ID: 54336
Title: Combinational system for the treatment of textile waste water: A future perspective
Author: Ketaki Chaudhari, Vaidehi Bhatt, Arpit Bhargava and Sriram Seshadri
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Bagasse based adsorption, Fenton treatment, biodegradation, combinational method, reactive black 5
Abstract: In recent times, control of pollution has been a major concern. Textile dyes which are important organic compounds are also significant industrial pollutants. Textile dyes are commonly xenobiotic in nature and are not degraded easily by biological systems. Currently the treatment of textile waste water for remediation of recalcitrant dyes is based on either physical, chemical and biological treatment. Each process has its own advantages as well as disadvantages and therefore various combinations have been tried to achieve efficient, eco-friendly and economic treatment of textile waste water. The present review is an attempt to summarise the three treatments and the possible combination in use. We have also proposed alternatives comprising of adsorption, chemical oxidation and biodegradation process. The proposed combination system involves use of pre treated sugarcane bagasse for adsorption of dyes followed by treatment of dyes with Fenton reagent for chemical oxidation which can then be easily biodegraded with suitable micro organisms under aerobic conditions.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54335
Title: Application of WQI technique for the classification of water quality: Mahanadi river-estuarine system, India -A Case Study
Author: Sanjay Kumar Sundaray, Binod Bihari Nayak and Dinabandhu Bhatta
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: WQI, drinking, irrigation, aquatic lives, Mahanadi river, India
Abstract: Water Quality Index (WQI) plays an important role in interpreting the information on water quality trends of a water body and was used to denote degradation of river water quality. WQI technique was applied for the classification of Mahanadi river-estuarine waters with respect to three major use purposes. WQI representing importance of the variables was studied with respect to suitability of river water for drinking, aquatic lives and irrigation purposes for 31 different stations of the river during six different seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon during 2001-02 and 2001-03). In the formulation of a WQI, the importance of various parameters (pH, EC (electrical conductance), DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), TDS (total dissoved solids), turbidity, SO4, chloride, nitrate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity and hardness) depends on the intend use of water. The results of different WQI produce similar trend but different index values as well as some different remarks. The present study reveals that the water quality of Atherbanki creek irrespective of seasons, is quite unsuitable for all the three purposes, which may be due to the combined impact of municipal effluent from Paradip township, industrial effluents from industries like PPL and also saline influence. The application of a WQI to the Mahanadi river allows a water quality classification both spatial and temporally, that is reproducible within the river by means of uniform, objective criteria. Such an approach permits the identification of stretches of river that may require urgent measures in order to restore minimal water quality uses for different purposes, and can be applied beyond the Mahanadi river.
From the present observation, it can be concluded that three major townships (Sambalpur, Cuttack and Paradip) in the basin produce negative impact on the Mahanadi river water quality, particularly serious after the city sewage discharge. Effective pollution control measures must be taken in the near future.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54334
Title: Assessment of seasonal variation in surface water quality of Savitri River by using multivariate statistical techniques
Author: P B Lokhande and H A Mujawar
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, water quality index
Abstract: An attempt was made to study the physico-chemical parameters of Savitri river water using multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. In this study, data of 26 water quality parameters for six sampling locations were analyzed during monsoon, winter and summer season of June, 2004 to May, 2007. Scree plots for the eigenvalues obtained in this study shows pronounced seasonal change in slope. Water Quality Index (WQI) values were found to be increasing during the seasons and indicate the deterioration of water quality in summer season. Cluster analysis demonstrates that the surface water character changes significantly with seasons.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54333
Title: Temporal effects of Municipal sewage on the surface water quality (cations and anions) of the Buckingham Canal at Kalpakkam (India)
Author: A Yudhistra Kumar and M Vikram Reddy
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Activated sludge treatment, up-stream and down-stram of canal, water quality parameters, cluster analysis
Abstract: Temporal effects of treated and untreated municipal sewage on the cations-calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), hardness, Sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and anions - chlorides (Cl-), bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO32-)and alkalinity of surface water of the Buckingham canal were monitored across different seasons during pre monsoon 2005 to post-monsoon -2006 at Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) located on the east cost of Indian Peninsula. The concentrations of each of the cations and anions were higher in the untreated sewage input zone than that of the treated sewage imput zone, and at the downstream higher than that of the upstream of the outfall points of both the untreated as well as treated sewage, of the canal. These parameters except K and alkalinity were higher in concentrations during summer while all the cations and the anions were lower during monsoon. The concentrations of K and alkalinity were higher during winter. Cluster analysis based on the similarities of the cations and anions applied to the six sampling points of the canal, grouped them into two clusters, one showing higher pollution level and the other lower pollution levels of water.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54332
Title: Monetizing the environmental welfare impact of deforestation in Ogun State, Nigeria: The contingent valuation approach
Author: L O Okojie and J A Akinwumi
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Willingness to pay, bid, rainforest protection, environmental service functions, agro forestry
Abstract: This paper investigates the economic valuation of alternative uses of rainforest land using the contigent valuation approach. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the collection of the 260 respondents in the data from the four Ogun State Agricultural Development zones used for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the dichotomous-choice contingent valuation method that terminated into the logit model. Food crop cultivation accounted for 66.4% of deforestation. The households yearly willingness to pay/hectare (WTP/ha) for rainforest protection was N16, 186.76. This translated to NO.60 billion for the average 36,817.62 hectares/year deforested for food crop cultivation. The key determinants of the likelihood to pay for rainforest protection were the bid, rainforest visitation, and immigrant status that had the coefficient of -0.0074, -0.11 and -0.71, and were significant (p<0.01) for bid and (p<0.05) for the others. In addition were the income, educational status and food crop producer status that had the coefficients of 0.13, 0.0063 and 0.00012 and were significant (p<0.01). Lower cost of rainforest protection as indicated by the WTP would lead to further deforestation and the consequent environmental impacts for a long time. There is therefore the urgent need for environmental sensitization through education to arrest deforestation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54331
Title: A novel eco-friendly biomaterial Ficus religiosa leaf powder (FRLP) for the removal of Ni (II) ion from water bodies
Author: Pritee Goyal, Soami Piara and Shalini Srivastava
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Biosorption, nickel, Ficus religiosa, agricultural waste, regeneration
Abstract: The study explores the efficacy of Ficus religiosa leaf powder (FRLP) as an effective adsorbent for the abatement of Nickel (73.89%) from water bodies. Morphological changes observed in the scanning electron micrograph of treated biomass confirmed the phenomenon of biosorption and data of metal ion fitted well in Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer sorption. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrometry analysis indicated that amino acid-metal interaction appears to be responsible for the metal binding. Desorption studied showed that the ease of metal ion recovery from metal-loaded biomass by the different eluents is of the order Nitric acid (0.05 M) > Citric acid (0.5 M) > Sodium hydroxide (0.05 M) > distilled water. The sorption capacity of regenerated biomass remained almost constant up to three cycles of sorption process. The successful application of this easily abundant agricultural waste FRLP, as a biosorbent has potential for a low technological pretreatment step, prior to economically non-viable high-tech chemical treatments for the removal of Ni (II) from water bodies.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54330
Title: Modelling of fixed bed column adsorption of cationic surfactant on silica gel
Author: Suman Koner and Asok Adak
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Silica gel, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, adsorption, column study, break thorugh curve
Abstract: The adsorption of cationic surfactant (CS) on silica gel in a continuous flow type packed bed reactor was studied in detail. The column having 2.5 cm internal diameter, with different bed depth such as 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm were used. The initial CS concentration was 2000 mg/l and the flow rate through the packed bed was 10 ml/min. The data generated from column study was analysed using bed depth service time (BDST) model. Different column design parameters like depth of exchange zone, time required for exchange zone to move its own height, adsorption rate, adsorption capacity, etc. were calculated. The adsorption rate constant (K) and adsorption capacity (N0) were found to be 0.00122 l/mg-h and 32, 330 mg/l respectively. Effect of flow rate and initial concentration were also studied. Desorption of CS from the silica gel surface was possible using 18% HCl.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54329
Title: GIS mapping of correlation between arsenic and iron concentration of ground water of Bangladesh
Author: Fahim Nawroz Tonmoy, Md. Mafizur Rahman and Hidetoshi Kitawaki
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: GIS mapping, correlation, arsenic, iron, contamination
Abstract: High iron concentration in the groundwater of Bangladesh was observed long ago. Existence of high arsenic concentration was observed in early 1990s. Determining iron concentration is cheaper and some indigenous methods are applied locally for such a purpose. Determining concentration of arsenic is more expensive and a relatively new issue even though the measurement is very important from monitoring point. The correlation between these two will ensure the possibility of simple and cheaper option for monitoring arsenic concentration from that of the iron concentration. This made the correlation analysis between arsenic and iron concentration of ground water more rational. In this study, data of 4367 wells were categorized for analysis as per geographic location in 61 administrative districts of Bangladesh. Results were compared with the results of analysis performed without categorizing data as per geographic locations. It is evident from the study that correlation between arsenic and iron concentration of ground water is not constant nationwide, rather it is a zonal phenomenon. Geographic Information System (GIS) maps were produced with the correlation analysis data which represents the correlation status of each individual district of Bangladesh. Outcome of this study reveals that a zone or belt of a region can be observed within a band of similar correlation coefficient. From the analysis and produced GIS (Geographic Information System) maps it was observed that 50.4% districts of Bangladesh showed correlation coefficient in excess of 0.4 and 37% districts show correlation coefficient in excess of 0.5. In the eastern part of Bangladesh a belt of very low correlation was observed. The produced GIS maps and the study results enable to predict tentatively or statistically the arsenic concentration of a well by only knowing the iron concentration of the same well. This will help in reducing the need and thus cost for frequent measurement of arsenic in many areas where high correlation of the two is observed and reported.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54328
Title: Effect of EDTA, phsophate, pH and metal species on cadmium and nickel uptake by aquatic macrophyte Spirodela polyrhiza
Author: Antaryami Singh, P Malodia, M Kachhawaha, N Ansari, S K Jain and P K Khatri
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Cadmium, nickel, Spirodela, EDTA, phosphate, uptake
Abstract: The phytoremediation potential of an aquatic macrophyte, Spirodela polyrhiza for cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) removal was studied. Effect of different concentrations (1-10 mg/L) of Cd and Ni on multiplication rate and photosynthetic pigments were determined to evaluate the tolerance of the plants and the toxicity of Cd and Ni. Presence of EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) exerted a remarkable inhibition on the uptake of both Cd and Ni by the plants. Phosphate in the medium was found to favour the growth of the plants. However, the uptake Cd and Ni by the plant decreased significantly on the addition of phosphate. Spirodela exhibited a pH dependent phenomenon of metal accumulation. As compared to uptake at pH 7, Cd and Ni uptake was increased by 29% and 60% at pH 5. However, decline in Cd and Ni uptake was observed at alkaline pH 9 and pH 11. Accumulation of Cd and Ni by plants in the presence of single metal and combination of metal species (Cd+Ni+Zn+Cu) at different concentrations was evaluated. In the presence of other metal species, Cd and Ni uptake was reduced by 21-35% and 21-27%, respectively, as compared to plants exposed to Cd or Ni singly.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54327
Title: Water quality aspects of temporary water body in Palakkad district, Kerala
Author: K Nirmala, V B Pratheesh and C H Sujatha
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Water quality, temporary water body, pond water, correlation coefficient
Abstract: Contamination of drinking water mainly through anthropogenic activities has become a major challenge to the environmentalist in the developing countries. Solid wastes from industrial units is being dumped without any proper treatment near the factories, which is subjected to reaction with percolating rain water and reaching the ground water level. The soft drink bevarage factory in Plachimada meets their water requirement by the tapping ground water and due to this ground water has undergone drastic fluctuations. Despite the fact that several studies have been conducted taking Plachimada and Perumatty panchayath as focal points, little attention has been has been given to the nearby Pattenchery area and Pudussery Panchayath. Thus, an attempt was contributed to invest the water quality parameters of temporary water bodies, mainly ponds of Pattenchery and Pudussery panchayaths in Palakkad district, Kerala. The physico-chemical parameters of eight ponds in the two stations were studied and its correlation pattern was recorded. Standard deviation and confidence limit of each parameter were also evaluated.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54326
Title: Modelling of heavy metal mobility in Delhi soils before and after remediation with green amendment rock phosphate using sequential extraction, TCLP and PBET
Author: Mamta Chhabra Sharma, Reena Saxena, Sandeep K Sharma and Suniti Singh
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Heavy metals, mobility, speciation, sequential extraction, fractionation, bioavailability, soil, PBET, TCLP, immobilization
Abstract: The particular behaviour and fate of trace metals like lead (Pb) are governed by a range of different physico-chemical processes and thereby the resulting different physico-chemical forms rather than by its total concentration. These dictate its availability and mobility in the soil or sediment system. In the solution phase, the chemical form of a lead determines the biological availability and chemical reactivity (sorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution) towards other components of the system. Sequential methods primarily are intended to understand the particular environmental behaviour of lead, present in a variety of forms and in a variety of matrices. After applying cost effective green remediation technique of chemical immobilization by phosphate amendment the mobility factor of lead reduced considerably. This has been inferred from the sequential extraction studies as the lead has moved from the exchangeable sites to the residential sites. The results have been further confirmed by PBET and TCLP studies.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54325
Title: Optimal conversion of solar energy of statically mounted systems in India
Author: Anand M Sharan
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Alternative energy, efficiency, solar energy conversion, photovoltaic systems, India
Abstract: In this paper, the optimum energy conversion conditions of stationary panels are calculated at different latitudes for 180 days of a year to cover various angular orientation of sun ' s rays on the earth. On a given day, the incident energy flux of the sun is resolved into three components, and the conversion efficiency is based on the flux normal to the panels. The efficiency of conversion is measured with respect to a solar tracking process. The number of days in a given year are divided into two groups-one between the winter solstice and the spring equinox, and another between the spring equinox and the summer solstice.
The results show that, there exist two maxima, one for each of the two periods. By setting the panels at each of these maxima significant (of the order of 5% over the single optimal setting condition also derived in this work) improvement in energy conversion can be achieved.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54324
Title: Heavy metal translocation in soil near to the effluent discharge channel of Industrial complex, West Bengal, India
Author: Sumanta Nayek, Srimanta Gupta, Rajnarayan Saha and Satarupa Satpati
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Soil contamination, industrial wastewater, concentration factor, pollution load index
Abstract: The present study focuses on the heavy metal translocation and its potential impact on soil contamination near to the industrial effluents discharge channel. Metal concentrations in contaminated soil are considerably higher than background levels and decreases with increasing depth and distance from effluent channel. A significant correlation between heavy metals and soil physical factor was observed in both vertical and lateral direction. The enrichment of heavy metals in vertical direction are Fe>Cr>Mn>Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Ni whereas in lateral direction Fe>Cr>Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cd. Concentration factor (CF) was very high for Fe and Cr compared to other metals. Pollution Load Index (PLI) of soil samples shows highest metal accumulation at surface soil, nearest to wastewater channel. Fe, Cr, Mn and Zn were found to be present in greater amounts in comparison to Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni. The results indicate that heavy metal concentration in surrounding soil is highly influenced by discharge of untreated effluents from sponge iron industries which is expected to increase with time due to geoaccumulation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54323
Title: Mapping of airborne particulates in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Comparisons with Bangkok, Thailand and Phoenix, Arizona
Author: Stephen Vermette, Joel Bernosky and Doug Graber Neufeld
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 2, April 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Phnom Penh, Cambodia, particulates, particle counter, air pollution
Abstract: The city of Phnom Penh is experiencing growth and, with this growth, an increased level of air pollution in the form of airborne particles that are attributed to increased vehicle traffic in the city-vehicular exhaust and re-entrained dust. For this study, airborne particulates were counted and sorted using a six-channel laser particle counter. Initial sample counts were taken at 88 sites within the city of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on days representative of dry season conditions. A subset of 33 sites was re-sampled on a day representative of the wet season. Objectives of this study are to provide a baseline count for airborne particulates in the city of Phnom Penh, and to explore the characteristics of the particulate counts utilizing summary statistics and maps. The median Phnom Penh city-wide fine and coarse particle counts are 1.07 * 108/m3 and 1.36* 106/m3, respectively. While the fine particle count can be attributed to vehicle exhaust, the coarse particle count is attributed to re-entrained road dust and dirt roads. The overall coarse particle count is influenced by a number of hot spots across the city. Selective paving of these hot spots will greatly reduce the level of airborne coarse particulates.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54322
Title: Coastal Sand Dunes- Vegetation structure, diversity and disturbance in Nallavadu village, Puducherry, India
Author: G Poyyamoli, K Padmavathy and N Balachandran
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2011
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, Vol 8, No 1, January 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Coastal sand dunes, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, vegetation structure, diversity
Abstract: Tropical coastal sand dunes (CSD) are exposed to various disturbances, CSD vegetation in South East coast of India was sampled by belt transect and quadrate method at three gradients of disturbance -highly disturbed, moderately disturbed and slightly disturbed. Three clear zones could be identified-Cyperus sps.>Ipomea pescapre>Spinifix litoreus in the fore dune, Ginisekia pharmacoeides> Glinus oppositifolius along with few minor dune species in the mid zone, and Bulbostylis barbata, along with a few dune species in back dune. In moderately disturbed sites species diversity was higher, supporting intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None