ID: 52297
Title: Using aquatic insects to monitor water quality
Author: David R. Lenat
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: biomonitoring, synergistic effects, benthic macroinvertebrates, taxa richness, rapid bioassessment
Abstract: Although China is one of the largest countries in the world, very little is known about the water quality of most of its streams and rivers. This information is needed so that pollution problems can be solved and high quality waterways can be protected. Over the next few years, Chinese scientists will be initiating a biomonitoring program to evluate water quality throughout their country. This chapter is intended to help with this process, by showing how information on benthic macroinvertebrates can be used to assess stream water quality. Traditional water quality monitoring comments of dipping water samples out of streams, carrying these samples back to a laboratory, and then subjecting them to a series of chemical analyses. By looking at the concentrations of various pollutants, scientists hope to make predictions about how dangerous this water might be to either humans or aquatic life. While such chemical monitoring is a crucial part of any water quality program, the sole use of chemical measurements is often very inadequate. There are three major reasons why pollutants may be ' invisible ' to chemical analyses;
1. There are thousands of toxic chemicals that may be discharged to surface water, but only a few chemicals are routinely selected for analysis by persons responsible for monitoring water quality. The number of possible pollutants will be larges twhen dealing with industrial effluents or runoff from urban area. Because of this large number of possible pollutants, it is possible that no analysis may ever be conducted for the chemical or chemicals that actually are causing the problem.(2) Concentrations of pollutants may vary radically with time. If a pollutant is spilled into a clean stream, it is chemically detectable over a very short period of time, but its effects may last for many months. This pattern is very common; examples include accidnetal spills, runoff from urban areas or agricultural areas following a rain, and industries that discharge effluent only occassionally. (3) Living organisms are best able to indicate the synergistic effects of two or more pollutants acting together. Sometimes the problems caused by two or more toxicants acting together are far more serious than the mere sum of their individual toxicities. Therefore, a chemical analysis may decide that the toxicity levles of a few toxicants in a waterway are acceptable when in fact, their combination is deadly to living plants and animals. Benthic macroinvertebrates have been used to assess water quality problems in streams and rivers throughout the world. The majority of this work, however, has been conducted in North America. While there will be little overlap between species collected in China and species collected in North America, would expect the structure of the aquatic communities to be similar. Futhermore, the reaction of aquatic macroinvertebrates to pollution should be the same in all parts of the world. For this reason, the examples that are provided from experiences in the United States should be relevant to expectatiosn in China. Individuals conducting biomonitoring efforts in China will face many new challenges, but they should be able to benefit from the resuts of similar work that has been underway in other parts of the world for over 50 years. There are many ways to sample invertebrated, many ways to process samples, and many ways to analyze data. Almost all of these are capable of detecting gross differences in water quality, as they are based on a few basic principles: (1) Increased stress tends to lower the diversity of the invertebrate fauna by eliminating the species that are less tolerant of pollution. "Diversity" can be measured by a bewildering array of complex formulas, but the simplest (and most reliable) measure is species richness. Where not all organisms are identified to the species level, this parameter is more correctly called taxa richness. (2) Environments with persistent pollution problems develop invertebrate communities which are dominated by tolerant species.
Any investigator who makes reliable measurements of taxa richness has the ability to detect water quality problems. Furthermore, a very basic knowledge of aquatic biology will allow an investigator to characterize an invertebrate community as typified by either tolerate or intolerate speices. One of the most common water pollution problems in China is large inputs of organic matter, leading to low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The characteristic fauna of streams with low dissolved oxygen condition is easily recognized, and it is similar in streams throughout the world.
The scientific literature relating to water pollution biology frequently describes very time - consuming surveys. Such surveys, however, may not represent the most typical kind of biomonitoring effort. Most government agencies are responsible for monitoring water quality for thousands of streams. To expand large amounts of time and money on a single stream, therefore, is equivalent to ignoring water quality problems in many other streams.
The development of more cost-effective biomonitoring strategies has come to be known as "Rapid Bioassessment". The emphasis in such monitoring is on obtaining "rapid" results, in order to expedite both assessment of water quality problems and any subsequent management decisions. Specifically, the goal is to expand the minimum amount of effort required to get reproducible and scientifically valid results. Most rapid bioassessment programs are designed to enable preparation of pollution assessment reports for three to five streams within five days from teh time that specimens are collected. Rapid bioassessment also implies some shortcut techniques relative to normal quantitive (number of speicmens/ unit area or unit time) collections. This shortcut usually involves qualitative/ semiquantitative sampling, or a constant number of organisms/site. It is expected that many of the initial pollution monitoring programs in China will involve rapid bioassessment methods. More intensive, and more quantitative, sampling programs may follow after the initial evaluation of a major water quality problem.
This chapter addresses the many choices to be made in setting up a rapid bioassessment program, with discussion of the advantages/disadvantages of each choice. Initial water quality monitoring programs in China will be restricted to only a few to these choices, due to the limitations imposed by available sampling equipments, the small data base, and the relatively few trained taxonomists. It is expected, however, that Chinese scientists will eventually be developing more sophisticated monitoring programs. The subject matter of this chapter is based largely on recent North America research (Lenat, 1988. 1990; Plafkin et al. 1989; Resh and Jackson ; in prss), especially Lenat and Barbour (in press)
Location: 241
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ID: 52296
Title: Ecology and distribution of aquatic insects
Author: Kenneth W. Cummins and Richard W Merritt
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: water quality studies, taxanomic resolution, nymphs, larvae,
Abstract: The emphasis for aquatic insect studies, which has expanded exponentially in recent decades, has been largely ecological. From its roots in sport fishery-related investigations of the ' 30s and ' 40s, through growing interest in indicators for water quality studies of the ' 50s and ' 60s, the work on aquatic insects has embraced most major areas of ecological inquiry (such as population dynamics, predator-prey interactions, physiological and trophic ecology, competition: Resh and Rosenberg 1984). A major justification for this book is that systematics of quatic insects has lagged behind the needs fo aquatic ecologists and managers. The imperfect state of our present knowledge of aquatic insect species, together with pressing environmental and intriguing theoretical problems, provide incentives for achieving taxonomic resolution. Although the species may be the appropriate basic unit for many types of ecological questions, such resolution may not always be required for significant insights, particularly in process-oriented studies. Identifications ranging from orders to genera, and to species in cases requiring a detailed level of taxonomic resolution, hopefully can be matched with the requirements of a given study. Stated in this fashion, the goal should be to maximize ecological information and insight per unit of taxonomic effort. Several ecological topics are covered in separate chapters: Chapter 3, Sampling; Chapter 4, Respiration: Chapter 5. Life History and Behaviour: Chapter 7, Biological Monitoring; Chapter 8, Evolution; and in the general material given in each order chapter. Thus, the major topics covered in this chapter are; (1) organization and functional relationships of aquatic insects with respect to habitat and nutritional resources, and (2) various aspects of the distribution, abundance, and production of quatic insects. To summarize a large amount of information on the ecology and geographical distribution of aquatic insects, and to indicate better the numerous gaps in our knowledge, a generalized scheme has been presented in tabular form (Tables 6A-6D, and the ecological tables [A] in each order chapter). Ecological data have been organized in three categories: (1) habitats in which the aquatic nymphs and larvae occur (Table 6A);(2) habits or modes of maintaining habitat location (Table 6B); and (3) modes of food acquisition (functional feeding groups; (Table 6C, 6D). Tables 6A-6D are definitions of terms to be used in conjunction with the ecologica-distributional tables that appear in each order chapter (Chapters 10-25) The habitat, habit and food acquisition classifications are based on out own research (such as research by Cummins 1974, 1992; Merritt et al. 1992; Cummins and Klug 1979; Merritt and Lawson 1992; Merritt and Wallace 1981), a combination of systems of proposed by others (such as Usinger 1956, Edmondson 1959, Pennak 1978), and three decades of teaching aquatic insect-related courses.
Location: 241
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ID: 52295
Title: Behavioral and life cycle adaptations to aquatic habitats
Author: N.H.Anderson and Margaret J Anderson
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: Freshwater, adaptations, lotic, lentic, life cycle
Abstract: Insects are very successful in the freshwater environment. This is demonstrated by their large numbers, broad distribution, and their ability to use a wide range of aquatic habitats. In this chapter, we consider the adaptations that contribute to their success. We give examples of how some species have adapted to very restricted environments and we use the life cycle to provide a framework for describing different ways that insects cope with the challenge that occur in aquatic habitats. The challenges fall into four braod categories: (1) physiological (e.g., acquiring oxygen); (2) physical (e.g. resisting a current); (3) trophic (e.g. acquiring food); and (4) biotic (e.g surviving competition an dpredation). These categories are, however, all related - how the insect responds to one challenge affects its reponse to another. For example, an aquatic insect that has solved the problem of respiration by using atmospheric oxygen may have different physical, trophic, and biotic challenges than does an insect that uses dissolved oxygen. The traditional division of freshwater sytems into running (lotic) or standing (lentic) water is a useful starting place for examining morphological and behavioural differences among aquatic insects. Most insects are adapted to one or other of these habitats, although overlap is common. Insects living in pools in streams have respiratory adaptations usually found in insets of standing water, whereas insects on wave-washed shores of lakes have oxygen requirements and clinging adaptations similar to inhabitants of swift running streams. In spite of their success in exploiting most types of aquatic environment, insects are not completely adapted for aquatic life. They evolved from terrestrial forms and , with very few exceptions, still depend on dry land for part of their life cycle. This is why more species occur in shallow ponds and streams than in deep rivers or lakes. It also is one reason why there are almost no insects in the open sea.
Location: 241
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ID: 52294
Title: Aquatic insect respiration
Author: Clyde H Eriksen and Vincent H Resh
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: Oxygen, Metabolism, tracheal system , respiratory system, energy
Abstract: A major challenge for any aquatic insect is to obtain sufficient amounts of oxygen (O2) for its metabolic needs. Aquatic habitats contain much less )2 than terrestrial environments, even under the most favourable conditions. In addition, the aquatic O2 supply is often highly variable and in some habitats O2 may be totally lacking. Insects originally evolved on land where they developed a gas-filled (tracheal) respiratory system. As some insects adapted to a water environment, this air-filled tracheal system had to serve as the structural plan for their aquatic respiratory system as well. A number of options exist for obtaining gaseous O2 with a tracheal system even though the habitat is water. As might be expected, insects have been very successful in taking advantage of those options whatever the aquatic habitat or the O2 supply, insects are normally present. Why is O2 important for aquatic insects? O2 is used in cell respiration which releases energy from organic molecules obtained from digested food. The energy is used to do all bodily work. Cellular respiration that uses O2 releases 19 times more energy than when respiration occurs in the absence of O2. Because the energy needs of most multicellular and all highly active organisms are greater than the energy made available without O2, obtaining O2 from the environment is absolutely necessary.
Location: 241
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ID: 52293
Title: Collecting and sampling aquatic insects
Author: Vincent H. Resh and Bernhard O.W.Statzner
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: Lakes, streams, rivers, taxonomic, faunistic, life history, environmental change, variables
Abstract: A first step in the study of aquatic insects is to know how to obtain them. In this chapter we will view techniques for collecting and for sampling these organisms in lakes, streams, and rivers. We distinguish collecting from sampling (although the first activity is involved in the second) as follows:Collecting (as a qualitative procedure) is the process of obtaining specimens of insects from aquatic habitats; these specimens may be used for a variety of purposes ranging from taxonomic, faunistic, or life history studies to assessments of water quality. Sampling (as a quantitative procedure) is the systematic standardized collection of specimens of aquatic insects for use in population or community studies, these calculations being made of the number or biomass of specimens in one or more taxa captured in a given size of area or volume or within a given period of time; sampling methods are not generally used for economic or broad-area studies but they are often used for life history investigations and other ecological studies of aquatic insects, and for assessments of water quality. The purpose of collecting aquatic insects is to provide specimens; the purpose of sampling is to provide numerical estimates, which are then often used for comparisons among habitats and sites. What questions can sampling answer? Sampling can be used, among other things; to detect environmental change over space or time; to make comparisons with pre-established standards; and to determine relationships between variables such as population size or community structure. Most often the questions that sampling can answer will fall into one to two types: (1) What are estimates of potential variables interest (such as the population density of aquatic insects) at one site? (2) What would a comparison of aquatic insect populations and /or communities among different sites or at one site among different times indicate? Before any sampling or collecitons begin, however, it is important that the reason for sampling or collecting should be stated explicitly. As we will explain below, the reason for collecting or sampling aquatic insects in a particular situtation will greatly influence how that sampling or collecting is to be done.
Location: 241
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ID: 52292
Title: General morphology of aquatic insects
Author: Kenneth W Cummins, Richard W Merritt, John C Morse
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 52291
Title: Introduction
Author: John C Morse, Yang Lianfang, Tian Lixin
Editor: John C Morse, Yang Liangang and Tian Lixin
Year: 1994
Publisher: Hohai University Press, 1994, 1st Edition
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 52290
Title: Analytic hierarchy process as multi criteria decision making for urban environmental impact assessment
Author: Anshu Gupta, Alok Choudhry and Vivek Dey
Editor: P K Bhattacharya
Year: 2009
Publisher: TERI, Vol 8, No 3, September 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: TIDEE- TERI Information Digest on Energy and Environment
Keywords: UEQE (urban environmental quality evaluation), Fuzzy Set Theory
Abstract: Urban environmental planning is the major channel to control the human activities from polluting the environment. The UEQE (urban environmental quality evaluation) is prerequistic of proper urban planning. Fuzzy Set Theory has been used as an aid to urban planning. In this research work environmental as well as physical environmental components has been considered to evaluate the urban environmental quality. Due to fuzzy uncertainty and spatial characteristic of environmental phenomenon, the integration of fuzzy set theory and geographic information system is used in UEQE of study area, Bhopal (Bhopal Municipal Corporation limits). Analytical hierarchy process has been used to find out the weights of criteria by pair wise comparison matrix. Fuzzy overlay is carried out by using fuzzy inference network (fuzzy operators) to coalesce criterion maps.
Location: 231
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ID: 52289
Title: Crustal architecture during the early mesoproterozoic hiltaba-related mineralisation event:Are the Gawler Range Volcanics a foreland basin fill?
Author: Martin P Hand, Anthony J Reid, Michael A Szpunar, Nick Direen, Ben Wade, Justin Payne and Karin M Barovich
Editor: Jacque Hibburt
Year: 2009
Publisher: MER Publishing Services, Vol 53, June 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: MESA Journal
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 52288
Title: Monazite chemical dating via electron probe microanalysis
Author: Rian A Dutch
Editor: Jacque Hibburt
Year: 2008
Publisher: MER Publishing Services, Vol 51, December 2008
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: MESA Journal
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 52287
Title: Definition of the cultana subsuite: a high level felsic Hiltaba suite age intrusion in the eastern Gawler craton
Author: Stacey O McAvaney
Editor: Jacque Hibburt
Year: 2009
Publisher: MER Publishing Services, Vol 53, June 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: MESA Journal
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 52286
Title: South Australian resources & energy investment conference and technical forum
Author: None
Editor: Jacque Hibburt
Year: 2009
Publisher: MER Publishing Services, Vol 53, June 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: MESA Journal
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
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ID: 52285
Title: The mulgathing and sleaford complexes of the Gawler Craton: a historical perspective of the geology and mineral potential
Author: Anthony J Reid and Sue J Daly
Editor: Jacque Hibburt
Year: 2009
Publisher: MER Publishing Services, Vol 52, March 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: MESA Journal
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
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ID: 52284
Title: Bacterial xylanases
Author: S.Gnana Soundari and V.Sashi
Editor: P.K Wong, R.K. Trivedy, Sadhana Sharma
Year: 2009
Publisher: Global Science Publications, India, Vol 11, No 3, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Xylanase, agricultural residues, application of xylanase
Abstract: Xylanase represents one of the largest groups of industrial enzymes, mainly used in the pulp and paper industries. Thermostable xylanases works at high temperature favours wide range of industrial applications. Xylanases are produced by microorganisms using xylan as a carbon source. The xylans are rich in agricultural residues, making use of such residues as a xylan source will minimize the cost of xylanase production. In this review the source microorganisms and properties of bacterial xylanases are discussed.
Location: 241
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ID: 52283
Title: Evaluation of Brucella indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in comparison with conventional serological tests in pyrexia of unknown origin cases
Author: Annapurna S. Agasthya, Srikrishna Isloor and K. Prabhudas
Editor: P.K Wong, R.K. Trivedy, Sadhana Sharma
Year: 2009
Publisher: Global Science Publications, India, Vol 11, No 3, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Brucellosis, Karnataka (India), Indirect ELISA, Zoonosis, sero-prevalence
Abstract: Brucellosis is not an uncommon disease among patients presenting with Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) in India. The present study was done at Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore (India) to interpret the sero-prevalence of brucellosis among Pyrexia of Unknown Origin cases in different parts of Karnataka State (India). Serum samples collected from 1500 patients with a history of chronic fever were subjected to serological tests like Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test (RBPT), Standard Tube Aggllutination Test (STAT) and an indigenously standardized indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i ELISA) by using smooth lipopolysaccharide antigen of Brucella abortus 99. Out of 1500 PUO cases, 204 samples were tested positive for brucellosis. Disease prevalence was 12% in males while 1.6% was in females. The overall prevalence recorded was 13.6%. The disease prevalence was 9.27% in South Karnataka and 4.33% in North Karnataka respectively. The present study showed that brucellosis could be considered an important cause of PUO in India. Indirect ELISA was found to be more sensitive than the conventional RBPT and STAT. The detection of antibodies against Brucella by the indirect ELISA would be of help in detection and treatment of patients in time.
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