ID: 51907
Title: Severity of tropical cyclones atypical during El Nino- A statistical elucidation
Author: Sutapa Chaudhuri and Anindita De Sarkar
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: El Nino, tropical cyclone, regression analysis, ANOVA testing, F statistics
Abstract: Tropical cyclones are one of nature ' s most violent manifestations and potentially the deadliest of all meteorological phenomena. The caualty associated with major cyclones in the Indian sub-continent gives an idea about its enormous destructive capability. The effect of El Nino over Indian Ocean is not fully understood yet. The present study is an attempt to establish a relationship between El Nino and severity of tropical cyclones. The rationale of the present study is to view whether a persistent cyclonic disturbance leads to the development of a tropical cyclone or severe tropical cyclone during and El Nino year. Statistical techniques are adopted to attain the objectives. The results of the study reveal that in the El Nino year cyclonic disturbances may turn to tropical cyclones but turning to its severity is absolutely unusual.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51906
Title: Groundwater arsenic variations in Bangladesh: The role of depth, seasons, locations and age of tube wells
Author: M.T.Iqbal
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Arsenic, depth, seasons, age of tube wells, Bangladesh
Abstract: Groundwater arsenic contamination is now one of the most significant problems in Bangladesh. Role of depth, seasons, locations and age of tube well for groundwater arsenic variation in Bangladesh was studied. MERCK arsenic test kit was used to determine arsenic concentration variation. Tube well water depth was measured with the help of an avometer, measuring tap and plastic insulated wire. Also, depth and age of the tube wells were determined through asking questions, secondary sources of DPHE and Union Council. Results indicate that arsenic concentration levels are about 41.31% under WHO guideline (0.01 mg/l), 29.69% are within the permissible level (0.05 mg/l) and 29% exceed the permissible level (>0.05 mg/l). No relation was observed between arsenic concentration and water table depth. At depth below 15m, 92.68% of tube wells were arsenic level under WHO guideline (0.01 mg/l), 4.88% within permissible limit (0.05 mg/l) and 2.44% exceeding permissible limit(>0.05 mg/l). At depth between 15 and 30 m, 40.43% of tube wells were arsenic levels under WHO guideline, 34.04% within the permissible limit and 25.53% exceeding the permissible limit. At depths between 31 and 46m, 25.49% of tube wells were arsenic levels under WHO guideline, 39.22% within the permissible limit and 35.29% exceeding the permissible limit. At depth between 46 and 76 m, no tube well was arsenic level under WHO guideline, 40% within permissible limit and 60% exceeding permissible limit. But, there were many significant changes observed in each depth from below 30m to above 70m. Less arsenic concentration was observed in the dry season as compared to the wet season. Less significant difference was observed within locations. Result showed that from less than 15m to 76m depth arsenic concentration trend is higher in each tube well that was installed since eighties.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51905
Title: Groundwater quality appraisal and categorization in Pillu Khera block of Jind district, Haryana (India)
Author: Mohammad Shahid, D.K.Bhandari, A.P.Singh and Intjar Ahmad
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Goundwater, cation, anion, EC, RSC, SAR
Abstract: A study has been carried out for the quality appraisal of the groundwater of Pillu Khera block of Jind district in Haryana state, India. For the study 150 tube-well water samples from 23 villages of Pillu Khera block were collected during March 2004. Dominant cation in irrigation water was sodium followed by calcium and magnesium. Likewise, in case of anions, chloride was the dominant ion followed by bicarbonate and sulphate. RSC was observed only in tube-well waters having EC upto 5 dS m-1 and subsequent EC range of water did not show presence of RSC. Maximum number of underground water samples had EC between 1 and 2 dS m-1 and with increase in EC, number of tube-well water samples decreased, under various ranges. Groundwater having EC upto 4 dS m-1 can be used with no appreciable harmful effect on crop and soil but its long-term use depends on type of soil, rainfall and crop to be grown. Groundwater having EC more than 4 dS m-1 require special management practices depending upon the soil type, crop grown and climate factors. Based on AICRP (1989) classification, water quality map of the block was prepared.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51904
Title: Leaching characteristics of selected elements from Indian coal ash
Author: Bably Prasad and Kajal Kr. Mondal
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Fly ash, long-term leaching, heavy metal
Abstract: Long-term leaching experiments have been conducted to determine release of different ions and heavy metals from different coal ashes obtained from Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Plant, Andhra Pradesh and Chandrapura Thermal Power Plant, Jharkhand. Four columns of Ramagundam fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash, and weathered ash and three columns of Chandrapura bottom ash, pond as, and weathered ash have been prepared. Leaching experiment has been conducted for one year. The leachates obtained have been monitored for levels of dissolved constituents and heavy metals. Results for leachates indicate that initially maximum concentrations of dissolved inorganic constituents, who have been admixed, with the surface of fly ash particles have been leached out. Irregular pattern of heavy metals released have been obtained in leachates. The leaching behaviour indicated slow and long-term leaching of heavy metals, which have been associted with the ash particles.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51903
Title: The physico-chemical basis of the phenomenon of lightning in clouds-An overview
Author: M.Amin
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51902
Title: Fisheries of Golden Horn following the improvements in water quality
Author: Nurtac Ogleni, Ramazan Gokdas and Omer Ogleni
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Fish, the length difference, significant statistically, rehabilitation, Golden Horn
Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the returning of current and former species in their native lands, the Galata Bridge and the Ataturk (Unkapani) Bridge, at Golden Horn during the periods from October 2005 to May 2006-stations on which established fisheries were determined and inland distances where these fisheries were viewed and observed. At the end of the observations, thirty-four species were determined at Golden Horn. Fifteen species, Hippocampus hippocampus, Solea vulgaris, Atherina boyeri, Thrachurus trachurus, Maena smaris, Psetta maxima, Diplodus vulgaris, Gobius batrachocephalus, Boops boops, Boops salpa, Merlangius euxinus, Lithognathus mormyrus, Alosa fallax nilotica, Trachinus draco, and Belone belone gracilis were observed for the first time differently form the previous studies (Yuksek et al., 2006). Economically important species like Mullus surmuletus, Mugil cephalus, Sarda sarda, Pomatomus saltator, Psetta maxima, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trigla lucerna, Belone belone, Trachurus trachurus, Solea vulgaris, Diplodus vulgaris, Lithognathus mormyrus, and Merlangius euxinus were frequently determined. Furthermore the length sizes of the same species that were observed at the selected stations were compared statistically (P>0.05). Consequently, positive influence of rehabilitation studies started in 1995 on the increasing of the species and the amounts was researched.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51901
Title: Removal of Lead ions by various types of steel slags
Author: M.R.Nilforoushan
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Granulated blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, absorption of lead, atomic absorption spectroscopy
Abstract: Steel slags are the by-products of steel industries, which are formed during reduction process of iron melting. The chemical composition of it changes depending to the melting procedure. Its mineralogical composition also varies based on teh cooling procedure. Two different types of steel slag were used as absorbing bed for various concentrations of Pb2+ ions in the form of lead chloride, and the concentrations of lead ions were measured in the effluent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. When Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) which is a basic crystalline slag was used in the presence of various concentrations of Pb2+, ranging from 2 mg/l up to 10 mg/l, the Pb2+ ions were leached out into the solution and its concentration increased at the beginning of reaction but decreased dramatically up to 48 hours that the reaction was continuing but with slower rate. Almost the same thing happened when granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), which is also a basic slag but in the amorphous mineralogical form, was used as the absorbing bed. The extent of ion release was much lower compared to EAFS but the absorption of lead ions took place with the higher rates. Based on this research, if EAF slag was used as absorbing bed for reduction of lead ions in the industrial waters, it takes 24 hours to absorb 10 mg/l of lead ions, while if blast furnace slag was used, maximum amounts of lead was absorbed in the first thirty minutes of reaction.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51900
Title: Quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in some pond water samples of Bangladesh
Author: Suvagata Bagchi, A.K.Azad, M.Alomgir Z.Chowdhury, M.Amin Uddin, Sharif M. Al-Reza and Atiqur Rahman
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Water samples, pesticide, organochlorine pesticide, carbamate pesticide.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the extent of contamination from pesticide residues in pond water samples of Bangladesh. Twenty water samples collected from different locations of Bangladesh were analyzed for the presence of organochlorine (OCs) and carbamate pesticide residues. Packed column Gas Chromatographic (Electron Capture Detector Mode) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique were used to determine the concentration levels of those pesticide residues. The results indicate some water samples contaminated by organochlorine and carbamate pesticide (carbaryl and carofuran). The concentration of organochlorine pesticide, DDE and heptachlor in water smaple no.1 were 0, 0.014 and 0.048 ppm, respectively. The concentration of organochlorine pesticide, DDE, DDD and DDT in water samples no. 3 were 0, 0.014, 0.052 and 0.316 ppm, respectively. The DDT, DDE, DDD and heptachlor were found within the WHO guideline value of water quality (2 ?gL-1 and 0.03 ?gL-1) . The concentration of carbaryl in water samples nos. 4, 8 and 10 were 0.609, 0.168 and 0.146 ppm, respectively. The residue level of carofuran pesticide was found to be in range of 0.398-2.208 ppm. The highest concentration for carbofuran was 2.208 ppm in water sample no.9 while the lowest concentration was 0.398 ppm in water sample no.19. The concentration of carbofuran was also found within the acceptable ranges according to the WHO guideline value of water quality.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51899
Title: Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in the wetlands by estuarine biofilms
Author: Lovet T. Kigigha and Graham J.C. Underwood
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbon, estuary, biofilm, pollution, biodegradation, toxicity
Abstract: As a result of increased generation of energy from fossil fuel in recent times. there is increased contamination of sensitive ecosystems (such as the estuaries) worldwide. The human population is not exposed to the severity of the impact of pollutants due largely to the activities of microorganisms. The survival of mankind from increasing pollution inevitably depends on the constant monitoring of the environment. The estuaries exhibit interesting features as choice human habitats in which pollutants ae circulated continuously. The biota (especially the microalgal and bacterial biofilms) in such ecosystems become hardy and are very valuable agents in pollutant biodegradation. This paper reviews the peculiar nature of the estuaries in recycling pollutants; the interaction between the resilient estuarine biofilms and recalcitrant PHC in the wetlands and the field evaluation of in situ bioremediation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51898
Title: Discharge and Sediment transport in the tropical rivers of Kerala, India and their controlling factors
Author: T.Chandramohan, A.N.Balchand and Samson Mathew
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Sediment load, SW monsoon, NE monsoon, Kerala
Abstract: Kerala, the southern-most State of India, is characterized by its unique physiographic setup and 44 small rivers flowing across its narrow width. Based on 15 years (1986-87 to 2000-01) of daily sediment concentration and discharge data of 16 rivers, annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily variation in the suspended sediment yield of the State was analyzed and its controlling factors are discussed herein. There is a marked variability in sediment yield characteristics from north to south and from year to year. Sediment concentration in the rivers varies between 167 mg/l and 2944 mg/l. Chaliyar River transported the highest annual average sediment load of about 0.40 x 106 t, whereas Meenachil River supplied the lowest of 0.04 x 106 t. Sediment yield varied between 40 and 250 t/km2/year, with northern rivers showing larger yields. The central Kerala region, which is drained by major rivers and geologically stable, yielded lower values. Narrow land strips of northern and southern regions, characterized by steep slopes, were highly prone to erosion. Due to the variability in distribution of rainfall, the northern rivers transported major share of sediment during Southwest (SW) monsoon (75 to 95%), whereas there was a substantial amount of sediment transport (20-55%) during Northeast (NE) monsoon through the rivers from the southern region.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51897
Title: Derivation and validation of high-resolution digital terrain models from mars express HRSC data
Author: Klaus Gwinner, Frank Scholten, Michael Spiegel, Ralph Schmidt, Bernd Giese, Jurgen Oberst, Christian Heipke, Ralf Jaumann, and Gerhard Neukum
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 9, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), Mars Express mission, planetary remote sensing, topography of Mars
Abstract: The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) onboard the Mars Express mission is the first photogrammetric stereo sensor system employed for planetary remote sensing. The derivation of high-quality digital terrain models is subject to a variety of parameters, some of which show a significant variability between and also within individual datasets. Therefore, adaptive processing techniques and the use of efficient quality parameters for controlling automated processing are considered to be key requirements for DTM generation. We present the general procedure for the derivation of HRSC high-resolution DTM, representing the core element of the systematic derivation of high-level data products by the Mars Express HRSC experiment team. We also analyze test series applying specific processing variations, including a new method for signal adaptive image preprocessing. The results are assessed based on internal quality measures and compared to external terrain data. Sub-pixel scale 3D point accuracy of better than 10m and a DTM spatial resolution of upto 50m can be achieved for large parts of the surface of Mars within a reasonable effort. This confirms the potentials of the applied along-track multiple stereo imaging principle and allows for a considerable improvement in our knowledge of the topography of Mars.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51896
Title: Impact of Imaging geometry on 3D geopositioning accuracy of Stereo Ikonos Imagery
Author: Rongxing Li, Xutong Niu, Chun Liu, Bo Wu, and Sagar Deshpande
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 9, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: Ohio State University, DGPS (Differential Global Positioning system)
Abstract: Special Ikonos data acquisition and investigation were conducted to study the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) geopositioning accuracy and stereo imaging geometry, in particular, convergence angles. Six Ikonos images (four on one track and two on another track) were collected for a test site at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Different combinations of Ikonos stereo image pairs, both along-track and cross-track, were formed. Using the high - resolution satellite image processing system developed at The Ohio State University, DGPS (Differential Global Positioning system) controlled ground control points, and a number of check points, we demonstrated: (a) The convergence angle plays an important role in along-track or cross-track stereo mapping, especially in improvement of the accuracy in the vertical direction; (b) Regardless of stereo configuration (along track or cross-track), the accuracy in the X (cross-track) direction is better than that in the Y (along - track) direction; and (c) Although there is a slight correlation between the convergence angle and the accuracy in the Y (along -track) direction in the case of along-track stereo configuration, no distinct relationship is found in the X (cross-track) direction. Similarly, improvement of the horizontal accuracies is found with increased convergence angles when dealing with cross-track stereo pairs.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51895
Title: The effect of prior probabilities in the maximum likelihood classification on individual classes: A theoretical reasoning and empirical testing
Author: Zheng Mingguo, Cai Qianguo, and Qin Mingzhou
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 9, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: Landsat TM , ERDAS Imagine software
Abstract: The effect of prior probabilities in the maximum likelihood classification on individual classes receives little attention, and this is addressed in this paper. Prior probabilities are designed only for overlapping spectral signatures. Accordingly, their effect on an individual class is independent of the classes that are spectrally separable from this class.The theoretical reasoning reveals that an increased prior probability, which shifts the decision boundary away from the class mean, will increase the assignment and boost the producer ' s accuracy as compared to the use of equal priors; though the change of the user ' s accuracy is not constant, it is expected to decrease in most cases. The tendency is just the opposite when a lower prior probability is used. A case study was conducted using Landsat TM data provided along with ERDAS Imagine software. Two other pieces of evidence derived from the published literature are also presented.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51894
Title: Error budget of Lidar systems and quality control of the derived data
Author: Ayman Habib, Ki In Bang, Ana Paula Kersting, and Dong-Cheon Lee
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 9, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: Lidar systems, Ground control points,
Abstract: Lidar systems have been widely adopted for the acquistion of dense and accurate topographic data over extended areas. Although the utilization of this technology has increased in different applications, the development of standard methodologies for the quality assurance of lidar systems and quality control of the derived data has not followed the same trend. In other words, a lack of reliable, practical, cost-effective, and commonly-acceptable methods for quality evaluation is evident. A frequently adopted procedure for quality evaluation is the comparison between lidar data and ground control points. Besides being expensive, this approach is not accurate enough for the verification of the horizontal accuracy, which is known to be worse than the vertical accuracy. This paper is dedicated to providing an accurate, economical, and convenient quality control methodology for the evaluation of lidar data. The paper starts with a brief discussion of the lidar mathematical model, which is followed by an analysis of possible random and systematic errors and their impact on the resulting surface. Based on the discussion of error sources and their impact, a tool for evaluating the quality of the derived surface is proposed. In addition to the verification of the data quality, the proposed method can be used for evaluating the system parameters and measurements. Experimental results from simulated and real data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed tool.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51893
Title: A generic method for RPC refinement using ground control information
Author: Zhen Xiong and Yun Zhang
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 9, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC), Bias Compensation method, Ikonos satellites, QuickBird satellites, Generic method
Abstract: Geometric sensor models are used in image processing to model the relationship between object space and image space and to transform image data to conform to a map projection. An Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) is a generic sensor model that can be used to transform images from a variety of different high resolution satellite and airborne remote sensing systems. To date, numerous researchers have published papers about RPC refinement, aimed at improving the accuracy of the results. So far, the Bias Compensation method is the one that is the most accepted and widely used, but this method has rigorous conditions that limit its use; namely, it can only be used to improve the RPC of images obtained from cameras with a narrow field of view and small attitude errors, such as those used on Ikonos or QuickBird satellites. In many cases, these rigorous conditions may not be satisfied (e.g. cameras with a wide field of view and some satellites with large ephemeris and attitude errors). Therefore, a more robust method that can be used to refine the RPC under a wider range of conditions is desirable. In this paper, a generic method for RPC refinement is proposed. The method first restores the sensor ' s pseudo position and attitude, then adjusts these parameters using ground control points. Finally a new RPC is generated based on the sensor ' s adjusted position and attitude. We commence our paper with a review of the previous ten years of research directed toward RPC refinement, and compare the characteristics of different refinement methods that have been proposed to date. We then present a methodology for a proposed generic method for RPC refinement and describe the results of two sets of experiments that compare the proposed Generic method with the Bias Compensation method. The results confirm that the Bias Compensation method works well only when the aforementioned rigorous conditions are met. The accuracy of the RPC refined by the Bias Compensation method decreased rapidly with the sensor ' s position error and attitude error. In contrast to this, the Generic method proposed in this paper was found to yield highly accurate results under a variety of different sensor positions and attitudes.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None