental, particularly in dragon fruit (Selenicereus spp.) cultivation. The present study examines the diversity of ant
species associated with dragon fruit orchards, focusing on their ecological roles, pest behaviour, and impact on plant health and yield. Field studies conducted
at two locations in Karnataka, India, revealed eight
ant species, including Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851) (Myrmicinae: Formicidae: Hymenoptera),
a major pest, and others categorised as mutualistic or
neutral. Ant activity, especially during the ripening
stage, caused direct damage to fruits and indirectly
fostered pest infestations through mutualistic relationships with sap-sucking insects. Yield losses ranging
from 10%–30% were attributed to ant-induced damage. Further, the wounds created by ants attracted the
colonisation of fungi, Curvularia lunata, which further
deteriorated the fruit quality. The study emphasises the
need for balanced pest management strategies that mitigate harmful ant activity while leveraging the ecological benefits of neutral and beneficial ants. The findings
offer insights into sustainable practices that minimise
chemical inputs and improve the profitability of dragon
fruit cultivation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Mizrahi, Y., Nerd, A. and Nobel, P. S., Cacti as crops. Hortic. Rev.,
1997, 18, 291–320.
Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G. and Bittrich, V., Flowering Plants:
Dicotyledons; Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families,
Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 1993, vol 2, p. 653.
Literature cited 2: Pimienta-Barrios, E. and Nobel, P. S., Pitaya (Stenocereus spp., Cactaceae): an ancient and modern fruit crop of Mexico. Econ. Bot., 1994,
48(1), 76–83.
Barbeau, G., Red pitahaya, a new exotic fruit. Fruits, 1990, 45,
141–174.
ID: 66527
Title: Infestation of cardamom by the invasive giant African land snail (Lissachatina fulica) in the Western Ghats, India
Author: Keerthy Vijayan , Ramamoorthy Suganthasakthivel and Deepu Mathew
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 641 -644 (2025)
Subject: Infestation of cardamom by the invasive giant African land snail (Lissachatina fulica) in the Western Ghats, India
Keywords: Cardamom pests, Elettaria cardamomum, habitat adaptation, high altitude, invasive pest, mollusc
Abstract: The giant African land snail (Lissachatina fulica), a
highly invasive species, was found infesting cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum) plants in Cardamom Hill
Reserve in the Western Ghat region of Kerala state,
India, marking the instance of an invasive pest damaging a major spice crop. The present study documents
the snail’s spread across 14 localities at elevations of
812–1308 m above sea level, an unusual habitat, given
its historical confinement to lower altitudes. Field surveys (2021–2025) revealed considerable damage, with
40%–60% yield loss, due to feeding on floral buds,
leaves, and young fruits. The infestation’s timing suggests a link to Kerala’s 2018 and 2019 floods, which
may have facilitated snail dispersal through relief materials. Climate change could have further enabled the
snail’s adaptation to higher elevations. Urgent management strategies are needed to align with global biodiversity frameworks, such as the Kunming-Montreal
Global Biodiversity Framework and India’s National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2024–2030), in
order to mitigate ecological and economic impacts. The
present study highlights the role of extreme weather
events in accelerating biological invasions and emphasises the need for strengthened quarantine measures to
prevent future spread.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Raut, S. K. and Barker, G. M., Achatina fulica Bowdich and other
Achatinidae as pests in tropical agriculture. In Molluscs as Crop Pests
(ed. Barker, G. M.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2002, pp.
55–114.
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. and De Poorter, M., 100 of the
world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the Global Invasive Species database. Invasive Species Specialist Group, Species
Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature,
Gland, Switzerland, 2000, p. 12.
Literature cited 2: Mead, A. R., The Giant African Snail: A Problem in Economic Malacology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA, 1961, p. 257.
Raut, S. K. and Ghose, K. C., Pestiferous Land Snails of India, Technical Monograph, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 1984, vol 11,
p. 151.
ID: 66526
Title: Three-way combination of post-emergence herbicides under DSR and TPR: deciphering weeds, energy budgeting, productivity and economic output in Northern Indo-Gangetic plains
Author: S. K. Verma, Sameer Shrivastava, Mohammad Vaheed , Deepak Kumar Yadav, Chandra Bhushan , Mayank Srivastava , Sudhir Kumar Rajpoot , S. B. Singh and Himansi Singh
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 634 -640 (2025)
Subject: Three-way combination of post-emergence herbicides under DSR and TPR: deciphering weeds, energy budgeting, productivity and economic output in Northern Indo-Gangetic plains
Keywords: Direct-seeded rice, energy use efficiency, productivity, transplanted rice, weed control eff
Abstract: The herbicide formulations were used as
post-emergence in direct-seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) against manual weeding and weedy
check during kharif season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at
Varanasi, focusing on different weed species, energy
budgeting, productivity and economic outcomes. The
results showed that TPR significantly reduced the density and biomass of weeds with a lower weed index (WI)
and higher weed control efficiency (WCE), yield, profitability and energy use over DSR. Significantly lower
density (45–60%) and dry biomass of weed, with lower
WI and the highest WCE, yield, returns and energy
efficiency over other herbicides were computed with
the use of BMC-II (270 g/ha) at 30 days after sowing
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 2019;
http://www.fao.org (accessed on 26 December 2019).
Kumar, V. and Ladha, J. K., Direct seeded rice: recent development
and future research needs. Adv. Agron., 2011, 111, 297–413
Literature cited 2: Chakraborty, D. et al., A global analysis of alternative tillage and crop
establishment practices for economically and environmentally efficient
rice production. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, 9342.
Chauhan, B. S. and Johnson, D. E., Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of aerobic rice. Field Crop. Res., 2011, 121, 226–231
ID: 66525
Title: Assessing avian diversity across vegetation zones and elevational gradients in the high-altitude Camel’s Hump Mountains of Wayanad
Author: M. P. Sivachand, R. L. Rathish and C. K. Vishnudas
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 621 -633 (2025)
Subject: Assessing avian diversity across vegetation zones and elevational gradients in the high-altitude Camel’s Hump Mountains of Wayanad
Keywords: Birds, Camel’s Hump Mountains, shola, sky islands, Western Ghats.
Abstract: Nestled within the Western Ghats, the Camel’s Hump
Mountains in the south of Wayanad is an important
bird area recognised globally for its significance in bird
conservation. We conducted a bird survey in the highaltitude regions of Camel’s Hump Mountains. The
primary focus of the survey was to record the diversity
of birds in the region and assess the status of certain
endangered species, to guide future conservation efforts. A total of 133 species belonging to 46 families
were recorded. The alpha and beta diversity across
vegetation types and elevation bands were studied. Evergreen forest and grassland sites exhibited high species
richness and Shannon diversity. The shola evergreen
forest showed moderate richness and diversity, while
the shola grassland had significantly lower values, indicating fewer species but potentially higher endemism.
Lower elevation ranges (1,000–1,299 m) supported both
higher species richness and Shannon diversity, reflecting a more diverse and balanced bird community. As elevation increased, both richness and diversity declined.
The study is not intended to draw final conclusions but
rather to provide preliminary data for future research.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A.
and Kent, J., Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature,
2000, 403, 853–858.
Karuppusamy, S., Physiography and Climatology of the Western
Ghats. In Biodiversity Hotspot of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka,
Apple Academic Press, Waretown, NJ, USA, 2024, pp. 5–23.
Literature cited 2: van der Hammen, T., Climate change, biodiversity, and conservation
of neotropical montane forests. In Biodiversity and Conservation of
Neotropical Montane Forests (eds Churchill, S. P., Balslev, H., Forero,
E. and Luteyn, J. L.), New York Botanical Garden, NY, USA, 1995,
pp. 603–607
Robin, V. V. and Nandini, R., Shola habitats on sky islands: status of
research on montane forests and grasslands in southern India. Curr.
Sci., 2012, 103, 1427–1437.
ID: 66524
Title: A study on alumina product characteristics – density and shrinkage, by gel-casting process
Author: Rupashree Dash, Sukalyan Dash and Laxmidhar Besra
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 615 -620 (2025)
Subject: A study on alumina product characteristics – density and shrinkage, by gel-casting process
Keywords: Alumina, gel-casting, hardness, shrinkage, XRD.
Abstract: The gel-casting process involves the in situ
polymerisation of acrylamide monomers, serving as the
setting mechanism for the formation of a green body.
Successful fabrication of high green strength gel-cast
components has been achieved with varying solid loading percentages, specifically 45%, 50%, and 55% by
volume. It has been noted that a gradual increase in
solid loading results in a decrease in shrinkage values
and the formation of a denser structure. Gel-cast components of different shapes and sizes have been successfully sintered. The final cast product fabricated
with 55 volume% slurry is having a relative sinter
density 98% and a linear drying shrinkage of 4.5%.
The alumina product is observed to be formed under
rhombohedral crystal symmetry, and the presence of
Al–O vibration bonds is identified by FTIR results.
At the higher temperature, intense heat sintered the
ceramic, resulting in a hard and dense final product.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Tallón, C., Moreno, R., Isabel Nieto, M., Jach, D., Rokicki, G. and
Szafran, M., Gel-casting performance of alumina aqueous suspensions
with glycerol monoacrylate. a new low-toxicity acrylic monomer. J.
Am. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 90, 1386–1393.
Omatete, O. O., Janney, M. A. and Nunn, S. D., Gel-casting: from
laboratory development toward industrial production. J. Eur. Ceram.
Soc., 1997, 17, 407–413.
Literature cited 2: Kokabi, M., Babaluo, A. A. and Barati, A., Gelation process in
low-toxic gel-casting systems. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2006, 26,
3083–3090.
Olhero, S. M., Tari, G., Coimbra, M. A. and Ferreira, J. M. F., Synergy
of polysaccharide mixtures in gel-casting of alumina. J. Eur. Ceram.
Soc., 2000, 20, 423–429.
ID: 66523
Title: Sulfur dynamics in acidic soils during incubation with externally added elemental sulfur
Author: Gourav, Narender Kumar Sankhyan , Pardeep Kumar , Gurbhan D. Sharma , M. C. Rana and Neelam Sharma
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 607 -614 (2025)
Subject: Sulfur dynamics in acidic soils during incubation with externally added elemental sulfur
Keywords: Acidic soils, clay content, incubation, sulfur dynamics, sulfur fractions, sulfur sustainability.
Abstract: Acidic soils lack sulfur (S), and only minimal data is
available on the dynamics of S fractions in low pH
soils. Soil sulfur is positively correlated with pH and
clay content. It is important to study the transformation of sulfur with respect to different clay contents and pH levels to ascertain the sustainability of
sulfur in the future and to choose between different
kinds of fertilisers depending upon soil type. A total
of 21 acidic soils having different pH and clay contents were selected and incubated for sixty days in
a laboratory at ambient room temperature with five
levels of S, i.e., 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/ha. After
sixty days of incubation in the laboratory, soil samples were analysed for the contents of available, watersoluble, heat-soluble, organic, and total sulfur. The S
fractions were all incremental with increasing amount
of applied S, and the maximum content occurred at
the rate of 80 kg S/ha. As compared to other S fractions, water-soluble S was the lowest recorded fraction of S. During the study of 21 soil samples where
external sulfur was not added, all sulfur fractions increased over incubation except for organic sulfur, which
reduced as it mineralised to other forms of sulfur.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Bouranis, D. L., Malagoli, M., Avice, J. C. and Bloem, E., Advances
in plant sulfur research. Plants, 2020, 9, 256.
Eriksen, J., Thorup-Christensen, K. and Askegard, M., Plant availability of catch crop sulfur following spring incorporation. J. Plant Nutr.
Soil Sci., 2004, 167, 609–615.
Literature cited 2: Scherer, H. W., Sulfur in soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 2009, 172,
326-335.
Solomon, D. et al., Anthropogenic and climate influences on biogeochemical dynamics and molecular-level speciation of soil sulfur. Ecol.
Appl., 2009, 19, 989–1002.
ID: 66522
Title: Balancing livestock production and environmental sustainability: insights from the Indian context
Author: Neela Madhav Patnaik, Dileep Kumar Pandey, Usha Das* , Parag Acharya and Geeta
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 601 -606 (2025)
Subject: Balancing livestock production and environmental sustainability: insights from the Indian context
Keywords: Environment, impact, livestock, pathways, strategies.
Abstract: Livestock production is integral to India’s agricultural and rural economy but poses increasing environmental challenges.
This article examines the complex dynamics between livestock systems and the environment, contrasting the ecological
benefits of traditional mixed farming with the environmental costs of expanding commercial dairy and poultry sectors. It
highlights key interaction pathways – grazing, nutrient runoff, waste disposal, and land-use change – while challenging
narratives that disproportionately blame livestock. Emphasising the role of human decisions and institutional frameworks, the article advocates sustainable, inclusive policies that balance productivity with environmental stewardship
through mixed farming promotion, efficient resource use, and knowledge dissemination
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Ghahramani, A. and Bowran, D., Transformative and systemic climate
change adaptations in mixed crop-livestock farming systems. Agric.
Syst., 2018, 164, 236–251.
Ryschawy, J., Choisis, N., Choisis, J. P., Joannon, A. and Gibon,
A., Mixed crop-livestock systems: an economic and environmental friendly way of farming? Animal, 2012, 6(10
Literature cited 2: Capper, J. L., Cady, R. A. and Bauman, D. E., The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. J. Anim. Sci.,
2009, 87(6), 2160–2167.
Udo, H. M. J. et al., Impact of intensification of different types of livestock production in smallholder crop-livestock systems. Livest. Sci.,
2011, 139(1–2), 22–29
ID: 66521
Title: Report of Chaetoceros abnormis(Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1953), from the Indian Coast
Author: Sonam Angmo, Sahina Akter, Keisham Geenita, Jeetendra Kumar, Muzammal Hoque and Binaya Bhusan Nayak
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 587 -589 (2025)
Subject: Report of Chaetoceros abnormis(Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1953), from the Indian Coast
Keywords: Biodiversity, Chaetoceros abnormis, diatom, estuary, India, phytoplankton.
Abstract: The present study confirms the occurrence of Chaetoceros abnormis, a rare marine diatom, along the Indian coastline from
the Patalganga river estuary, Maharashtra. The species was identified during a routine post-monsoon survey using standard plankton collection and microscopic analysis techniques. Noteworthy morphological features included elongated
terminal setae and the presence of elliptical resting spores with siliceous ornamentation. The species’ low abundance
and sporadic appearance suggest that it may be unreported due to limited detection methods. Its identification in Indian
waters extends the known range of this poorly understood taxon and raises questions about its ecological role in tropical
estuarine environments. This record underscores the importance of high-resolution, long-term phytoplankton monitoring
for revealing hidden biodiversity and also contributes to the growing inventory of Indian phytoplankton diversity.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Proschkina-Lavrenko, A. I., Species Chaetoceros novae et curiosae Maris Nigroi. Notulae Systematicae e Sectione Cryptogamica
Instituti Botanici Nomine V. A. Komarovii,
Academiae Scientiarum., URSS, 1953, 9,
46–56.
Proschkina-Lavrenko, A. I., De prioritate
et taxonomia speciei Chaetoceros abnormis
Pr.-Lavr. Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast.
Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.,
1961a, 14, 39–40.
Literature cited 2: Aké-Castillo, J. A. N., Guerra-Martínez, S.
L. and Zamudio-Reséndiz, M. A. E., Observations on some species of Chaetoceros
(Bacillariophyceae) with reduced number of
setae from a tropical coastal lagoon. Hydrobiologia., 2004, 524, 203–213.
Xu, X. J., Chen, Z. Y., Lundholm, N.
and Li, Y., Revisiting Chaetoceros subtilis
and C. subtilis var. abnormis (Bacillariophyceae), reinstating the latter as C. abnormis. Phycologia., 2018, 57, 659–673;
https://doi.org/10.2216/18-8.1
ID: 66520
Title: Transforming plastic waste: an NMR-guided break through in recycling
Author: V. Shree Yazhini
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 585-586 (2025)
Subject: Transforming plastic waste: an NMR-guided break through in recycling
Keywords: None
Abstract: The plastics are versatile, durable
and cheap, making them an essential
part of modern society. The globe
produces over 400 million tons annually, almost 90 per cent being nonrenewable fossil fuels1
. Although the
materials are indispensable in everyday life, their natural degradation is
low, leading to chronic environmental
pollution. Traditional waste disposal
methods, like landfills and burning,
are becoming unsustainable
. This indicates the pressing necessity of recycling approaches that will enable
the complexity of the real-world waste
streams to be handled.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Plastics – the fast Facts 2023, Plastics Europe, Belgium, 2023;
https://plasticseurope.org/knowledgehub/plastics-the-fast-facts-2023/
MacLeod, M., Arp, H. P. H., Tekman, M.
B. and Jahnke, A., The global threat from
plastic pollution. Science, 2021, 373(6550),
61–65
Literature cited 2: Jehanno, C. et al., Critical advances and
future opportunities in upcycling commodity polymers. Nature, 2022, 603(7903),
803–814.
Sullivan, K. P. et al., Mixed plastics waste
valorization through tandem chemical oxidation and biological funneling. Science,
2022, 378(6616), 207–211.
ID: 66519
Title: Veiled burden in crabs
Author: T. K. Teena Jayakumar Hussna Nazar T. T Ajith Kumar
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2025
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 129 (7) 10 October 25 583 -584 (2025)
Subject: Veiled burden in crabs
Keywords: None
Abstract: Pedunculate barnacles are sessile
epibionts commonly associated with
marine crabs
. They are widely distributed across tropical and temperate regions, typically inhabiting shallow littoral or pelagic water
. Octolasmis, a stalked barnacle, exhibits
a biphasic life cycle, beginning with
a free-swimming nauplius that develops into a cyprid larva, which actively
seeks a suitable host. Upon settlement, it attaches by a stalk and forms
a chitinous plate, typically on the
carapace, mouthparts, or within the
branchial chambers of the host, where
it remains until it is dislodged by the
host during moulting or grooming.
Depending on the site of attachment,
the barnacle may engage in either a
parasitic or commensal relationship
with its hosts3
. The infestation rates
depend on host size, sex, habitat, and
environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and the pollution status
of the environment
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Jeffries, W. B. and Voris, H. K., A subjectindexed bibliography of the symbiotic barnacles of the genus Octolasmis Gray, 1825
(Crustacea: Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae).
Raffles Bull. Zool., 1996, 44, 575–592.
Ihwan, M. Z., Ikhwanuddin, A., Ambak, M.
A., Shuhaimi, A. D., Wahidah, A. D. and Marina, H., Study on the attachment of Octolasmis spp. on gill of wild mud crabs,
genus Scylla from Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia. Poultry Fisheries & Wild
Science, 2015, 3(2), 1–3.
Literature cited 2: Siddharaju, S. and Sultan, K. M., A note
on the infestation of barnacle, Balanus amphitrite (Darwin) on the prawn, Penaeus
monodon Fabricius. Curr. Sci., 1979, 48(5),
225–226.
Daniel, A., Colour as a factor influencing the
settlement of barnacles. Curr. Sci., 1956,
25(1), 21–22
ID: 66518
Title: Identification and characterization of South Indian mammal hair using Tricho-Taxonomic Analysis
Author: Rajasivam, M. and Nazia, A
Editor: Udhayan A, Senbagapriya S, Eswaran D, Manimozhi A, Sankar K, Vasanthakumari D, Siva Ranjani S and Gabriel Paulraj M
Year: 2025
Publisher: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (Research, Training &Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: 4th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, 13-14 February, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Pg no 261-272 (2025)
Subject: Identification and characterization of South Indian mammal hair using Tricho-Taxonomic Analysis
Keywords: Trichotaxonomy, mammalian hair, species identification, biodiversity conservation, forensic science, south Indian mammals.
Abstract: The identification and characterization of mammalian hair using trichotaxonomic
analysis are crucial for advancing wildlife conservation and forensic science. In this
study, hair samples from eight mammalian species housed at Arignar Anna Zoological
Park, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, were analyzed to establish species-specific characteristics
from March, 2024 to August, 2024. Using well-established methodologies such as
gelatin smear preparation, DPX mounting and stereomicroscopy, the study examined
medullary and cuticular characteristics under 10x and 100x magnifications. The
analysis revealed distinct morphological features, including medulla patterns, cuticle
scale variations, and structural differences, enabling species differentiation.
Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of developing a comprehensive
identification key for mammalian hair, contributing to a reference database for South
Indian mammals. This research provides significant insights into biodiversity studies
and forensic science, enabling species identification from hair samples through noninvasive methods. The findings contribute to a foundational understanding that can be
utilized in future biodiversity monitoring and wildlife conservation efforts. Results
underscore the utility of trichotaxonomy in understanding biodiversity, predator-prey
relationships by scat analysis, and aiding in wildlife crime investigations. To experiment
with portable solutions, hair samples from the deer family were also observed using a
foldscope (paper microscope), showcasing its potential as a field-friendly tool for onsite analyses. However, this was done on an experimental basis. Integrating traditional
taxonomic methods with innovative technologies paves the way for enhanced species
management and conservation strategies.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Bahuguna, A. (2010). Trichotaxonomy of Indian species of Genus Ratufa Gray
(Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India,
110(3), 37-57.
Debeljak, I., Kistler, M., & Madsen, H. (2016). Advances in the study of mammalian hair
morphology. Mammalian Biology, 81(3), 195-205. Germany.
Literature cited 2: Kale, P., & Vats, R. (2019). Cuticular and medullary hair structure for species
identification in carnivores. Journal of Zoological Studies, 58(1), 23-30. India.
Kaur, H., Sharma, D., & Kumar, R. (2021). The importance of tricho-taxonomy in
biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology Review, 5(4), 109-120. India.
ID: 66517
Title: Illegal Cannabis cultivation in Tamil Nadu: An analysis of Patterns and spatial distribution
Author: Arulraj Rajappa , Srinivasan Murugesan and Jose Benjamin Thomas
Editor: Udhayan A, Senbagapriya S, Eswaran D, Manimozhi A, Sankar K, Vasanthakumari D, Siva Ranjani S and Gabriel Paulraj M
Year: 2025
Publisher: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (Research, Training &Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: 4th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, 13-14 February, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Pg no 249-260 (2025)
Subject: Illegal Cannabis cultivation in Tamil Nadu: An analysis of Patterns and spatial distribution
Keywords: Cannabis cultivation; farmers; enforcement agencies; spatial distribution
Abstract: Drugs and Psychoactive substances have been deeply connected with human
civilization since its evolution. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) and its derivatives are widely
consumed by people around the world after alcohol. A survey conducted by the
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, showed that around
3.1 crore Indians (2.8% of the Indian population) are users of cannabis products.
Cannabis cultivation is carried out extensively in many countries around the world.
Despite its extensive cultivation, limited literature is available on its cultivation,
distribution, and consumption at the global level and no sufficient studies have been
carried out at the micro level on these aspects. The present study aimed to investigate
the cultivation patterns of cannabis and to establish the spatial distribution of cannabis
cultivation in the district of Theni, Tamil Nadu. Data were collected from 100 forest
personnel (n=100) and farmers (n=56) by the interview schedule and ethnographic
method from January to October 2024. Field interviews revealed that only a limited
number of forest personnel actively monitor these regions, with their primary focus
being on cannabis-related issues. Encroachment into forest lands, particularly during
the rainy season and land preparation periods, poses a significant challenge. Cannabis
cultivators employ various techniques to grow the plant, leveraging the remoteness and
dense vegetation of forest areas. The findings indicate an urgent need for targeted
interventions to address these challenges. It is recommended that forest personnel
receive enhanced training and awareness about cannabis cultivation techniques to
improve detection and prevention. Appointing special land surveyors in each district to
protect forest boundaries could help curb encroachment. As historically, the
communities in the study area used cannabis as a local remedy for ailments such as
diarrhoea, body pain, wound pain, and infertility, creating awareness about the harmful
effects of cannabis cultivation is essential to reduce its prevalence
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Chouvy, P.A. (2019). Illegal cannabis cultivation in the world, and as a subject in
academic research: Introduction. EchoGéo, 48.https://doi.org/10.4000/echogeo.17556
Clarke, R.C. (1998) Hashish! Red Eye Press. Las Vegas, USA.
Literature cited 2: Crescini, F. (1971). Piante erbacee di grande coltura.
Leggett, T. (2006). A review of the world cannabis situation. UNODC - Bulletin on
Narcotics—2006, 58.
ID: 66516
Title: Four elusive Indian mosses discovered in The Western Ghats
Author: Williams, Z.H., Daniels, D.T.T., Ben, C.P. and Daniels, A.E.D.
Editor: Udhayan A, Senbagapriya S, Eswaran D, Manimozhi A, Sankar K, Vasanthakumari D, Siva Ranjani S and Gabriel Paulraj M
Year: 2025
Publisher: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (Research, Training &Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: 4th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, 13-14 February, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Pg no 230-238 (2025)
Subject: Four elusive Indian mosses discovered in The Western Ghats
Keywords: Endemic, Gondwanaland, Palani hills, Sirumalai hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu
Abstract: Bryophytes are the pioneers in colonizing a terrestrial habitat from an aquatic
environment. Hence, they prefer to grow in moist habitats. They possess two
morphologically distinct phases namely a diploid sporophyte which is dependent on a
free-living haploid gametophyte. They are known as the amphibians of the plant
kingdom since they require water to complete their life cycle. They prefer microclimatic
niches and hence, about 90% of the bryophytes are forest dwellers, especially tropical
rainforests, which possess a rich diversity of bryophytes owing to their diverse
vegetation types and micro-habitats. The Western Ghats possess a high degree of
endemism. About 60 genera, with 49 being unispecific, and 2015 species of flowering
plants are endemic to Peninsular India. All the 60 genera and approximately 1600
species are endemic to the Western Ghats. About 150 species are localised endemics.
Similarly, 190 species of mosses and 10 liverworts are endemic to the Western Ghats.
Palani Hills and Sirumalai Hills of the Western Ghats have been chosen for the
present study. Sirumalai Hills are an eastward spur of the Palani Hills, approximately 15
km east as the crow flies. Barring the surveys by the Colonial Europeans, Palani Hills
and Sirumalai Hills remain the least explored areas for bryophytes. Therefore, with a
view to documenting the bryophytes of Palani Hills and Sirumalai Hills in the Western
Ghats, surveys were conducted between 2023 and 2024, which resulted in the discovery
of four endemic mosses, namely Anoectangium walkeri, Dicranella macrospora,
Isopterygium assamicum and Pinnatella limbata. A detailed description, a distribution
map and a photographic plate are provided for each species.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Foreau, G. (1930). Notes on bryological geography for the Presidency of Madras. J.
Madras Univ. 2: 238 - 250.
Foreau, G. (1931). Notes on bryological geography for the Presidency of Madras. J.
Madras Univ. 3: 118 - 126.
Literature cited 2: Foreau, G. (1961). The moss flora of the Palni Hills. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 13 - 47.
Foreau, G. (1964). Some South Indian mosses. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 61: 223 - 226
ID: 66515
Title: An inventory of grass species in the Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus Hylocrius) habitat of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
Author: Ganesan, M.G., Ganesh Ram, K., Subbaiyan, B., Manigandan, K., Rajeshkumar, N. and Nesan, T
Editor: Udhayan A, Senbagapriya S, Eswaran D, Manimozhi A, Sankar K, Vasanthakumari D, Siva Ranjani S and Gabriel Paulraj M
Year: 2025
Publisher: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (Research, Training &Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: 4th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, 13-14 February, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Pg no 230-238 (2025)
Subject: An inventory of grass species in the Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus Hylocrius) habitat of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
Keywords: Nilgiri tahr, Anamalai, grass species, forage species, Arundinella, Andropogon
Abstract: Grasslands are highly dynamic and important since they are sensitive to global
warming and act as an important forage source for the endangered Nilgiri tahr
(Nilgiritragus hylocrius). It is a natural habitat dominated by grasses and contains few
trees and shrubs. The present study examined grass diversity within the habitat of the
Nilgiri tahr in the Anamalai Hills. A total of 45 grass species under 26 genera have been
identified in the study area. Notable species include Arundinella mesophylla, Arundinella
purpurea, Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon zeylanicus, Andropogon lividus, Themeda
triandra, Themeda tremula, Tripogon bromoides and Eragrostis unioloides. All are unique
and serve as an important food for the Nilgiri tahr. Forest fires, grazing, invasive species,
and infrastructure development in the Nilgiri tahr habitats threaten forage grasses. The
findings from this research will be valuable for the conservation of the shola grasslands
species' presence in Nilgiri tahr habitat.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Champion, H. G., & Seth, S. K. (1968). A revised survey of the forest types of India.
Government of India, Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota, 404
pages.
Clayton W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. &Williamson, H. (2016). Grass Base - The
Online World Grass Flora, https://www.kew.org/data/grassbase/index.html
Literature cited 2: Davidar, E.R.C. (1978): Distribution and status of the Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)
1975-78. J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 75(3): 815-844.
Fischer, C.E.C. (1921). A survey of the flora of the Anamalai Hills in the Coimbatore
District, Madras Presidency, Records of the Botanical Survey of India, 218 pages
ID: 66514
Title: Light microscopic studies of some Pollen Morphotypes of the Upper Montane Nilgiri flora
Author: Lazar, J., Prasad, S. and Anupama, K.
Editor: Udhayan A, Senbagapriya S, Eswaran D, Manimozhi A, Sankar K, Vasanthakumari D, Siva Ranjani S and Gabriel Paulraj M
Year: 2025
Publisher: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (Research, Training &Education), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: 4th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, 13-14 February, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Pg no 214-229 (2025)
Subject: Light microscopic studies of some Pollen Morphotypes of the Upper Montane Nilgiri flora
Keywords: Pollen traits; climatic changes; palaeoecology; palaeoclimatology; vegetation reconstruction
Abstract: The study of the microscopic features of the pollen grains, Palynology, provides
robust inputs for understanding the flora when combined with the habits and habitats
of the plants that yielded them. The present study investigates the pollen morphological
features of a selection of 18 pollen taxa recovered from six surface soil samples from
grasslands in the upper montane region of the Nilgiris, a biodiversity hotspot in the
Western Ghats of India, characterized by alternate stable states (forests, grasslands and
swamps). Samples were collected during January and March 2024, in the framework of
the ongoing Nilgiri Archeological project. This Light Microscopic study focuses on
identifying and classifying pollen morphotypes based on the morphological
characteristics of the pollen wall, the exine that remains as a proxy of the plant that
produced it, contributing to our understanding of the local vegetation and landscape
dynamics. The qualitative and quantitative pollen morphological features observed
were: aperture type, shape, size and exine ornamentation in a mix of arboreal (Olea
glandulifera–t, Meliosma, Dodonaea viscosa, Ilex, Ligustrum, Pinus, Rapanea,
Daphniphyllum and Acacia) and non-arboreal pollen taxa (Justicia–t, Apiaceae,
Impatiens, Artemisia, Asteraceae (echinate), Asteraceae (fenestrate), Cyperaceae,
Gentianaceae and Poaceae). In addition to helping identify the possible plant groups
that produced them, the diversity of traits in the pollen morphotypes reflects
adaptations of the plants to different ecological conditions providing some insights into
pollen biology and their role in plant systematics. Site-specific variations in distribution
of the pollen morphotypes within the dataset of surface samples presented are also
briefly discussed in view of factors (e.g., edaphic, microclimatic, topographic and
anthropogenic) affecting pollen deposition. As pollen remains one of the best-preserved
plant proxies in past sedimentary deposits, critical insights into regional pollen The study of the microscopic features of the pollen grains, Palynology, provides
robust inputs for understanding the flora when combined with the habits and habitats
of the plants that yielded them. The present study investigates the pollen morphological
features of a selection of 18 pollen taxa recovered from six surface soil samples from
grasslands in the upper montane region of the Nilgiris, a biodiversity hotspot in the
Western Ghats of India, characterized by alternate stable states (forests, grasslands and
swamps). Samples were collected during January and March 2024, in the framework of
the ongoing Nilgiri Archeological project. This Light Microscopic study focuses on
identifying and classifying pollen morphotypes based on the morphological
characteristics of the pollen wall, the exine that remains as a proxy of the plant that
produced it, contributing to our understanding of the local vegetation and landscape
dynamics. The qualitative and quantitative pollen morphological features observed
were: aperture type, shape, size and exine ornamentation in a mix of arboreal (Olea
glandulifera–t, Meliosma, Dodonaea viscosa, Ilex, Ligustrum, Pinus, Rapanea,
Daphniphyllum and Acacia) and non-arboreal pollen taxa (Justicia–t, Apiaceae,
Impatiens, Artemisia, Asteraceae (echinate), Asteraceae (fenestrate), Cyperaceae,
Gentianaceae and Poaceae). In addition to helping identify the possible plant groups
that produced them, the diversity of traits in the pollen morphotypes reflects
adaptations of the plants to different ecological conditions providing some insights into
pollen biology and their role in plant systematics. Site-specific variations in distribution
of the pollen morphotypes within the dataset of surface samples presented are also
briefly discussed in view of factors (e.g., edaphic, microclimatic, topographic and
anthropogenic) affecting pollen deposition. As pollen remains one of the best-preserved
plant proxies in past sedimentary deposits, critical insights into regional pollen The study of the microscopic features of the pollen grains, Palynology, provides
robust inputs for understanding the flora when combined with the habits and habitats
of the plants that yielded them. The present study investigates the pollen morphological
features of a selection of 18 pollen taxa recovered from six surface soil samples from
grasslands in the upper montane region of the Nilgiris, a biodiversity hotspot in the
Western Ghats of India, characterized by alternate stable states (forests, grasslands and
swamps). Samples were collected during January and March 2024, in the framework of
the ongoing Nilgiri Archeological project. This Light Microscopic study focuses on
identifying and classifying pollen morphotypes based on the morphological
characteristics of the pollen wall, the exine that remains as a proxy of the plant that
produced it, contributing to our understanding of the local vegetation and landscape
dynamics. The qualitative and quantitative pollen morphological features observed
were: aperture type, shape, size and exine ornamentation in a mix of arboreal (Olea
glandulifera–t, Meliosma, Dodonaea viscosa, Ilex, Ligustrum, Pinus, Rapanea,
Daphniphyllum and Acacia) and non-arboreal pollen taxa (Justicia–t, Apiaceae,
Impatiens, Artemisia, Asteraceae (echinate), Asteraceae (fenestrate), Cyperaceae,
Gentianaceae and Poaceae). In addition to helping identify the possible plant groups
that produced them, the diversity of traits in the pollen morphotypes reflects
adaptations of the plants to different ecological conditions providing some insights into
pollen biology and their role in plant systematics. Site-specific variations in distribution
of the pollen morphotypes within the dataset of surface samples presented are also
briefly discussed in view of factors (e.g., edaphic, microclimatic, topographic and
anthropogenic) affecting pollen deposition. As pollen remains one of the best-preserved
plant proxies in past sedimentary deposits, critical insights into regional pollen morphology holds the key to broader applications such as the interpretation of present
and past vegetation structures, foraging preferences of pollinators like native
honeybees and other similar applications.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Anupama, K., Prasad, S., & Reddy, C.S. (2014a). Vegetation, land cover and land use
changes of the last 200 years in the Eastern Ghats (southern India) inferred from
pollen analysis of sediments from a rain-fed tank and remote sensing. Quaternary
International, 325: 93–104.
Anupama, K., Premathilake, R., Prasad, S., & Rajan, K. (2014b). Phytolith and pollen
studies at Porunthal, Appendix F, In: K. Rajan & V. P. Yathees Kumar, Archeology
of Amaravathi River Valley- Porunthal excavations (vol 2), IGRMS, Bhopal &
Sharada Publishing House, Delhi, pp. 557–564 & 3 Plates, ISBN: 978-93-83221-
01-1.
Literature cited 2: Bhagwat, S.A., Nogué, S., & Willis, K.J. (2012). Resilience of an ancient tropical forest
landscape to 7500 years of environmental change. Biological Conservation, 153:
108–117.
Birks, H. J. B., & Berglund, B. E. (2018). One hundred years of Quaternary pollen analysis
1916–2016. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 27, 271–309.