ID: 54321
Title: Reduction of COD and BOD from textile wastewater using activated charcoal
Author: R T Vashi, B N Oza and Himanshu Patel
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: COD, BOD, activated charcoal, dyeing mill wastewater, adsorption
Abstract: The textile industry, one of the essential and largest sectors, require fresh water and generates a substantial quantity of effluents containing mineral salts and dyes, both concentrated. To address this problem, the present study deals with the removal of COD and BOD from textile wastewater by activated charcoal. The various adsorbent dosage, contact duration and temperature effects have been studied in this investigation in order to remove COD and BOD. Adsorption isothermal data could be interpreted by the Langmuir and Freundlich equation. The maximum COD and BOD reduction was found to be 97.6% and 93.7% respectively.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54320
Title: Zooplankton diversity in Vallarpadam, India: Influence of hydrochemistry, season and semi diel cycle
Author: J Jean Jose, P Udayakumar, A Chandran, K Narendra Babu and V S Sudhanandh
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Zooplankton diversity, hydrochemistry, correlation, cluster analysis, Vallarpadam
Abstract: Statistical analysis of data concerning the zooplankton standing crop influenced by the hydrochemical characters and season over semi diel cycle were presented. A dendrogram for hierarchical classification of multivariate cluster analysis showed a succession of two clusters. Copepod varieties form a single cluster apart from the other zooplankton group indicated a positive correlation expressed by a low distance cluster scale combination. The chemical factors, especially salinity and nutrient composition, showed significant correlation sustaining the zooplankton standing crop.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54319
Title: Municipal Solid Waste and the Plant Diversity on Landfill site of Doon Valley
Author: Seema Manwal and S P Joshi
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Phytoremediation, solid waste, Nagar Nigam, landfill, MSW
Abstract: Solid waste generation and its disposal to safer sites are posing a threat to environment and human existence. Due to poor solid waste management practices, problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation are unavoidable. In the current paper we have tried to assess the total Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in Doon Valley and its disposa to landfill site along with the plant species that grow on this sites. A total of 116 plant species were recorded growing in landfill site. They included two tree species, four shrub species and remaining herb species. These included many invasive species like Lantana camara, Eupatorium adenophorum, Ageratum conyzoides and Parthenium hysterophorus. The plants are best source to remediate the solid wastes and this technique is phytoremediation. However, it is a slow process but certainly cost effective.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54318
Title: Biosorption of Cr(VI) by metal resistant bacteria from Industrial effluent
Author: Ronak Shetty and Shalini Rajkumar
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Biosorption, desorption, chromium, immobilization
Abstract: Chromium biosorption was found to be influenced by the pH of the solution, initial metal concentration, amount of the dried powdered cells and contact time. Batch biosorption of chromium(VI) from an aqueous solution was studied using dry biomass of inactivated bacteria isolated from the industrial effluent. At the initial metal ion concentration of 50 mg L-1 the Cr(VI) adsorbed was 7.14 mg g-1 of adsorbent. At 300 mg L-1 initial Cr(VI) concentration, removal of 47.02 mg g-1 of Cr(VI) was recorded. The Cr(VI) adsorbed increased with increasing initial metal ion concentration up to 300 mg L-1. Optimum biosorption was recorded at pH 3. At all the concentrations, the adsorption equilibrium was obtained within 6 h. The adsorption equilibrium constants were obtained from both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The organism could remove 60 mg of Cr(VI) per gram of adsorbent from an effluent (300 mgL-1) at pH 3. Several desorping agents like EDTA, oxalic acid, citric acid etc. were used for desorption process of which citric acid was found to be better desorping agent. Immobilization with alginate preparation was found to maintain the biosorpion potential.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54317
Title: Control of terrain parameters on glacier shrinkage pattern in Pin Parbati Valley, Himachal Himalaya, India
Author: Sarfaraz Ahmad and Zahoor Ul Islam
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Terrain parameters, profile curvature, PCA, glacier shrinkage, Pin Parbati valley, Himachal Himalayas
Abstract: The PCA (Principal Component Analysis) technique is used in evaluating the relationship between terrain parameters and old and new glacier surface area. The results indicate that the profile curvature shows a clear relationship with new glacier surface area development, whereas it does not show any relationship with the old glaciers surface area. It indicates that the new glaciers are being controlled by the terrain characteristics whereas the terrain characteristics have less control on the older glaciers surface. The correlation matrix between terrain characterics of old and new glacier surface area also conforms to the results of principal component analysis.
The present study also shows a clear trend in glacier shrinkage between 1963 and 2001 in the Pin Parbati valley in Himachal Himalayas, India. Temporal change in glacier area indicates overall loss of 27% for the period 1963-2001. The shrinkage of glacier varies with glacier size. The smaller glaciers show maximum shrinkage in comparison to the larger glaciers.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54316
Title: Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of respirable particulate-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hisar city (India) and their potential health-risks
Author: A K Haritash and C P Kaushik
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: PAHs, RSPM, carcinogenicity, health-risk
Abstract: A group of nine PAHs was detected using HPLC in commercial, industrial and residential areas of Hisar city and their health effects were discussed. PAHs have detrimental biological effects, including acute and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. An average of tota PAHs in commercial, industrial and residential areas was found to be 1798.52, 2196.81 ?g/g, respectively. For seasonal changes, maximum variations were observed in monsoon followed by post-monsoon season, summer, autumn, and least in winter. Among the nine PAHs analysed, benzo(k) fluoranthene exhibited maximum concentration throughout the period of study. Significantly high variation was observed for benzol [b] fluoranthene followed by benzo(k) fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene. Benzo[ghi]perylene > anthracene > fluoranthene > phenanthrene > naphthalene represented significantly low variations. Large PAHs were predominantly present and they represented large variations of concentration during the study. The presence of other air pollutants can affect the residence time of PAHs in air and the atmospheric chemical lifetimes of particle-bound PAH with respect to thermal reactions tend to be longer than those of gas-phase PAH.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54315
Title: Elemental and spectroscopic analysis of Organic matter transformation during forced aeration of In-vessel composting
Author: T E Kanchanabhan, J Abbas Mohaideen, Ganesh Kumar, B Sairam and Lavanya
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: C/N ratio, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), SEM observation
Abstract: This work examines the spectral, elemental and SEM images of compost from different blends obtained from food waste. Four composting bins, each of 100 L capacity, were installed with holes at various depths for probes and leachate collection system. The bins (length 50 cm, width 40 cm, height 50 cm) were placed horizontally with a slight inclination to permit the collection of leachate. The blends were prepared from food waste, cow dung and saw dust as bulking agent. The evaluation studies included the operational indices such as temperature, pH, moisture content, compost maturity indices like carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio, sulphur, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. SEM images revealed a reduction in the easily assimilated peptide and carbohydrate components. The germination index for tomato seed was above 60% after dark room studies, showing that the final compost was not phytotoxic.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54314
Title: Geochemical modelling of ground water by cluster analysis in Hard rock area of Kadiri Schist Belt, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh (India)
Author: K S S Prasad, D Parameswara and N B Y Reddy
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Groundwater, modelling, hard rock, cluster analysis
Abstract: An assessment of the quality of ground water for the Kadiri Schist belt of Anantapur district has been carried out with an objective to determine the hydrochemcial variability. A total of 41 representative samples from different geological formations were collected in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for the major chemical constituents, viz. Ca, Mg, Na, K , CO3, HCO3, SO4, Cl, F, pH and EC. Cluster analysis, a multivariate statistical tool, has been used in the study as qualitative means for differentiating ground waters into distinctive types. Based on hydrochemistry, chemical variability deciphered from cluster analysis suggests three distinct types of ground waters, viz. mixed type (Si-Ec-Ca-Cl-SO4-Mg or Ca-Cl-EC-Si-Mg) and Na-HCO3 type in both pre-and post-monsoon, whereas in post-monsoon in addition to these two types one more type has been formed in the form of SO4. Sulphate type occurs only in the post-monsoon season due to the use of excessive sulfate fertilizers to improve the yield of the crops. Ground water of the study area is (except fluorine) within the permissible limits for domestic and irrigation purposes.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54313
Title: Assessment of Groundwater pollution near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Author: Gunjan Bhalla, Arvind Kumar and Ajay Bansal
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Leachate, landfill, municipal solid waste, groundwater pollution
Abstract: The leachate produced by waste disposal sites contains a large amount of contaminants which are likely to pollute ground water. The impact of such sites upon ground water can be judged by monitoring the concentration of potential contaminants at a number of specific monitoring points. In this study, the quality of ground water around a municipal solid waste dumping site was investigated. It is clearly evident from the ground water monitoring that the leachate generated from the landfill site is affecting the groundwater quality in the adjacent areas through percolation in the subsoil and with the passage of time the concentration of most of the parameters were found to be increased. Thus the study revealed that the ground water in and around the landfill site should not be used for drinking purpose unless it meets specific standards. Indiscriminate dumping of wastes in developed areas without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54312
Title: Determination of Chironomus javanus behaviour using Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor (MFB)
Author: A K Ahmad, Sharifah Mohammad Sharif and M Shuhaimi-Othman
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Chironomid, behaviour signal, multispecies freshwater biomonitor, biomonitoring, biological indicator
Abstract: Study on Chironomus riparius behaviour in laboratory conditions was undertaken using Multispecies Freshwater Bioindicator (MFB). Chironomus larvae were collected from permanent culture tank and placed in MFB chamber. One individual C. javanus was placed in the chamber and the test repeated three times. Three different conditions were tested for C. javanus behaviour i.e., C. javanus free swimming in chamber, C. javanus placed in the modified case inserted in the chamber and C. javanus in its tube placed in the modified case. Locomotion, ventilation and inactivity were measured for chosen period. Result indicates that the signal produced in FFT and long-term modes did much differ between each tests and one-way ANOVA confirmed that no significant different was recorded (p>0.05). However, C. javanus from third condition test (in tube and case) exhibited more constant and regular pattern in short-term signal (amplitude signal). The signal produced from third condition test exhibited more regular locomotion, ventilation inactivity patterns. The one-way ANOVA test indicated that data from third condition test were significantly different form the first and second test condition.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54311
Title: Urbanization and changing air quality in Delhi- A comparative analysis and strategy for its better management
Author: Ghuncha Firdaus
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Delhi, pollution, urbanization, CPCB, particulate pollutants
Abstract: Air pollution, a demon created by mankind, can lead to consequences lasting from hours to decades. It has become a serious and growing problem in rapidly expanding cities of India where unprecedented and unplanned urbanization accompanied by rapid vehicular growht are among the major factors that exacerbate air quality. Delhi, the capital city of India, is facing an uphill task to provide clean air to its citizens. The present study analyzes the data of particulate pollutants (i.e. SPM, RSPM or PM10) concentration over the 17 years to assess the changing ambient air quality of the study area. The relationship between outdoor and indoor pollution levels was evaluated based on primary data collected from 1583 households of respective areas. On the bases of both primary and secondary sources of data, it can be summarized that the air quality in the study area has been deteriorating day by day and despite the implementation of different clean fuel policies, the pollutants were well above the stantard limit set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Use of indigenous plants as pollutants absorber was suggested to mitigate and manage this problem in the sustainable urban development perspectives. It is also recommended that more efforts should be made to understand the dynamics of urban environmental problems.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54310
Title: Willingness to pay for water quality improvement: A study of Powai lake in India
Author: Vijaya Gupta and Mythili G
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Non-market valuation, Powai Lake, CVM, water quality
Abstract: The Powai Lake in Mumbai, India, spreading over 2.10 square kilometers, is in the heart of the most crowded India ' s premier metropolis. It consits of rich ecosystem of considerable value and interest, supporting wide variety of flora and fauna and a habitat for wild variety of aquatic animals. Now, it is increasingly being impacted by human activities, resulting in choking off the shoreline, and deteriorating water quality. In this context it is important to understand how to effectively protect the present status and to improve the water quality of the lake. Benefits of improvements as perceived by the users serves as a critical input for devising policy instrument based on economic prinicples. This paper attempts valuing improvement in water quality through ' Contingent Valuation Method ' (CVM). Then the paper analyses the factors determining the WTP by the users for improvement in water quality using regression tool. A survey was conducted of about 300 samples, living in approximately five kilometers radius of the lake. The survey was done in two rounds, one in 2005 and another in 2007 to determine the changes that occur over time in terms of quality as well as perception of the users regarding the benefits of the lake. The results indicate that the average WTP have increased from 2005 to 2007 after adjusting for general price increase. Income, occupation and uses of the lake are the important attributes explaining WTP. On the average, salaried class is willing to pay 30% more according to 2007 survey. The repondents attach more values to the aesthetic benefits. The results are useful in desinging policies based on market-based instruments such as charges or taxes for the purpose of improving the lake quality.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54309
Title: Mitigation of arsenic by water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) plant
Author: M T Iqbal
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Groundwater, WHO guideline, clay container, calorimetric test
Abstract: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) plant removes arsenic remarkably both from artificial arsenic solution and naturally aresenic contaminated ground water. Two clay containers (locally known as "Chari"), one with water hyacinth plant in distilled water as a control and another with water hyacinth plant is artificial arsenic solution (0.3 mg/l) was used to set up the experiment. The arsenic concentration of the water was tested over multiple trials using a Hach colorimetric test kit. It was observed that water hyacinth reduced arsenic level from 0.3 mg/l to 0.01mg/l for one trial, 0.05 mg/l for two trials and lost all ability to remove arsenic after five trials. Again, water hyacinth plant was placed in a clay container in which naturally arsenic contaminated (0.8 mg/l) ground water was used for a period of one month. Sampling was conducted in every two successive days. Rate of arsenic extraction through water hyacinth plant was higher in first two weeks and after that it seems to be constant. All laboratory tests were performed by SDDC method to determine arsenic content in root, bladder and leaves of hyacinth plant. About 40-50% arsenic was removed through water hyacinth from arsenic contaminated ground water. Roots, bladders and leaves of hyacinth plant absorbed most of the removed aresenic.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54308
Title: Sustaining the In-stream flow of rivers: Comparatve case study of Germany and Bangladesh
Author: Syed Abu Shoaib, Rolf Baur, Nahid Sultana, M Aminul Haque and Md Jahid Hossain
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: In-stream flow, transboundary, legal instruments, management
Abstract: Life of the river sustains on its flow. River systems provide many beneficial values and services, including flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, navigation, water supplies, pollution attenuation, nutrient transport and recycling, biological productivity, aesthetic values, and recreational opportunities such as fishing, boating, swimming and wildlife viewing. In-stream flow is necessary to sustain these and other utilitarian and intrinsic values. For Bangladesh being located downstream of many rivers, it is very important to care about the quantity and chemical as well as ecological quality of its river water. Germany ' s river Elbe originates in Czech Republic, thus the situation is comparable to the transboundary water problems Bangladesh faces. The comparative analysis of water framework directives and policy, plan of Germany and Bangladesh on maintaining the in-stream flow of rivers (Surma and Teesta rivers of Bangladesh and Elbe river of Germany) is the main focus of this paper. The study puts forward key information and recommendations to maintain the in-stream flow of river.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54307
Title: Precise georefrencing of long strips of ALOS imagery
Author: C S Fraser and M Ravanbakhsh
Editor: Russell G Congalton
Year: 2011
Publisher: ASPRS, Vol 77, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
Keywords: High-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI), ground control points (GCPs), RPCs, ALOS PRSIM
Abstract: The main obstacle to achieving high precision in georeferencing from high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) remains the need for provision of good quality ground control points (GCPs), whether the GCPs are used to remove biases in RPC triangulation or to support physical sensor orientation models. The provision of GCPs can be very costly and is often not feasible in remote regions, the very areas where mapping from satellite imagery shows significant potential. In order to drastically reduce the number of GCPs required for georeferencing from HRSI, a generic sesor orientation model incorporating strip adjustment capacity has been adopted. Under this approach, the metadata for each separate scene is merged to produce a single, continuous set of orbit and attitude parameters, such that the entire strip of tens of images can be treated as a single image. The merging of orbit data results in a considerable reduction in both the number of unknown parameters and the number of required GCPs in the sensor orientation. RPCs are then generated from the adjusted orientation data for each image forming the strip or block. Application of the method to very long strips of ALOS PRSIM imagery is reported in this paper. The results of experimental testing indicate that one-pixel level accuracy can be achieved over strip lengths of more than 50 ALOS images, or 1,500km, with as few as four GCPs.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None