ID: 51922
Title: Small-footprint Laser Scanning Simulator for system validation, Error Assessment, and Algorithm Development
Author: Antero Kukko and Juha Hyyppa
Editor: Russell G.Congalton
Year: 2009
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 75, No 10 , October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Keywords: Airborne lidar systems , photogrammetry, mapping sciences, TopEye Mk II laser scanner, imulation model,environment model , echo data t
Abstract: Airborne lidar systems have come to be extensively used in photogrammetry and mapping sciences. In this paper, a high-quality simulation approach and methods of small-footprint lidar processing are presented and discussed, validated for tree height estimation, and demonstrated for scanning geometry effects analysis and mobile mapping. The simulation method implemented combines both spatial and radiometric components to produce realistic waveform and point cloud data for system performance analysis and for algorithm development for lidar data processing and mapping purposes. Waveform data generated by the simulator were shown to demonstrate the possibilities of such an approach in system and data verification. As the related empirical data are insufficient for effective research and exploitation in mapping purposes at the moment, the simulated waveform data are needed. A tree location accuracy of 15cm and tree height underestimation of 0.33 m was found using the simulation model for the TopEye Mk II laser scanner, compared to the artificial forest model reference data. Modeling of light interaction on object surfaces and characteristics of scanning systems provide and opportunity to simulate laser data acquisition of well-defined objects under controlled conditions. By eliminating different sources of error case-by-case, we can improve the knowledge obtained merely from the experimental studies. Data validation in the scanning geometry simulations was carried out by comparing the simulated first echo data to the environment model and, separately, to the first echo data from an independent TopoSys II flight strip that was not used for the environment model computation. The mean differences reveal that the simulator slightly overestimates the object elevations. Deviation between the real TopoSys point cloud and the environmental model was 2 to 3 times larger than that obtained for the simulated Optech and TopoSys data sets. We believe that the developed simulation and modeling is an efficient tool for determining the most reasonable set of flight parameters for any current mapping task, for analyzing change detection possibilities of repeated laser surveys, and for studying and verifying future lidar systems and concepts. However, this requires high-quality modeling of the system and extensive knowledge of the interaction between the laser beam and the object, which should be further developed in the coming years.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51921
Title: Recognition of shallow karst water resources and cave potentials using thermal infrared image and terrain characteristics in semi-arid regions of Iran
Author: Nader Jalali, Bahram Saghafian, Farda Imanov, Museyyib Museyyibov
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Karst water resources, Cave, Thermal infrared image, Modeling, Terrain factors, Iran
Abstract: Shallow Karst water resources and caves may influence land surface temperatures due to cold transfer property of rocks and evaporation from buried karst. The objective of this research was to develop a method for recognition of karst areas based on evaluating the surface characteristics that manifest itself by low land surface temperature in the satellite images. Investigation of thermal ETM+ image of the study region in Iran showed that parts of carbonate rocks that bear karst water are relatively cooler compared to areas with similar terrain conditions. Relational modeling provided useful information on spatial distribution of areas that have the potential to hold karst water resources and /or caves. Further inspection of ASTER images, along with geotechnical, geophysical and geological field surveys verified the approach. Significant correlation was found between electrical resistivity and thermal band values. The method may be used as a primary exploratory tool for shallow karst water explorations in similar areas.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51920
Title: Assessment of changes in urban green spaces of Mashad city using satellite data
Author: Reza Rafiee, Abdolrassoul Salman Mahiny, Nematolah Khorasani
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Urban green space, change detection, Landscape metrices, Post-classification comparison, Mashad city
Abstract: Green spaces play important functions in urban environments. Reducing air pollution, providing shade and habitat for arboreal birds, producing oxygen, providing shelter against winds, recreational and aesthetic qualities and architectural applications are the main functions of urban green spaces. With the rapid change of urban area in Mashad city during the past decades, green spaces have been fragmented and dispersed causing impairment and dysfunction of these important urban elements. The objective of this study was to detect changes in extent and pattern of green areas of Mashad city and to analyze the results in terms of landscape ecology principles and functioning of the green spaces. In this research, we classified a Landsat TM and an IRS LISS-III image belonging to the years 1987 and 2006, respectively. We then used a post-classification comparison to determine the changes in green space areas of Mashad city during the 19 years covered by the images. Then, we applied landscape ecology calculations to derive metrices that quantified pattern of the changes in the green areas. The results showed that during 19 years from 1987, a significant decrease had occurred in the extent of urban green space with a concomitant fragmentation resulting in downgrading and destruction of the functions and services these areas provide. We conclude that the general quality of life in the central parts of the city has been diminished. We also state that a combination of remote sensing image classification, landscape metrics assessment and vegetation indices can provide a tool for assessing life quality and its trend for urban areas.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51919
Title: Classifiers vs. input variables-The drivers in image classification for land cover mapping
Author: M.Heinl, J.Walde, G.Tappeiner, U.Tappeiner
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Classification, Landsat, Artificial neural network, Discriminant analysis, Maximum likelihood, Land use, Land cover, Thematic map, Ancillary data
Abstract: The study investigates the performance of image classifiers for landscape-scale land cover mapping and the relevance of ancillary data for the classification success in order to assess and to quantify the importance of these components in image classification. Specifically tested are the performance of maximum likelihood classification (MLC), artificial network (ANN) and discriminant analysis (DA) based on Landsat 7 ETM+ spectral data in combination with topographic measures and NDVI. ANN produced high accuracies of more than 75% also with limited input information, while MLC and DA produced comparable results only by incorporating ancillary data into the classification process. The superiority of ANN classification was less pronounced on the level of the single land cover classes. The use of ancillary data generally increased classification accuracy and showed a similar potential for increasing classification accuracy than the selection of the classifier. Therefore, a stronger focus on the development of appropriate and optimised sets of input variables is suggested. Also the definition and selection of land cover classes has shown to be crucial and not to be simply adaptable from existing land cover class schemes. A stronger research focus towards discriminating land cover classes by their typical spectral, topographic or seasonal properties is therefore suggested to advance image classificaiton.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51918
Title: Exploring uncertainty in remotely sensed data with parallel coordinate plots
Author: Yong Ge, Sanping Li, V. Chris Lakhan, Arko Lucieer
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Parallel coordinate plots (PCP), Remotely sensed data, Shannon ' s entropy, Uncertainty, Interactive visualization, Brushing
Abstract: The existence of uncertainty in classified remotely sensed data necessitates the application of enhanced techniques for identifying and visualizing the various degrees of uncertainity. This paper, therefore, applies the multidimensional graphical data analysis technique of parallel coordinate plots (PCP) to visualize the uncertainty in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data classified by the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). The Landsat TM data are from the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China. Image classification with MLC and FCM provides the probability vector and fuzzy membership vector of each pixel. Based on these vectors, the Shannon ' s entropy (S.E) of each pixel is calculated. PCPs are then produced for each classification output. The PCP axes denote the posterior probability vector and fuzzy membership vector and two additional axes represent S.E. and the associated degree of uncertainty. The PCPs highlight the distribution of probability values of different land cover types for each pixel, and also reflect the status of pixels with different degrees of uncertainty.Brushing functionality is then added to PCP visualization in order to highlight selected pixels of interest. This not only reduces the visualization uncertainty, but also provides invaluable information on the positional and spectral characteristics of targeted pixels.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51917
Title: Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005: Land use/land cover, vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data
Author: Jixian Zhang, Liu Zhengjun, Sun Xiaoxia
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Remote sensing, Land use and land cover, Vegetation cover fraction, Change analysis, Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Abstract: The eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in China has received much attention due to the construction of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station. Land use/land cover changes (LUCC) are a major cause of ecological enviornmental changes. In this paper, the spatial landscape dynamics from 1978 to 2005 in this area are monitored and recent changes are analyzed, using the Landsate TM (MSS) images of 1978, 1988, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Vegetation cover fractions for a vegetation cover analysis are retrieved from MODIS/Terra imagery from 2000 to 2006, being the period before and after the rising water level of the reservoir. Several analytical indices have been used to analyze spatial and temporal changes. Results indicate that cropland, woodland, and grassland areas reduced continuously over the past 30 years, while river and built-up area increased by 2.79% and 4.45% from 2000 to 2005, respectively. The built-up area increased at the cost of decreased cropland, woodland and grassland. The vegetation cover fraction increased slightly. We conclude that significant changes in land use/ land cover have occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main cause is a continuous economic and urban/ rural development, followed by environmental management policies after construction of the Three Gorges Dam.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51916
Title: Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes
Author: Renguang Zuo, Frederik P.Agterberg, Qiuming Cheng, Lingqing Yao
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Geosciences, Point process, Earthquakes, Oil wells, Mineral deposits, L function, Fractal
Abstract: Geological point processes can be used to model point patterns occurring frequently in a wide variety of geoscience fields, including the study of mineral deposits, oil producing wells, earthquakes, and landslides. Characterization of the spatial distribution of GPP has implications for understanding the properties of the underlying geological processes and events. Three examples of GPP dealing with (1) metallic mineral deposits, (2) oil producing wells, and (3) aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake (on 12 May 2008, magnitude 8.0) are presented to illustrate that (1) the spatial distribution of geological point processes generally shows clustering implying rejection of the Poisson model because L(r) >LPois(r); (2) the clustering statistics of the underlying geological processes are fractal; and (3) the size distribution of geological point processes is scale invariant. These results indicate existence of a fundamental law concerning the fractal nature of the point distributions generated by geological point processes.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51915
Title: Predictive fire occurrence modelling to improve burned area estimation at a regional scale: A case study in East Caprivi, Namibia
Author: Mika Siljander
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Burned area estimation, Fire probability, GLM, Hierarchical partitioning, Logistic regression, MODIS fire data, Spatial autocorrelation
Abstract: Fires threaten human lives, property and natural resources in Southern African savannas. Due to warming climate, fire occurrence may increase and fires become more intense. It is crucial, therefore, to understand the complexity of spatiotemporal and probabilistic characteristics of fires. This study scrutinizes spatiotemporal characteristics of fires and the role played by abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors for fire probability modelling in a semiarid Southern African savanna environment. The MODIS fire products: fire hot spots (MOD14 A2 and MYD 14 A2) and burned area product MODIS (MCD 45A1), and GIS derived data were used in analysis. Fire hot spots occurrence was first analysed, and spatial autocorrelation for fires investigated, using Moran ' s I correlograms. Fire probability models were created using generalized linear models (GLMs). Separate models were produced for abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic and combined factors and an autocovariate variable was tested for model improvement. The hierarchical partitioning method was used to determine independent effects of explanatory variables. The discriminating ability of models was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot. The resuts showed that 19.2-24.4% of East Caprivi burned when detected using MODIS hot spots fire data and these fires were strongly spatially autocorrelated. Therefore, the autocovariate variable significantly improved fire probability models when added to them. For autologistic models, i.e. models accounting for spatial autocorrelation, discrimination was good to excellent (AUC 0.858-0.942). For models not counting spatial autocorrelation, prediction success was poor to moderate (AUC 0.542-0.745). The results of this study clearly showed that spatial autocorrelation has to be taken in to account in the fire probability model building process when using remotely sensed and GIS derived data. This study also showed that fire probability models accounting for spatial autocorrelation proved to be superior in regional scale burned area estimation when compared with MODIS burned area product (MCD45A1).
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51914
Title: Advances in understanding of the mechanism for generation of earthquake thermal precursors detected by satellites
Author: Arun K. Saraf, Vineeta Rawat, Swapnamita Choudhury, Sudipta Dasgupta, Josodhir Das
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 11, Issue 6, December 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied earth observation and geoinformation
Keywords: Earthquake, Land surface temperature, Thermal infrared anomaly, Positive hole theory
Abstract: Stresses building up during an earthquake preparation phase also manifest themselves in the form of a so called increased land surface temperature (LST) leading to a thermal precursor prior to the earthquake event. This phenomenon has now been validated by our observations of short-term thermal anomalies detected by infrared satellite sensors for several recent past earthquakes around the world. The rise in infrared radiance temperature was seen to vary between 5 and 12 oC for different earthquakes. We discuss in this paper different explanations for the generation of such anomalies that have been offered. Emission of gases due to the opening and closure of micropores upon induced stresss and also the participation of ground water have geen propounded as a possible cause for generation of thermal anomalies. Seismo-ionoshpere coupling, by which gases like radon move to the earth - atmosphere interface and cause air ionization thus bringing about a change in air temperature, relative humidity, etc.,has been put forth by some workers. A mechanism of low frequency electromagnetic emission was tested and experimented by scientists with rock masses in stressed conditions as those that exist at tectonic locations. The workers proposed the positive hole pair theory, which received support from several scientific groups. Positive holes (sites of electron deficiency) are activated in stressed rocks from pre-existing yet dormant positive hole pairs (PHPs) and their recombination at rock-air interface leads to a LST rise. A combination of remote sensing detection of rock mechanics behavior with a perception of chemistry and geophysics has been applied to propose the remote sensing rock mechanics theory. Remote sensing detections of such anomalies confirm so far proposed lab theories for such a hotly debated field as earthquake precursor study by providing unbiased observations with consistency in time and space distribution.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51913
Title: Alternative to salt preservation: Preservation by reducing moisture content
Author: Lonchin Suguna, Veerappan Rathinasamy, Kuttalam Iyappan, N.K.Chandrababu and Asit Baran Mandal
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Short term preservation, acetone, boric acid, moisture content, leather, pollution reduction
Abstract: The first step in leather processing is the preservation or curing of hides and skins. Conventionally 40-50% of common salt is used to preserve the skins and hides, which leads to an increase in the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and chlorides (Cl) in the tannery effluent. Hence, researchers are demanded to look for alternative methods of preservation with less salt or salt-less preservation. In this paper, we report the results of the investigations carried out by reducing the moisture content of hte skins using acetone and preserving them using low concentrations of boric acid. The properties and qualities of the crust leather are at par with the salt preserved skins. Also, this method offers significant reduction in TDS in the tannery effluent. The results obtained in this study substantiated that reducing the moisture content of the skins and hides to certain extent and applying boric acid helps in preserving the hides and skins for more than a month.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51912
Title: Operating strategies for activated sluge process to enhanced coliform removal
Author: V.Tyagi, B.Renanayagi, Shankar Subramaniyan, A.A.Kazmi and A.K.Chopra
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Activated sludge process, coliforms, MLSS, MCRT, F/M
Abstract: This paper deals with the effectiveness of activated sludge process in removing coliforms with respect to operating parameters like MLSS, F/M and SVI. It was observed that operation of biological treatment with high MLSS (3000-3500), low F/M ratio (0.2-0.35) and SVI in the range of 80-150 ml/g tended to result in increased removal of microbial indicators and pathogens. Therefore, it can be taken as a controlling range for higher coliform removal efficiency. Monitoring of these parameters at regular intervals will reveal the total spectrum of plants working efficiency so that operations and maintenance troubles in treatment system can be corrected in time.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51911
Title: Effect of heavy metals, mercury and copper, on plasma electrolytes in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis
Author: Prem Rajan Anand, J.Amudha and K.Sasikala
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Cyprinus carpio, electrolytes, heavy metals, mercury, copper biomonitoring and ecological risk assessment
Abstract: In the present study the effect of heavy metals, mercury and copper, on plasma electrolytes viz., sodium, Potassium and chloride have been investigated in economically important fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis. C. carpio were exposed to sub-lethal levels of mercury (0.03 ppm) and copper (0.096 ppm) under strict identical hydro-physiochemical conditions. Significant decline in these three electrolytes were observed when fish were exposed to sub-lethal levels of mercury chloride and copper sulphate during chase period of 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The decrease in sodium ions was proportional to exposure time in mercury with maximum observed decrease of 33.0% on 35th day, whereas a maximum decrease of 66.36% was noted on 7th day in copper. Plasma potassium level of Cyprinus carpio var. communis declined continuously in the mercury treated fish showing a maximum percent decrease of 54.68 at the end of the 28th day. The plasma chloride level observed a maximum decrease of 46.02% and 80% at the end of 7th day in the mercury and copper-treated fish respectively. The mercury-treated fish maintained the percent decrease of 22.56, 36.98, 38.08 and 39.02 on the 14, 21, 28 and 35th days. However, in the plasma chloride level in copper-treated fish a gradual recovery during subsequent exposure periods was observed giving a percent decline of 61.23%, 45.39%, 34.02% and 10.11% at the end of the 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days, respectively. Hence, results indicated that pollutants including toxic heacy metals and useful micronutrient when a safe level exceed are reflected by the decrease in the plasma electrolytes of fish. The electrolyte levels in fish can be used for biomonitoring and Ecological Rish Assessment.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51910
Title: Lead concentrations in the blood of residents of the mineralized and mining environs
Author: G.O.Onyedika, C.S.Nwankwo, C.Ajaero, E.N.Ejike and I.C.Iwu
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Lead, blood, concentration, age, mineralized
Abstract: Lead ion concentration in blood samples of the hospitalized patients of the mineralized area of Ishiagu environs, were assayed. Ishiagu has lead and zinc deposits and active mining of these minerals. Lead concentration in the blood of selected hospital patients range between 0.40 and 2.00 ppm. The lead (Pb) concentration varied with age. Residents within the age of 5-20 years have lead concentration of 0.40-1.00 ppm while age within 21-60 years have lead concentration of 1.00-2.00 ppm. A correlation between length of exposure and age was established. A group within 33-44 years has the highest lead concentration in their blood.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51909
Title: Sediment characteristic and concentration of Heavy metals in water and sediment of the effluent discharging water body of Nagaon Paper Mill, Assam, India
Author: K.P.Sarma and B. Talukdar
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Sediment, paper mill effluent, heavy metals, beel
Abstract: The impact of Nagaon Paper Mill effluent on the sediment of the effluent discharging water course in water and sediment was studied. Analysis of bed sediment samples showed a general decreasing trend of pH, alkalinity, EC, organic carbon, and organic matter from sampling stations 1 to 6. Water holding capacity, water content, bulk density, Ca2+, Mg2+, and sulphate of bed sediment samples collected from sampling station 1 to 6 has an increasing trend. This means that the upstream of the beel was polluted with respect to reference sampling station at 7. It was revealed form the analysis of the results of heavy metals concentration in effluent, beel water and sediment that their concentration lies far below the tolerance limit. However, the heavy metals concentrations in beel water and sediment samples at different sampling stations were higher than the concentration of heavy metals at reference sampling station 7. Analysis of bed sediment samples showed a general decreasing trend of heavy metals viz., Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn from sampling station 1 to 6.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51908
Title: Analytic hierarchy process for urban enviornmental impact assessment for Bhopal, India
Author: Anshu Gupta, Alok Choudhry, Vivek Dey and Aditya Goel
Editor: Professor V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 6, No 4, October 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: GIS, fuzzy set theory, urban environment quality evaluation, analytical hierarchy process
Abstract: Urban environmental planning is the major channel to control the human activities from polluting the environment. Urban environmental quality evaluation is prerequisite of proper urban planning. Fuzzy Set Theory has been used as an aid to urban planning. In this research work, environmental as well as physical environmental components have been considered to evaluate the urban environmental quality. Because of the fuzzy uncertainty and spatial characteristic of environmental phenomenon, the integration of fuzzy set theory and geographic information system is used in urban environmental quality evaluation of study area, Bhopal (Bhopal municipal corporation limits). Analytical hierarchy process has been used to find out the weights of criteria by pair-wise comparison matrix. Fuzzy overlay is carried out by using fuzzy inference network (fuzzy operators) to coalesce criterion maps. Validation of the final quality map has been done through sample data. Accuracy assessment (error matrix) has been calculated. It reaches to the conclusion that FST approach reflects the urban environmental quality evaluaiton in more detail and in more precise manner than the conventional (Boolean) approach.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None