ID: 55237
Title: Effect of coconut husk retting on Etroplus maculatus (Bloch)
Author: Swapna Sudhakaran, C K Deepa and K Shiny Sreedhar
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Retting, Ret liquor, LC 50, Toxicity, fish
Abstract: The continued and intensive exploitation of the backwaters of Kerala for coconut husk retting has caused deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and fishery resources. The Physico-chemical parameters - pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, nitrate and phosphate - of the water in the retting and non retting zones have been studied. An acidic pH, high temperature, anoxic condition, high carbon dioxide, high values of nutrients was obserbed. The ret liquor from the retting zone was collected and used for acute toxicity study. Etroplus maculatus were exposed to different concentrations of ret liquor under specific experimental conditions using static bioassay for 96 hrs. The LC50 value of E. maculatus after 96 hrs exposure to ret liquor was found to be 70.1% which reveal the toxic impact of ret liquor.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55236
Title: The effects of salinity at different growth stage on rice yield
Author: Hassan Ebrahimi Rad, Farshid Aref, M Rezael, E Amiri and M R Khaledian
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Salinity, process of growth, yield, rice
Abstract: Population growth, increases fresh water consumption and decreases water availability. This situation results in increasing pressure on water resources and consequently decreasing in the water portion of agricultural sector. These new conditions led us to find new solutions for utilization of low quality water in agriculture. As other crops, rice production area of northern Iran has met these kinds of problems. A tendency to use saline water in rice production is rising in recent years, but the optimum management of saline waters is still questionable. In order to assess the possibility of brackish water use in rice production and the effects of saline water on different growth stages of rice (Hashemi variety, a popular local variety), a pot research was performed in Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht in the North of Iran, under a shelter during 2010 crop season. 4 levels of water salinity i.e. 2, 4, 6 and 8 dsm-1 were applied at 4 different growth stages i.e. tillering (vegetation stage), panicle forming (reproductive stage), heading stage and ripening stage of this local rice variety. Another treatment with fresh water during the whole growth stage was applied to do mean comparison. Saline water was made by using NaCl + CaSO4 (2:1). After 7 days as a period of recovery, salinity treatments were exerted up to 5cm water standing. In order to prevent salt concentration, at the end of each growing stage, pots ' soils were washed and irrigation was continued with fresh water. All agricultural practices wre done based on usual farmers. After harvesting, plant height, biomass, harvest index, yield and yield components were measured and analyzed, mean comparison was done based on DMRT. Results showed a considerable sensitivity to salinity. Water salinity rate had significant effects on yield, number of filled panicle (p<0.01), biomass and harvest index (p<0.05). Effects of timing of salinity introductin in different rice growth stages on yield, number of filled panicle, biomass and harvest index (p<0.01) and dry weight of straw were statistically significnt (p<0.05). The highest yield was obtained from fresh water (no salinity) with 21.5 gr per pot while salinity treatments of 2, 4, 6 and 8 dSm-1 yielded 18.71, 17.79, 14.87 and 12.59 gr per pot, respectively, represented 21, 25, 37, 47% yield losses. It can be stated that the panicle formation and tillering stages with 9.40 and 11.81 gr per pot of yield were the most sensitive stages to salinity. The other growth stages including heading and ripping with 20.98 and 21.77 gr per pot, respectively, were the lowest sensitive stages to salinity. Generally, the most sensitife rice processes were reproductive and vegetation stages. The best time of using saline water during the crop seaon of this Iranian local rice variety seems to be after panicle institution to the end of ripening application of saline water of any Ec in early growth stage will cause a high yield loss.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55235
Title: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on grain yield and yield components of rice cultivars
Author: E Azarpour, E Amiri, N Khodabande, A Kashani and M Moradi
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Nitrogen, cultivar, yield, yield components, correlation, growth indices
Abstract: In order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L) an experiment as factorial in RCBD with three replications was conducted during 2009 year in the Rice Research Institute, Iran, Central of Guilan and Rudsar, East of Guilan. Factors were cultivar (Khazar, Ali Kazemi and Hashemi) and nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 Kg N/ha). Results indicated that location, cultivar and N fertilizer significantly effected on seed yield. Khazar and Ali Kazemi have the highest grain yield among cultivars. Also, Results indicated with increasing N fertilizer application, grain yield increased significantly. Among yield components, number of tillers, number of panicle, plant height and biomass were significantly affected by N fertilizer. Among the mentioned traits, number of tillers, number of panicle, number of unfilled grain per panicle and biomass had the highest correlation with grain yield.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55234
Title: Comparison of sink-source relationship of soybean and canola cultivars
Author: Esmaeil Yasari, Saedeh Mozafari and Einali Shafiee
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Date of sowing, Canola, Soybean sink-source relationship
Abstract: In order to evaluate and compare responses of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and canola (Brassica napus L) cultivars to eliminatin of parts of sinks and sources on seed yield and yield components at different dates of sowing two sets of split plot factorial designs based on completely randomized block were carried out during cropping seasons 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 in Dasht-e-Naz Sari of northern Iran. There were four soybean cultivars and three canola cultivars and five levels of leaf and flower elimination. The result indicated that two weeks delay from optimum date of sowing resulted in 9.26% and 7.63% decrease in soybean and canola seed yield, respectively. Source limitation, i.e. leaf elimination of one-third length of upper part of the plant resulted in minimum seed yield in soybean (7.45 g plant) showing 50% decrease comparing to control (15.16 g plant) whereas in canola, leaf elimination of one-third length of upper part of the plant resulted (13.5 g plant) having 18% decrease in seed yield comparing to control (16.5 g plant). It could be postulated that the leaves at the upper part of canopy in soybean played more important role compared with canola in portioning photosynthesis assimilates. Leaf elimination of middle part of the plant (8.93 g plant) resulted in 41% decrease in soybean seed yield comparing to control (15.16 g plant), but in canola (12.1 g plant) resulted in 26.6% decrease to control (16.5 g plant). It showed that leaf from middle part of the canopy in soybean also played more important role in photosynthesis assimilates comparing to canola plant. Least effects were observed for the leaf of lower part of the plant in both the crops, i.e. 12.7% decrease in soybean and 11% decrease in canola comparing to control. In soybean plant it was shown that the treatment of elimination of one-third flowers at flowering stage resulted in 11.34 g. Plant seed yield which means 25% decrease from control treatment (15.16 g plant) interestingly, the exact amount of decrease in canola seed yield from control.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55233
Title: Hazard assessment of drought using percent of normal precipitation index (PNPI), a case of study: fars province, Iran
Author: E Asrari and M Masoudi
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Drought, GIS, trend, Criteria,Hazard map
Abstract: The Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI) is a widely used drought index to provide good estimations bout the intensity, magnitude and spatial extent of droughts. The objective of this study was analyzing spatial pattern of drought by PNPI index. In this paper, according to the data of 30 stations in Fars Province located in the southern Iran, during 1972-2006, the pattern of drought hazard are evaluated. Influenced zone of each station was specified by thiessen method. It was tried to make a new model of drought hazard using GIS. Three criteria for drought were studied and considered to define areas under hazard. Drought hazard criteria used in the present model include maximum severity of drought in the period, trend of drought, and the maximum number o sequential arid years. Each of the hazard indicator map and also final hazard map are classified into 4 hazard classes of drought: slight, moderate, severe and very severe. The final drought hazard map was prepared by overlaying three criteria maps in the GIS and the final hazard deploying the new model. The final hazard map shows that moderate hazard areas (62% of the region ) are much widespread than areas under severe hazard (28% of the region) and very severe hazard (10% of the region) which are observed in the north and central parts of the region.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55232
Title: Effect of planting date and plant density on yield and yield components of rice
Author: S Moradpour, E Amiri, B Delkhosh, H R Mobaser and M Haghverdiyan
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Rice, planting date, plant density, yield
Abstract: In order to determine the best date of planting and plant density on rice yeild of Fajr genotype an experiment was carried out at split plot in Randomized Completely Block Design with four replication in 2009, the dates of planting in 3 levels (May 30th, June 9th and June 19th) as main factors and 4 levels of plant density (17, 34, 51 and 68 plant/m2), sub - factors were considered. The obtained results showed that the increase of plant density increased the yield, so that the highest yield was related to the density, of 68 plant/m2. With the delay of planting the yield of rice decreased in level unit. The highest yield was related to the times of may 30th and June 9th . The interaction effect of planting date of Fajr genotype rice yield is really significant so that the highest yield related to the density of 34 plant /m2 and planting date of June 9th and the least yield of grain obtained in plant density 17, 34 and 51 plant/m2 in planting date of June 19th. Tiller number of each square meter considered as the most important and effective omponent yield that had a high and positive relation with yield grain.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55231
Title: Effect of fresh and composted Azolla on rice grain yield and quality
Author: Tiemour Razavipour, Mojtaba Rezaeil, Ebrahim Amiri and Hassan Ebrahimi Rad
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Azolla, compost, grain yeild, grain quality, rice straw , yield
Abstract: Composting fresh Azolla with rice straw can be an effective way for facilitating the N usage by the paddy crop. A study was initiated to compost fresh Azolla with rice straw and compare the effectiveness with fresh Azolla at different dosage levels on paddy grain yield and grain quality. A suitable dosage of composted Azolla with rice straw (ARS) as a bio-fertilizer was identified for popularly grown rice variety ' Hashemi ' with and without use of supplementary chemical fertilizers by laying out an experiment in factorial randomized compelete block design with three replicatiosn in silty clay soils of Guilan province, Iran. The six treatments were T1 to T4 included 3, 4, 7, 10 and 12 tones of composted ARS respectively, T5 treatment was tonnes of composted ARS with Urea = 120 kg given in two equal splits at basal and one month after transplanting and T6 treatment was 6 tonnes of fresh Azolla. These treatments were effectively compared with the control I without any fertilizer and control II with recommended dosage of chemical fertilizer for grain yield. ANOVA results clearly revealed that the bio-fertilizer treatments differed significantly for only for grain yield however for all other traits it showed non significant differences. Highest grain yields were observed in T5 treatment. However, the composted ARS treatments with 5, 7, 12 tones gave significantly higher grain yields as compared to control I. Interestingly, 6 tonnes of fresh Azolla (floating) was observed to be detrimental to grain yield in Iranian conditions as its yields were significantly lower than the control I. Nutritional source to the plant from soil or chemical or bio-fertilizers had no significant effect on grain quality i.e. PC, AC, GT, GC of rice. We recommend applying of 5 tonnes composted ARS with Urea = 120 kg given under Iranian conditions to save copletely on P and K and other micronutrients as compared to recommended NPK for getting a yield advantage of 10%. The same treatment is beneficial for grain yield over control I by 29%.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55230
Title: Impact of onchocerciasis on the economy of rural communities in Nigeria: A case study of federal capital territory (FCT)
Author: S A J Obansa and M E Anibueze
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Onchocerciasis, daily income /wage, labour supply, fabour productivity, mass drug administration, mectizan drugs
Abstract: Onchocerciasis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus. The disease causes skin diseases, visual impairment and blindness especially among the poor rural populace. This study assessed the impact fo onchocerciasis on income/wage and labour supply in the six area council of Abuja, FCT Nigeria, using econometric technique. A cross-sectional analytica design using a ultis age ratified random sampling technique was employed. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection focusing on relevant socio-demographic and economic variables such marital status, age, occupation, wages/income and labour supply. A total of 502 households responded to the questionnaire, representing 93% of planned respondents. The study showed that Onchocerciasis had decreasing impact on the daily wage/income by 23% and labour supply by 66% and thereby leading to a decrease in labour productivity. The use of mectizan drugs was found to be effective in reducing negative effects on labour supply as a result of the disease. Efforts should be made to sustain the use of mectizan drugs to combat the menace of onchocerciasis in the endemic areas.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55229
Title: Evaluation of hydraulic efficiency of the trapezoidal labyrinth weirs
Author: Mohammad Ali Izadbakhsh, Habib Musavi Jahromi, Mahmood Shafai Bajestan and Amir Khosrojerdi
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Labyrinth weirs, volume of fluid, hydraulic efficiency, discharge coefficient
Abstract: Making use of the labyrinth weirs is an appropriate choice, especially for the weirs which have some inadequacies in terms of conveying the maximum probable flood. These weirs decrease considerable costs resulting from static head changes on the crest in time of strong fluctuations in the current flow of water. Understanding fully how the weirs function can reduce the weir construction costs to a considerable amount. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss teh hydraulic efficiency of the labyrinth weirs by considering the discharge coefficient. Methods used in this paper are mathematical model and , flow 3D software. The models used are trapezoidal with two cycles with the width of 60 cm. Because of mixed three dimensional flows on these weirs, the flow is supposed to be turbulent. Vertical Aspect Ratio (W/P) and Head Ratio (H0/P) are chosen among all the dimensionless parameters having effects upon the labyrinth weir functions. By introducign the initial and boundary conditions and by choosing the volume of fluid model (VOF), both the position and the flow free surface came to be known. Finally, the resulting output was compared to the Tullis method known as a famous one. The result showed that firstly the vertical aspect ratio(W/P) increases in proportion to the Head Ratio (H0/P) and begins to decrease after reaching the maximum point in all the available weirs. In addition, by heightening the weirs, the discharge coefficient would increase in a specific water head. In sum, it was concluded that using a mathematical model to design such weirs can be suitable and there is no need to use designing curves.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55228
Title: Canola seed maturity determination
Author: Adel Vahedi, Morteza Almassi, Arzhang Javadi, Saeid Minaei Ghorbanali Nematzadeh and Esmaiel Yasari
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Physiological maturity (PM), harvest maturity (HM), seed moisture content (SMC), standard germination test (SGT), cold test (CT), accelerated aging test (AAT)
Abstract: The ability to identify physiological and harvest maturity of canola (Brassica napus L) by phonological characterisitcs would permit timely harvest to avoid problems of both under-and overripe pods. This study was conducted to identify physiological and harvest maturity of three canola cultivars: Hyola 401, PF and RGS 003, using morphological and physiological markers including seed and pod color, seed dry weight, seed moisture content, and to measure seed quality (germination and vigor) at physiologica and harvest maturity in two consecutive growing seasons 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. Pods and seeds from each cultivar were sampled at weekly intervals from pod formation until harvest maturity. Standard germination, accelarated aging, and cold tests were conducted to assess seed quality. Canola attained physiological maturity when pods turned from green to greenish - yellow or light brown and contained firm seeds ranging from brownish green to greenish brown and light brown. Seed dry weight did not change significantly from physiological maturity to harvest maturity. Seed moisture content at maximum seed dry weight ranged from 20% to 36%. Pods at harvest maturity were yellow to brown and the seeds were brown or dark brown to black, depending on the cultivar. The seed moisture content was near 10% and the seeds were hard and rattled inside the pod. Seeds of all cultivars had greater germination and vigor at harvest maturity than at physiological maturity. Canola can be harvested 15 days before reaching harvest maturity without affecting yield; however, seed moisture content at this stage is not suitable for direct harvest and seed quality is not at the highest level.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55227
Title: Effects of Zn, Fe and Mn on soybean elements concentration
Author: Soheil Kobraee
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Zinc, iron, manganese, micronutrient concentration, economic yield, biological yield
Abstract: In order to study the effects of micronutrients on leaf and grain concentration of soybean (Cv. Williams), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at research farm, Islamic Azad Unversity fo Kermanshah, Iran at 2009. In this research different levels of micronutrients such as Zn (0, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha-1), Fe (0 , 25 and 50 kg Fe ha-1) and Mn ( 0, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha-1) were applied. The end of growth stage and harvesting time, for the measurement of mineral nutrient concentrations, seeds and leaves were separated from at five plants from each plot. Samples prepared and were sent to plant analysis laboratory. The economic and biological yield were also calculated. The results showed that Zinc and Iron at leaf and Zinc, Iron and Manganese at grain affected by Zn application. The effect of Fe on leaf Zn concentration not significant, but increasing Fe concentration grain and leaf. In addition, leaf and grain Mn concentration decreased by Fe applied. Grain and leaf Fe increased response to 25 kg Feha-1 applied, but did not change by 25-50 kg Feha-1. Such as zinc, leaf and grain manganese concentration in response to Mn applied were increased. The highest Mn concentrations were detected in leaves and grains, when 40 kg Mn ha-1 applied. In contrast, leaf and grain Zn concentration changed very little in response to addded Mn Economic and biological yield affected by Zn, Fe, Mn and interaction Zn and Mn.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55226
Title: Rapeseed mechanical resistance to loads
Author: Adel Vahedi, Morteza Almassi, Arzhang Javadi, Saeid Minaei, Ghorbanali Nematzadeh and Esamaeil Yasari
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Damage, moisture content, postharvest,quality, strength, temperature
Abstract: The investigations on rapeseed postharvest handling have been carried out in the Science and Research Branch of I A U for many years. They cover the whole technological process of rape handling form harvesting to processing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the decrease of rapeseed quality during harvesting, cleaning, drying and and storing as well as indicate the reasons of the mechanical damage occurred during handling. Therefore the rapeseed samples from Hyola 401cultivar were collected at all technological operations and the amount of damaged seeds was checked. At the same time laboratory investigations were also performed. The compression test between two parallel heating plates was performed and mechanical strength of whole seed was calculated according to wide range of seed moisture content and temperature. The results showed considerable decrease of rapeseed quality (understanding as number of mechanical damage) during postharvest handling. The most negative effects were observed at low moisture content (below 6% w.b) and high temperature of seeds (over 500C ). The most negative operation was harvesting, when 50-90% of total number of seed damage occurred. Total percentage of damaged seed was from 1.6 till 7.5% of its whole amount. These results were confirmed by laboratory tests. Moisture content influenced seed strength stronger than temperature. Maximal strength was noticed at 6% w b and decreased both with increase and decreases of moisture content. With the increase of temperature the strength of seed decreased.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55225
Title: Study of making reservoirs scenario for river branches of Golestan Watershed
Author: Saeid Shabanlou
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: SMADA software, HEC-SSP software, GIS, floods
Abstract: Flood is often said to be a phenomenon that leaves harmful effects by submerging lands and coastal areas. Flood control is in fact said to all preparations and methods that lead to the reduction of the harmful effects of a flood. The point we want to reach in this paper, is to find out the rate of the submergence of the flood plains in the edges of the rivers with different return period discharges in Golestan province. Since the data periods in stations are different and because of the fact that some stations were established in the area from 1337 to the recent years, after surveying and doing the competence data test based on Matusen Fon relation, the data period was selected from 1350 up to now. Among the mentioned stations, some were newly- built and some had a lot of lost data, so , their data was not enough in the best fit test and therefore was removed. After completing and prolonging this data by means of SMADA software, HEC-SSP software was used in order to estimate the maximum instantaneous discharge of these stations with different return periods. Then, the file of geometrical characteristics of the sections of the flood channels of the basin under study was provided in HEC-GeoRAS and then was exported from GIS to HEC-RAS. Then the flood Encroachment for the rivers of the area was done by the flood hydrographs with different return periods which was obtained by HEC-SSP software, and the area under threat was specified. Then making reservoir scenario was studied. After recognizing total area and cost of damage for Golestan watershed, in every stage a reservoir was spotted in the end of rivers branch. After running HEC-RAs with reservoir the amount of flood hazard areas and damage was obtained and effect of every reservoir was recognized.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55224
Title: A survey of (Pistacia atlantica var. mutica) breeding conditions in Iran ' s west forests
Author: M M Fallahchai
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Turpentine, sylviculture, breeding, west of Iran
Abstract: In uder to study the breeding process, difficulties and problems related to Pistacia atlantica var. mutica trees regeneration, a 4 hectare area in north east of Yasouj city located in Mah Parvize pass forest was selected - After selecting the investigation area, the restricted area, of Persian turpentine trees on the map 1,20000 was marked and surrounded Nest, by preparing a systematic random network 40, 10 R circle shape sample pieces of land were selected. In each sample piece of land the following qualifications, crown coating percentage, origin and age of the stand, the breeding conditions and species regeneration (whether coppice or high forest) and sowling conditions including seeds health, seeds dampness percentage 1000 seeds weight mesurement and seeds size (length, width, thickness) were studied and assumed. The analysis results obtained from the collected information show that among the total sample pieces of land (4 hectares) 60 single shrubs exist among which totally 56.7 percent breed through seed and 43.3 percent breed though branch generation - various factors as exceeding grazong of farm animals and shrubs grazing, inappropriate soil due to compression of soil surface, and seeds infected with diseases and pests, disproportion among male and female trees, and the great distance between them cause emptines in seeds which decreases the breeding of Persian turpentine trees. Persian trupentine trees quantity study indicated the seeds average length 5.38 millimeters, thousand wet seeds weigh 368.8 grams, thousand dry seeds weight 266.77 grams, and seed dampness 38.51, healthy seeds 64.5% and each kilogram contained 4019 seeds.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55223
Title: Effects of Zn, Fe and Mn on soybean production
Author: Soheil Kobraee and Keyvan Shamsi
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 17, No (2), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Ecology - Environment and Conservation
Keywords: Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Number of sub stem, 100 grain weight
Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of micronutrients on yield and yield components in soybean (Cv, Williams), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at reasearch farm, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah at 2009. Treatments include: three level of Zn (0, 20, 40 kg Znha-1), Fe (0, 25, 50 kg Feha-), and Mn (0, 20, 40 kg Mnha-1), of source ZnSO4, FeSO4 and MnSO4. The end of growth stage and harvesting time, the grain yield and yield components were determined. Analysis of variance was showed that main effects Zn, Fe and Mn on number of pod per main stem, sub stem and plant; number of seed per sub stem, plant and grain yield were significant at 1% level, but number seed per main stem was unaffected. The different levels of zinc and manganese fertilizer had a significant effect (P < 0.01) and Fe (P < 0.05) on 100 weight per sub stem. Number pod per sub stem, number seed per main stem and plant; 100 weight per main stem, sub stem and plant affected by interaction Zn, Fe and Mn (P<0.01). The highest grain yield was obtained by applying 40 kg /ha ZnSO4, 50 kg/ha FeSO4 and 40 kg/ha MnSO4.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None