ID: 55687
Title: Markov-random-field-based super-resolution mapping for identification of urban trees in VHR images
Author: Juan P Ardila, Valentyn A Tolpekin, Wietske Bijker, Alfred Stein
Editor: George Vosselman
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 66, Issue 6, November 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Keywords: Image classification, Markov random field, super resolution mapping, urban trees, contextual classification
Abstract: Identification of tree crowns from remote sensing requires detailed spectral information and submeter spatial resolution imagery. Traditional pixel-based classification techniques do not fully exploit the spatial and spectral characteristics of remote sensing datasets. We propose a contextual and probabilistic method for detection of tree crowns in urban areas using a Markov random field based super resolution mapping (SRM) approach in very high resolution images. Our method defines an objective energy function in terms of the conditional probabilities of panchromatic and multispectral images and it locally optimizes the labeling of tree crown pixels. Energy and model parameter values are estimated from multiple implementations of SRM in tuning areas and the method is applied in QuickBird images to produce a 0.6 m tree crown map in a city of The Netherlands. The SRM outpus shows an identification rate of 66% and commission and omission errors in small trees and shrub areas. The method outperforms tree crown identification results obtained with maximum likelihood, support vector machines and SRM at nominal resolution (2.4 m) approaches.
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55686
Title: An investigation into robust spectral indices for leaf chlorophyll estimation
Author: Russell Main, Moses Azong Cho, Renaud Mathieu, Martha M O ' Kennedy, Abel Ramoelo, Susan Koch
Editor: George Vosselman
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 66, Issue 6, November 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Keywords: Leaf level reflectance, leaf chlorophyll, red-edge, vegetation indices, photosynthetic activity
Abstract: Quantifying photosynthetic activity at the regional scale can provide important information to resource managers, planners and global ecosystem modelling efforts. With increasing availability of both hyper-spectral and narrow ban multispectral remote sensing data, new users are faced with a plethora of options when choosing an optical index to relate to their chosen or canopy parameter. The literature base regarding optical indices (particularly chlorophyll indices) is wide ranging and extensive, however it is without much consensus regarding robust indices. The wider spectral community could benefit from studies that apply a variety of published indices to differing sets of species data. The consistency and robustness of 73 published chlorophyll spectral indices have been assessed, using leaf level hyperspectral data collected from three crop species and a variety of savanna tree speceis. Linear regression between total leaf chlorophyll content and bootstrapping were used to determine the leafpredictive capabilities of the various indices. The indices were then ranked based on the prediction error (the average root mean square error (RMSE) derived from the bootstrapping process involving 1000 iterative resampling with replacement. The results show two red-edge derivative based indies (red-edge position via linear extrapolation inde and the modified red-edge inflection point index) as the most consistent and robust, and that the majority of the top performing indices (in spite of species variability) were simple ratio or normalised difference indices that are based on off-chlorophyll absorption centre wavebands (690-730 nm).
Location: 231
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55685
Title: Workshop on methods and approaches in plant systematics: 5th to 14 th December 2011
Author: None
Editor: Dr. D K Upreti and Dr. Sanjeeva Nayaka
Year: 2011
Publisher: CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 233
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55684
Title: An application of Coons patch to generate grid-based digital elevation models
Author: Chuanfa Chen, Yanyan Li, Honglei Dai
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Coons patch, Digital elevation models, Surface modeling, Accuracy
Abstract: We have presented a new method for generating grid-based digital elevation models (DEMs) based on Coons patch. A series of Gaussian synthetic surfaces with various surface complexities were employed to comparatively analyze the simulation accuracies of Coons patch and the classical interpolation methods, such as IDW, Natural neighbor, SPLINE and KRIGING. Results indicate that irrespective of terrain complexity, Coons patch is much more accurate than the classical interpolation methods, and the accuracy of Coons patch is about 327.30, 15.19, 3.66 and 40.07 times as high as the accuracies of IDW, Natural neighbor, SPLINE and KRIGING on average. A real-world test area was used to test the effect of sampling density on the simulation accuracy. The results indicate that Coons patch has a higher accuracy than the classical interpolation methods regardless of sampling density. In a word, Coons patch as an accurate interpolation method can be used for grid-based DEM construction.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55683
Title: Development of large-area land cover and forest change indicators using multi-sensor Landsat imagery: Application to the Humber River Basin, Canada
Author: O R Van Lier, J E Luther, D G Leckie, W W Bowers
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Ecosystem monitoring, Earth Observation for Sustainable, Development of Forests(EOSD), Forest change, Indicators, Land cover, Landsat
Abstract: Monitoring ecological indicators is important for assessing impacts of human activities on ecosystems. A means of identifying and applying appropriate lindicators is a prerequisite for: environmental assessment; better assessment and understanding of ecosystem health; elucidation of biogeochemical trends; and more accurate predictions of future responses to global change, particularly those due to anthropogenic disturbance. The challenge is to derive meaningful indicators of change that capture the complexities of ecosystems yet can be monitored consistently over large areas and across time. In this study, methods for monitoring indicators of land cover (LC) and forest change wee developed using multi-sensor Landsat imagery. Mapping and updating procedures were applied to the Humber River Basin (HRB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, one of four test sites in Canada Selected for testing the development of national-scale methods. Procedures involved unsurpervised clustering and labeling of baseline imagery, followed by image-to-image spectral clustering to derive binary change masks within which new LC types were classified for non-baseline imagery. Updated maps were compatible with the baseline map and reflected change in LC for three time periods: 1976 - 1990, 1990 - 2001, and 2001-2007. From the LC products, several change indicators were quantified including: forest depletion, forest regeneration, forest change, net forest change, and annual rates of change. The procedures were validated using field plots to assess the accuracy of the 2007 LC product (74.2% for 10 LC classes) and change classes observed from 2001 to 2007 (87.8% for four change classes: depletion, regeneration, non-treed class no change, and treed class no change). Methods were considered to be highly efficient and operationally feasible over large areas spanning multiple Landsat scenes. Specific results for the test site provided trend information supporting land and resource management in the HRB region.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55682
Title: Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A Case study in Suzhou, China
Author: Younghong Zhang, Jixian Zhang, Hongan Wu, Zhong Lu, Sun Guangtong
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: SAR, Interferometric point target analysis, ground subsidence, monitoring
Abstract: Ground subsidence, mainly caused by over exploitation of groundwater and other underground resources, such as oil, gas and coal, occurs in many cities in China. The annual direct loss associated with subsidence across the country is estiamted to exceed 100 million US dollar. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) is a powerful tool to map ground deformation at an unprecedented level of spatial detail. It has been widely used to investigate the deformation resulting from earthquakes, volcanoes and subsidence. Repeat -pass InSAR, however, may fail due to impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation adn heterogeneous refractivity of atmosphere. In urban areas, a large amount of natural stable radar reflectors exits, such as buildings and engineering structures, at which radar signals can remain coherent during a long time interval. Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) technique, also known as persistent scatters(PS) InSAR is based on these reflectors. It overcomes the shortfalls in conventional InSAR. This paper presents a procedure for urban subsidence monitoring with IPTA. Calculation of linear deformation rate and height residual, and the non-linear deformation estimate, respectively, are discussed in detail. Especially, the former is highlighted by a novel and easily implemented 2-dimensional spatial search algorithm. Practically useful solutions that can significantly improve the robustness of IPTA, are recommended. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to mapping the ground subsidence in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Thirty-four ERS - 1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 38,881 point targets between 1992 and 2000 are generated. The IPTA - derived deformation estimates correspond well with leveling measurements, demonstrating the potential of the proposed subsidence monitoring procedure based on IPTA technique. Two shortcomings of the IPTA-based procedure, e.g. the requirement of large number of SAR images and assumed linear plus non-linear deformation model, are discussed as the topics of further research.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55681
Title: Surface deformation caused by April 6th 2009 earthquake in L ' Aquila (Italy): A comparatice analysis from ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR and ASTER
Author: Mohammad Ali Goudarzi, Tsehaie Woldai, Valentyn A Tolpekin
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Satellite geodesy, InSAR, Sub-pixel Correlation Technique(SCT), L ' Aquila earthquake, Earth surface deformation
Abstract: Surface deformations in L ' Aquila (centre of Italy) caused by the April 6th, 2009 earthquake were studied from space geodesy and remote sensing points of view using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) and Sub-pixel Correlation Technique (SCT). InSAR was used to measure ground surface deformation in the satellite line of sight (LOS) direction and the deformation was determined using two separate interferometric pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR data sets. Futhermore, SCT was employed to investigate the horizontal displacements in the area. Two separate pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ASTER optical image data sets were employed, and horizontal displacements in Range/Azimuth and in west-east/south-north directions were investigated, respectively.
Maximum 28.1 cm subsidence in LOS direction was observed on the descending interferogram of the ENVISAT ASAR data set, to the north-west of Onna village. The initial coseismic surface deformation started from the north of the main event epicentre. Most of the post-seismic relaxation occurred after April 7th, toward the south and south-east of the main shock epicentre, and results from SCT showed that the horizontal displacement was not significant on the surface (not more than a few centimeters).
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55680
Title: 3D modeling of light interception in heterogeneous forest canopies using ground-based LiDAR data
Author: Dimitry Van der Zande, Jan Stuckens, Willem W Verstraeten Simone Mereu, Bart Muys, Pol Coppin
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Forest canopy, terrestrial LiDAR, Voxel-based Light Interception Model
Abstract: A methodology is presented that describes the direct interaction of a forest canopy with incoming radiation using terrestrial LiDAR based vegetation structure in a radiative transfer model. The proposed ' Voxel-based Light Interception Model ' (VLIM) is designed to estimate the Percentage of Above Canopy Light (PACL) at any given point of the forest scene. First a voxel-based representation of trees is derived from terrestrial LiDAR data as structural input to model and analyze the light interception of canopies at near leaf level scale. Nine virtual forest stands of three species (beech, poplar, plantain) were generated by means of stochastic L-systems as tree descriptors. Using ray tracer technology hemispherical LiDAR measurements were simulated inside these virtual forests. The leaf area density (LAD) estimates derived from the LiDAR datasets resulted in a mean absolute error of 32.57% without correction and 16.31% when leaf/beam interaction were taken into account. Next, comparison of PACL estimates, computed with VLIM with fully rendered light distributions throughout the canopy based on the L-systems, yielded a mean absolute error of 5.78%. This work shows the potential of the VLIM to model both instantaneous light interception by a canopy as well as average light distributions for entire seasons.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55679
Title: Integrated remote sensing data utilization for investigating structural and tectonic history of the Ghadames Basin, Libya
Author: N M Saadi, M Abdel Zaher, F El-Baz, K Watanabe
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Ghadames Basin, Libya, Remote sensing, Potential field, Data integration
Abstract: This study was initiated to constrain the geological structure of the Ghadames Basin in northwest Libya. Detailed analysis was based on digital integration of surface data, including SRTM DEM, ETM + and geologic maps with subsurface data, including well logs and potential field data. Integrated analysis of remotely sensed data of the SRTM and ETM+ were utilized to identify geologic lineaments in the area. Ground-based verification of the remote sensing data was achieved with field work. Intepretation and analysis of the lineaments indicate that the Ghadames Basin is controlled by four main fault systems that trend WNW, NNW, NW and ENE. Well logs and potential field data were used to delineate a detailed picture of the subsurface structure. The potential field data reveal two NE adn NNE trending sedimentary basins. The depth of the basement inside the main basin ranges from 2 to 6 km. A two - dimensional (2-D) schematic model shows that the basin gradually deepens towards the southwest. The applied data integration gave new insight into the tectonic and structure patterns of the Ghadames Basin and the adjacent areas of northwest Libya.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55678
Title: Modeling minimum and maximum detectable deformation gradients of interferometric SAR measurements
Author: M Jiang, Z W Li, X L Ding, J J Zhu , G C Feng
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), Detectable deformation gradient (DDG), coherence, look number
Abstract: A new functional model for determining the minimum and maximum detectable deformation gradients of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is developed. The model incorporates both the interferometric coherence and the look number, representing an extension to the existing models that consider only the interferometric coherence. Experimental results with Envisat ASAR data show that the new model performs well for interferograms with different look numbers and interferometric coherences. The model can serve as an important tool in determining whether InSAR technology can be used effectively to monitor a particular ground deformation. In addition, the model can also be used to determine the optimum look number for multi-looking operations to result in the best deformation monitoring results.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55677
Title: Lithological mapping and fuzzy set theory: Automated extraction of lithological boundary from ASTER imagery by template matching and spatial accuracy assessment
Author: Sanaz Salati, Frank J A Van Ruitenbeek, Freek D van der Meer, Majid Hashemi Tangestani
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Lithological boundary, template matching, ASTER, fuzzy set theory
Abstract: Lithological boundaries provide information useful for activities such as mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, water resource surveys, and natural evaluation. Automated detection of lithological boundaries reduces bias inherent in expert interpretation of boundaries and thus imporves the reliability of lithological mapping. The Rotation Variant Template Matching (RTM) alogrithm was applied to ASTER imagery to detect pre-defined lithological boundaries. Templates incorporating the mineral combinations gypsum-calcite and calcite -illite were designed to detect boundaries between evaporites, marly limestone, and sandstone. The RTM algorithm successfully detected lithological boundaries by rotating the templates over the ASTER imaery. The accuracy of the detected boundaries was spatially assessed using fuzzy set theory. Boundaries from a published geological map and boundaries interpreted from a stereo pair of aerial photos by five experts were used as references for assessing the accuracy. A confidence region unifying spatial errors was defined for the geological map and stereo-pair interpretation to provide boundary zones from these references. The correspondence between detected boundaries and the boundary zones of the aerial photo was better than between detected boundaries and boundary zones of the geological map.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55676
Title: Prototyping an artificial neural network for burned area mapping on a regional scale in Mediterranean areas using MODIS images
Author: Israel Gomez, M Pilar Martin
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Burned land mapping, MODIS, forest fires, artificial neural networks, multi-layer perception network
Abstract: Each year thousands of ha of forest land are affected by forest fires in Southern European countries such as Spain. Burned area maps are a valuable instrument for designing prevention and recovery policies. Remote sensing has increasingly become the most widely used tool for this purpose on regional and global scales, where a large variety of techniques and data has been applied. This paper proposes a semiautomatic method for burned area mapping on a regional scale in Mediterranean areas (The Iberian Reninsula has been used as a study case). A Multi-layer Perceptron Network (MLPN) has been designed and applied to MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 500 m SIN Grid multitemporal composite monthly images. The composition criterion was based on maximum surface temperature. The research covered a six year period (2001-2006) from June to September, when most of the forest fires occur. The resulting burned area maps have been validated using official fire perimeters and compared with MODIS Collection 5 Burned Area Product (MCD45A1). The MLPN shown as an effective method, with a commission error of 29.1%, in the classification of the burned areas, while the omission error was of 14.9%. The results were compared with the MCD45A1 product, which had a slightly higher commission error (30.2%) and a considerably higher omission error (26.2%), indicating a high underestimation of the burned area.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55675
Title: An assessment of independent component analysis for detection of military targets from hyperspectral images
Author: K C Tiwari, M K Arora, D Singh
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Hyperspectral images, spectral variability, Spectral matching algorithms, anomaly detectors, Independent component analysis, ROC space
Abstract: Hyperspectral data acquired over hundreds of narrow contiguous wavelength bands are extremely suitable for target detection due to their high spectral resolution. Though spectral response of every material is expected to be unique, but in practice, it exhibits variations, which is known as spectral variability. Most target detection algorithms depend on spectral modelling using a priori available target spectra in practice, target spectra is, however, seldom available a priori. Independet component analysis (ICA) is a new evolving technique that aims at finding out components which are statistically independent or as independent as possible. The technique therefore has the potential of being used for target detection applications. A assessment of target detection from hyperspectral images using ICA and other algorithms based on spectral modelling may be of immense interest, since ICA does not require a priori target information. The aim of this paper is, thus, to assess the potential of ICA based algorithm vis a vis other prevailing algorithms for military target detection. Four spectral matching algorithms namely Orthogonal Subspace Projection (OSP). Constrained Energy Minimisation (CEM), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Correlation Mapper (SCM), and four anomaly detection algorithms namely OSP anomaly detector (OSPAD), Reed-Xiaoli anomaly detector (RXD). Uniform Target Detector (UTD) and a combination of Reed - Xiaoli anomaly detector and Uniform Target Detector (RXD-UTD) were considered. The experiments were conducted using a set of synthetic and AVIRIS hyperspectral images containing aircrafts as military targets. A comparison of true positive and false positive rates of target detections obtained from ICA and other algorithms plotted on a receiver operating curves (ROC) space indicates the superior performance of the ICA over other algorithms.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55674
Title: Analysing the advantages of high temporal resolution geostationary MSG SEVIRI data compared to Polar Operational Enivronmental Satellite data for land surface monitoring in Africa
Author: R Fensholt, A Anyamba, S Huber, S R Proud, C J Tucker, J Small, E Pak, M O Rasmussen, I Sandholt, C Shisanya
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Africa, Meteosat Second Generation, POES, Early warning systems, NDVI
Abstract: Since 1972, satellite remote sensing of the environmental has been dominated by polar-orbiting sensors providing useful data for monitoring the earth ' s natural resources. However their observation and monitoring capactiy are inhibited by daily to monthly looks for any given ground surface which often is obscured by frequent and persistent cloud cover creating large gaps in time series measurements. The launch of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite into geostationary orbit has opened new opportunities for land surface monitoring. The Spinnign Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument on-board MSG with an imaging capability every 15 min which is substantially greater than any temporal resolution that can be obtained from existing Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) systems currently in use for environmental monitoring. Different areas of the African continent were affected by drought and floods in 2008 caused by periods of abnormally low and high rainfall, respectively. Based on the effectiveness of monitoring these events from Earth Observation (EO) data the current analyses show that the new generation of geostationary remote sensing data can provide higher temporal resolution cloud-free (<5 days) measurements of the environment as compared to existing POES systems. SEVIRI MSG 5-day continetal scale composites will enable rapid assessment of environmental conditions and improved early warning of disasters for the African continent such as flooding or droughts. The high temporal resolution geostationary data will complement existing higher spatial resolution polar-orbiting satellite data for various dynamic environmental and natural resource applications of terrestrial ecosystems.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55673
Title: Land use classification from multitemporal Landsat imagery using the yearly Land Cover Dynamics (YLCD) method
Author: Y Julien, J A Sobrino, J C Jimenez-Munoz
Editor: Alfred Stein
Year: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 13, issue 5, October 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Yearly Land Cover Dynamics method, Landsat, multitemporal, NDVI, Land Surface Temperature
Abstract: Several previous studies have shown that the inclusion of the LST (Land Surface Temperature) parameter to a NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based classification procedure is beneficial to classification accuracy. In this work, the Yearly Land Cover Dynamics (YLCD) approach, which is based on annual behavior of LST and NDVI, has been used to classify an agricultural area into crop types. To this end, a time series of Landsat-5 images for year 2009 of the Barrax (Spain) area has been processed:georeferenciation, destriping and atmospheric correction have been carried out to estimate NDVI and LST time series for year 2009, from which YLCD parameters were estimated. Then, a maximum likelihood classification was carried out on these parameters based on a training dataset obtained from a crop census. This classification has an accuracy of 87% (kappa = 0.85) when crops are subdivided in irrigated and non-irrigated fields, and when cereal crops are aggregated in a single crop, and performs better than a similar classification from Landsat bands only. These results show that a good crop differentiation can be obtained although detailed crop separation may be difficult between similar classification from Landsat bands only. These results show that a good crop differentiation can be obtained although detailed crop separation may be difficult between similar crops (barley, wheat and oat) due to similar annual NDVI and LST behavior. Therefore, the YLCD approach is suited for vegetation classification at local scale. As regards the assessment of the YLCD approach for classification at regional and global scale, it will be carried out in a further study.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None