ID: 54712
Title: Functioning efficiency of certain textile effluent treatment plants in Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India
Author: K A Nishadh, P Arun Kumar and P A Azeez
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2010
Publisher: EM International, Vol 29 (4), 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Tiruppur, Pollution load, Wet processing units, Effluent treatment plants (ETPs)
Abstract: A systematic study has been carried out to assess the functioning efficiency of 11 individual effluent treatment plants (IETPs) and one common effluent treatment plant (CETP) in textile city of Tiruppur. The ETPs were asked to run for five working days and inlet and outlet effluent sampling was carried out from each ETP during morning and evening of all working days. The effluent samples were analysed for major physicochemical characteristics such as pH, TDS, Total alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, BOD, COD and Sulphate. Pollution load and removal efficiency of each ETPs were calculated from the analysis results. The results of analysis shows that not all units are functioning effectively in removing the pollutant despite their share of pollution load wer eproportionate to the pollution load (TDS) of whole ETPs in Tiruppur. Thus it reflect generalized situation of ETPs in Tiruppur. Therefore, it requires urgent attention from regulatory boards to look on the irregularities prevailing in ETPs of Tiruppur textile industrial cluster.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54711
Title: Environmental degradation resulting from oil and gas exploration and exploitation:The bane of Nigeria ' s Niger delta crisis
Author: Oghenejoboh, Kigho Moses
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2010
Publisher: EM International, Vol 29 (4), 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Environmental pollution, oil and gas, Niger Delta, Gas flaring, ecological changes
Abstract: Crude petroleum currently contributes more than 90% to Nigeria ' s foreign exchange earnings. The exploitation of this natural resource beings co-lateral problems of environmental pollution to the oil producing Niger Delta states. All aspects of the oil producing Niger Delta states. All aspects of the oil production activities degrade the environment in one way or the other. The effects of this degradation to the oil producing communities whose inhabitants are predominantly farmers and fishermen cannot accurately be quantified. Though there are government legislation aimed at protecting the environment, these laws in most cases are not enforced. This provocative attitude of the government and their agents are mostly responsible for the incessant cases of youth restiveness leading to vandalisation of oil installations in the Niger Delta with the attendant demand for financial compensation by the oil producing communities. However, vandalisation, instead of solving the problem of environmental degradation, aggravates it. No matter how much money is paid as compensation in the interim, the fact remains that there is no such thing as oil pollution retoration, because a broken ecosystem cannot be fixed as does a broken bone. In this assessment indical references are made to various studies carried out by the authtor on the environmental degradation associated with the major oil production activities and their impacts on the inhabitants of the oil producing communities.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54710
Title: Low cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater: A review
Author: Daga Kailash, Patel Dharmendra and Vyas Anil
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Natural products, adsorbents, low cost, water, wastewater
Abstract: The adsorption process is being widely used by various researchers for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In recent years the use of various natural products has been widely investigated as a replacement for the currently costly methods of treatment of wastewater. Some of the natural products can be effectively used as a low-cost adsorbent as well as low-cost sorbent. In this review, an extensive list of recent investigations and literature has been compiled to provide information on a wide range of low cost adsorbents and the treatment of wastewater using them.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54709
Title: Effect of mixing time on filler-matrix interactions in polyacrylic acid-epoxidised natural rubber blend and carbon black composites
Author: Mallick A
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Mixing time, dispersion, polymer, matrix, polyacrylic acid
Abstract: It is known that increase in mixing time helps carbon black disperse better in a polymer matrix. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixing time on self-crosslinkable polyacrylic acid (PAA) and epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) blend, filled with HAF carbon black. The constituents were mixed at 1800C in a Brabender Plasticorder. Preliminary investigations show that there exits a critical mixing time, which varies with the filter loading as well as mixer rotor speed.
The best dynamic mechanical and physical properties of the composites were obtained at the critical mixing time. These have been explained on the basis of maximum interaction between the filler particles and the rubber matrix at the critical mixing time due to (i) increase in filler surface area of filler with increase in dispersion and (ii) enhancement of carbon black promoted chemical interaction between PAA and ENR. Further mixing beyond the critical mixing time results in poorere properties of the composites possibly because of mechano-chemical degradation of ENR chains.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54708
Title: Synthesis of N-[5-[(Aminoiminomethyl) amino] pentyl ]-N-[3-[(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)Amino]propyl hexanamide
Author: Walwil Abdalla M
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Synthesis, Fiedel-Crafts acylation, Hexanamides
Abstract: Scheme 1 is the proposed synthesis of the fatty acyl amide N-[5-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-pentyl]-N-[3-[(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)amino]propylhexan-amide or may be named as N-[5-(guanidino-pentyl)-N-[3-[(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)amino]propylhexanamide (1). The starting material 5-amino-pentanol (2) can be converted to 3-(5-Hydroxy-pentylamino) propanenitrile (3) through the conjugate addition of the substrate acrylonitrile. Friedel-Crafts acylation of the secondary amine produces N-(5-Hydorxypentyl)-N-(2-cyanoethyl) hexanamide (4). Reduction of (4) using the lithium aluminum hydride-cobaltous chloride mixture gives N-(5-Hydroxypentyl)-N-(3-aminopropyl) hexanamide (5). Acylation of (5) by 3,3-dimethylacryloyl chloride yields N-(5- Hydroxypentyl)-N-[3-[(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)amino]-propylhexanamide (6). Mesylation of the primary alcohol (6) produces N-(5-Mesyloxypentyl)-N-[3-[(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)amino]propylhexanamide (7) which can be guanidinylated produce (1).
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54707
Title: Removal of Amido Black Dye from aqueous solution by uncalcined and calcined hydrotalcite
Author: Yasin Yamin, Malek Abd Hafiz Abd, Sumari Siti Mariam and Ahmad Faujan B H
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Hydrotalcite, calcined hydrotalcite, adsorption, amido black, adsorption parameters
Abstract: Adsorption of amido black by calcined and uncalcined hydrotalcite was investigated. The influence of contact time, pH of the dye solution and adsorbent dose has been studied. In the light of so called "memory effect", the removal of amido black, an anionic dye from aqueous solution by calcined hydrotalcite was also investigated. The results of adsorption experiments indicate that the percentage removal of amido black increased with increase in contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with the increase in pH of the solution. Calcined hydrotalcite showed better adsorption capacity compared with uncalcined hydrotalcite. The isotherms showed that the adsorption of amido black was well fitted with Langmuir equation. The present study showed that hydrotalcite can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of amido black from aqueous solution. Better percentage removal of amido black performed by calcined hydrotalcite is due to their reconstruction of original layer in aqueous solution with good ion exchangers.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54706
Title: Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of 3-chloro-1-[3,6-diphenyl]-[1,2,4] triazole [3, 4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole)]-4-substituted -aryl-Azetidine-2-ones
Author: Parmar Kokila A, Solanki Dhaval J and Patel Rekha M
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Schiff bases, 2-Azetidinones, cyclo-condensation reaction, facile condensation, Anti microbial activity
Abstract: 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thiol(I) prepared by treating benzoic acid hydrazide successively with CS2, KOH and NH2 NH2 give the nitrogen bridge head fused heterocycles (3) on reacting with N-acetyl-p-amino benzoic acid followed by hydrolysis. It was facile condensation reaction with various substituted aromatic aldehydes yielding Schiff bases/anils/Azomethines (4a-h). These anils on cyclo-condensation reaction with Chloro acetyl chloride yield 2-Azetidinones (5a-h). These compounds were screened for activities against bacterial and fungal strains.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54705
Title: Spectrophotometric determination of Mercury (II) by using Bis-[2, 6-(2 ' -hydroxy-4 ' -sulpho 1 ' -naphthylazo)] pyridine disodium salt (HSNP) and indirect determination of iodide, cyanide, sulphide and thiourea through ligand exchange reactions
Author: Barman Banjit and Barua Sudarsan
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Bis-[2, 6- (2 ' -hydroxy - 4 ' -sulpho -1 ' -naphthylazo)] pyridine disodium salt (HSNP), ligand exchange reaction, iodide, cyanide, sulphide and thiourea
Abstract: Bis-[2,6 -(2 ' -hydroxy -4 ' -sulpho-1 ' -naphthylazo )] pyridine disodium salt (HSNP), a water soluble heterocyclic azo dye has been used for the trace determination of mercury. HSNP complexes with mercury (II) to form a purple coloured, water soluble 1:1 complex with molar extinction coefficient (?) 3.4 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1 at 565 nm in the pH range 8.6-9.75. Beer ' s law is obeyed upto 4.15 ppm of Hg (II). The optimum concentration range for determination of Hg (II) is 0.01 - 0.6 ppm with Sandell ' s sensitivity of 0.0059 ?g Hg(II) cm-2. The Hg (II) - HSNP complex is used in the indirect spectrophotometeric determination of iodide, cyanide nad sulphide ions and thiourea through ligand exchange reactions. Beer ' s law ranges for iodide, cyanide, sulphide and thiourea were 0.0-5.25, 0.0-1.07, 0.0-0.66 and 0.0-1.57 ppm respectively. Using the particular condition adopted for the determination of Hg(II), 0.012-0.759 ppm of iodide, 0.0025-0.155 ppm of cyanide, 0.0015-0.095 ppm of sulphide and 0.0035-0.22 ppm of thiourea could be accurately determined.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54704
Title: Influence of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) on ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete
Author: Reddy Venkateswara V, Ramana N V , Gnaneswar K and Reddy Madhusudana B
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Sodium sulphate, Deionised water, compression, tension, x-ray diffraction
Abstract: This paper presents the effect of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) on concrete produced with OPC concrete. Na2SO4 dosage with 1, 2, 4, 10, 15 and 20 g/lit added in water and the same water is used in concrete mix (M20 & M50). In addition to this control specimens were prepared with de-ionised water for comparison. The compressive and tensile strengths were evaluated for 28th and 90th day. The experimental results show that as Na2SO4 dosage increases, the compressive and tensile strengths decreases. A significant decrease in strength with Na2SO4 solution is observed at 15 g/lit in concrete mix. At this concentration, the X-ray diffraction analysis has been carried out.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54703
Title: Relationships and comparative studies of heavy metals and organic PAH compounds in the soft tissues Perna viridis
Author: Yap C K, Mashinshian M A , Ismail A and Pauzi Zakaria M
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Heavy metals, PAH, mussels, Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract: Previous studies documented the background levels of heavy metals in the soft tissues of Perna viridis from the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia but the relationships and comparative studies of heavy metals and organic PAH compounds in P. viridis have not been documented in the literature. This paper focuses on the differences between the inorganic Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and organic PAH compounds in the P viridis collected from the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. It was found that the behaviors of binding between the two compounds are different since marked different relationships were found between inorganic -lipid and organic-lipid in which organic-lipid is highly related while there are weak and hardly any relationships found between inorganic- lipid since the heavy metals are known to bind to metallothioneins. Although binding behaviors are not similar, the soft tissues of P. viridis are good biomonitoring agent of PAH and Cd, Cu and Pb since marked elevation of both compounds is found at the polluted sites receiving port, industrial and urban effluents.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54702
Title: The use of nonionic and anionic surfactant in the treatment of oily sludge
Author: Guolin Jing, Ming Li, Shaopeng Qin, Xing Lijie and Shulin Li
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Oily sludge, washing method, surfactant, recovered oil, nonionic, anionic
Abstract: Oily sludge, produced mostly in petroleum refineries and petrochemical industries, is one of the major industrial wastes that require treatment. The objective of this work was to recovery oil by washing of oily sludge with Nonionic and anionic surfactant. To compare experimental results, three surfactants were used: sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS), alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10) and ethoxylation alkyl sodium sulfate (Na-AES). The oily sludge is studied in the laboratory and the composition of the oily sludge is analyzed by the weight method, the conditions of crude oil recovered are researched. Washing method can be implemented as a continuous method to reduce the amounts of waste oily sludge while recovering valuable fuel oil.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54701
Title: Adsorption of Crude oil and PAHs by ordinary and modified bentonites
Author: Saeid Gitipour, Nima Heidarzadeh, Mohammad Ali Hosseinpour adn Mostafa Abolfazizadeh
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: XRD analysis, modified clay, crude oil, PAHs
Abstract: Hazardous chemicals are the major cause of soil contamination in the environment. In recent years, to prevent the leaching of pollutants in soils, different stabilization and containment techniques as well as geosynthetic clay liners have been developed in recent years. Organophilic bentonites, due to their large surface areas, negatively charged particles and high adsorption charactertistics have many applications for remediation of contaminated sites. The characteristics mentioned above of modified bentonites have enabled them to adsorb contaminants from solutions or to stabilize them in soils. This study focuses on interlayer changes of bentonite clays due to the adsorption of hydrocarbons (i.e. Crude oil and PAHs). Free swell tests and X-ray diffractin analysis were conducted on the clays. The free swell test results showed that modified bentonites effectively intercalated crude oil into their particles and adsorbed them, hence presenting 410% volume increase when exposed to this compound. Results of X-ray diffraction analysis for modified bentonite samples indicated a 63.15% and 20.22% interlayer increase after their exposure to the crude oil and PAHs respectively while that of ordinary bentonites was relatively insignificant (0.50% and 2.86%). Similar observations were noted for other hydrocarbonic compounds denoting the organophilic properties of modified bentonites.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54700
Title: Adsorption analysis of Cr (VI) by natural polymer tamarind kernel powder (TKP) in aqueous medium
Author: Gupta Vikal and Sharma Manisha
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Adsorbent, TKP, Cr(VI) solutions, batch adsorption process, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH
Abstract: The adsorption technique using tamarind kernel powder has been applied for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous samples. Natural polymer tamarind kernel powder (TKP) has been used as adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous medium. Batch experiments have been carried out for adsorption of Cr(VI) on to TKP. The effects of various parameters influencing the Cr(VI) adsorption such as effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration and initial metal ion concentration have been studied. The data obtained from batch processes have used to fit in Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations. This method is quite feasible, economic and time savings.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54699
Title: Microwave solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of carbamate pesticides in biological tissues
Author: Bhatia Jitesh and Sharma Jaideo
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Microwave solvent extraction, Ultra violet spectrophotometry, carbamate pesticides, calibration curve, correlation coefficient
Abstract: Microwave solvent extraction method was carried out for the extraction of carbamate pesticides namely carbaryl, carbosulfan, methomyl and propoxur for biological tissues. Quantitative dertermination was done by ultra violet spectrophotometry. The calibration curve which is a plot of absorbance values of each carbamate at thier respective absorption maxima (?max) versus the concentration of these pesticides was found linear in the range of 10?g/ml to 100?g/ml with correlation coefficient of more than 0.99 for each carbamate. Recovery of each carbamate from biological tissues was estimated by these calibration curves and mean percentage recoveries were found in the range of 85.14% to 92.76%. The proposed method is simple, speedy, reliable and can be used for routine toxicological analysis.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54698
Title: Rapid detection of powered Antibiotics by surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Tandem Mass spectrometry
Author: Rong Chen, Shi Lilin, Shui-Ping Yang, Jing-Ling Shen-Tu, Wen-Fang Liang, Huan-Wen Chen, Li-Li Zhang and Yan-Fu Huan
Editor: Dr Shankar Gargh
Year: 2010
Publisher: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol 14 (1), March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment
Keywords: Surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, tandem mass spectrometry, powdered sample, antibiotics, rapid detection
Abstract: A homemade surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (SDAPCI) source was coupled to a linear ion trap (LTQ) mass spectrometer for direct detectitton of various active constituents such as amoxicillin, norfloxacin, cefradine in powdered pharmaceutical preparations. In the SDAPCI source, ambient air (relative humidity 60%) was used as a reagent and a corona discharge was employed to generate primary reagent ions (H3O+, for instance), which were then directed to impact the sample surface for desorption and ionization at atmospheric pressure. Under the optimized experimental conditions, photolysis products of norfloxacin were rapidly detected and identified. The detection limit of 8 x 10-13 g/cm2 was achieved in the testing of antibiotics. Single sample analysis was completed within 1 min. The results show that multiple stage SDAPCI mass spectrometry is a useful tool for fast detection of active ingredients and trace impurities in powdered medicines, especially when the DAPCI technique is coupled with portable mass spectrometers.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None