ID: 56017
Title: An economic analysis of drinking water pollution in Tiruppur, India
Author: K Kottaiveeran
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Pollution, environment, natura resources, diseases, ecological threats, bleaching and dying units
Abstract: Water pollution is a serious problem in the global context. It is leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. There are nearly half million people in India suffering from ailments due to excess of fluoride in drinking water. This study is based on the Tiruppur area in Tamilnadu. The result shows that the drinking water supply is quite inadequate to meet the water requirements in the study area. The respondents are slowly moving to private bottled and pickaged water to meet their drinking purposes due to water pollution and inadequacy of water supply. The income also plays a determinist role in deciding to take quality of drinking water.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56016
Title: Enhancing metal adsorption potential of neem (Azadirachta indica) sawdust through sonication in mixture acid medium
Author: Arumugam and V Ponnusami
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Sonication, sawdust, nickel, adsorption, isotherm
Abstract: Over the few years, adsorption has been projected as an effective wastewater treatment technology by many researchers across the globe owing to its inherent advantages. Thus, improving adsorption potential of known adsorbents is need of the hour. Power of sonication can be exploited to create fine particles with porous surface and hence enhance uptake capacity of an adsorbent. In this work, we demonstrate the application of sonication in a mixture acid medium to enhance the adsorption potential of neem sawdust. While sonic cavitations developed cracks on the surface of neem sawdust, mixture acid removed lignin and pectin from neem sawdust making it amenable to sonication. Changes in morphology and particle size distribution achieved due to sonication were confirmed with SEM and PSD respectively. Nickel adsorption capacities of neem Azadirachta indica sawdust samples with and without sonic treatment were estimated at various levels of inital nickel concentrations. The paired t confidence interval and test procedures were employed to determine if the mean difference between the paired observations was different from zero. The 95% confidence interval (-8.42, -5.4) confirm that the mean difference between the uptake capacities of two sawdust samples was different from zero. Apart from this, Langmuir monolayer adsorption potential of neem sawdust was found to be 13.92 and 22.76 mg/g before and after sonication respectively. This confirms that sawdust adsorption capacity of neem sawdust increased by 63.39% after sonication in mixture acid medium.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56015
Title: Removal of copper and chromium heavy metals from industrial wastewater by biosorption
Author: S Rajarathinam adn V Arutchelvan
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Biosorption, Cr, Cu , industrial waste, isotherms, Thespesia populnea
Abstract: In this work, biosorption process has been implemented for removal of heavy metals like chromium (Cr) and Coper (Cu) from the industrial waste, using Thespesia populnea leaf. Electrolysis process has been implemented to separate two metals from the industrial entire waste. In this experiment, 100 mL (millilitre) of constant sample dosage has been taken for each test, using spectrophotometer. Experiments have been carried out to find out the variation in pH, biosorbent concentration and percentages of removal of metals with variation of time interval. The outcome result shows that less pH value and better biosorbent concentration are obtained by Cr than Cu, followed by the increase in percentage of removal by Cr than Cu, variation of time interval. Mechanisms of metals sorption by Thespesia populnea have given better fits for Freundlich and Langmuir models.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56014
Title: Application of biotechnology in the treatment of textile processing industry effluent using membrane techniques
Author: K Ravichandran, K S Priyenka Devi and K Saravanan
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Textile waste water treatment, reverse osmosis, aerobic biological treatment of waste water, Dye bath and activated sludge process
Abstract: The aim of this study is to treat textile processing effluents from fourteen small scale industries collected in an equalization tank of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP). In the primary treatment lime, FeCl2, and poly electrolyte are added to make the effluent bio degradable. The biological treatment system was investigated as a pre treatment to membrane technique. When treating the mixed waste water of dyeing house, a combination of biological and membrane treatment has proved to meet all requriements of standards for its reuse. But this approach is associated with lot of technological effort and high cost. As an alternative, only wash water effluent treatment was studied. Based on the results, a novel integrated recycling process is proposed. The treatment is carried out in three stages namely physico-chemical, biological and membrane techniques. Various methods for physico-chemical process were carried out to examine its efficiency. The work concerns the membrane treatment after conventional biological treatment to make wash water fit for reuse in processing. By implementing this composite sequential process water consumption can be cut down by 82.5% for washing process and the removal efficiency of Total Dissolved Soilds (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) are in range of 80-97%, 97-100% and 99-100% respectively. Finally about less than 5% of the reject from multiple effect evaporators (MEE) of the effluent volume is allowed to solar evaporation pond.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56013
Title: Histopathologicaleffects of pesticides on gonads of freshwater bivalve, Parreysia corrugata
Author: Pramod Phirke and S P Zambare
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Quinalphos, Thiodan, freshwater bivalve, gonads
Abstract: Freshwater bivalve, Parreysia corrugata were investigated to determine the histopathological effects of quinalphos and thiodan on the gonads. P. corrugata were exposed to sublethal concentrations (LC50/10 for 96 hours) of quinalphos (0.108 ppm) and thiodan (0.0708 ppm) for the periods of 15 and 30 days. Abormal development of ovarian and testicular follicles with degeneration and atrophy of gonadal tissues was observed in the gonads of pesticide exposed bivalves. The effect of both the pesticides was almost the same but the severity of the damage was different. Effect of thiodan was more severe than that of quinalphos.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56012
Title: Adsorption of Malachite green dye from aqueous solution on Neem leaf powder
Author: Indira Khatod and L S Thakur
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Adsorption, Malachite green, low cost natural adsorbent, Langmuir isotherm, dye removal
Abstract: Dyes are present in mixture form in various Industrial and domestic effluents. The objective of this work is to study of adsorption of dye solution malachite green using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely amount of adsorbents, dye concentrations and contact time. Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like contact time required, amount of adsorbent and dye concentration. Spectraphotometric technique was used for the measurement of concentration of dye before and after adsorption. Neem leaves were shown to be promising materials for adsorption removal of dye from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium time was found to be 15-20 min for maximum removal of 90-95% was obtained was obtained for an adsorbent dose of 0.3 g at 2.5 x 10-5 mg/L dye concentration. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. This work could have use in design of adsorption columns for dye removal.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56011
Title: Water quality assessment of Mohand Rao river of Doon- valley
Author: Prashant Dwidevi, Purandara Bekal and I P Pandey
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Streams, rivers, riparian vegetation
Abstract: Streams and rivers are the distinct ecosystems, supporting significant and unique biodiversity. Stream morphology, habitat diversity and water quality are a reflection of catchment characteristics such as topography, geology, soils and vegetation. Direct impacts include changes in flow regime and habitat type resulting from dams, weirs etc. loss of riparian vegetation, causing major effects on riparian and in-stream habitats and processes; increases in sediment transport from the catchment, leading to changes in water quality. Therefore, water quality monitoring is the basic need for the people who rely on river water for their day to day. In this context, a stretch of 15 km from Dat-Mandir to Ganeshpur of the Mohand- Rao river (Doon valley) was studied during the year 2004 and 2005. The study revealed that, the river water is free from pollutants, however, the study stressed the need to keep the flow condition in a optimal stage.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56010
Title: Measurement of elemental concentration in some edible plants collected fro Mawthabah area, West Khasi hills, Meghalaya, India and Assessment of their daily intake
Author: P S Iongwai, S K Jha, B Kharbuli, S A War and A K Das
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Dietary vegetables, elements, concentrations, daily intake, assessment, adult population
Abstract: Concentration of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Ni were measured in different dietary vegetables collected from Mawthabah area, Meghalaya, North Eastern India. A wide variation of trace elements was observed among all dietary vegetable samples. Fe concentrations are comparatively more in all the dietary vegetable samples. The element concentrations are traslated into intake rates through ingestion pathways. The total daily intake of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Ni by adult population of Mawthabah area were 26.32 + 3.88, 3.35 + 0.29, 4.48 + 0.46, 0.09+ 0.01 and 0.02 + 0.002 mg/day respectively. It was found that daily intake of Zn and Cu through consumption of all the dietary vegetables by the local population of Mawthabah area are well below the daily intake limit prescribed by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Daily intake of Mn in accordance with the daily tolerable intake of 5.5 mg/day as prescribed by WHO. It was also observed that the daily intake of Fe and Ni are well below the daily tolerable intake limit of 45 and 0.6 mg/day as recommended by the Food and Nturition Board of India.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56009
Title: Water quality assessment of river Barak and tributaries in Assam, India
Author: Seba Roy and Abhik Gupta
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Monitoring, river, tributaries, seasonal variations, habitat score
Abstract: River Barak and its tributaries are major sources of usable water in the densely populated Barak valley of Assam, India. This paper makes an assessment of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of River Barak and its tributaries during 2002 to 2006 at 12 sites. Habitat scores (based on RBP III) at all the sampling sites mostly ranged between the ' suboptimal ' and ' marginal ' categories, thereby indicating their neither pristine nor heavily impacted nature. Among the twelve stations of the Barak River system, River Chiri had the highest value of pH, total alkalinity and dissolved oxygen. At the same time, it also had the lowest value of water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and BOD, thereby revealing that this site, located in the upstream area of the Barak Catchment in Cachar district, was the least disturbed. As the river flowed further downstream to enter Silchar, the largest urban center in this area, there was an immediate decline in pH, total alkalinity and DO and a concomitant increase in water temperature, TDS and BOD. BOD (5 days) remained below the acceptable limit in R. Kushiara. Possible correlations were made between the habitat score and water quality parameters. Habitat degradatio in River Barak and its tributaries might have occurred due to anthropogenic activities like agriculture, disposal of sewage and other waste, mass bathing and washing of clothes in the river and its catchment.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56008
Title: Physico-chemical and biological activities of black clay soils as polluted by acetamiprid (a new neo-nicotinoid insecticide)
Author: S Jaheerunnisa, S N Rasool, V Rangaswamy and R Ramanjaneyulu
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Acetamiprid, black clay soils, physico-chemical properties, microbial counts, dehydrogenase activity
Abstract: The effect of acetamiprid (a new neonicotinoid group insecticide) on physico-chemical and biological activities of black clay soils of a cotton field in Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh state, India was investigated in this study. Two types of soil samples: agricultural soils and non-cultivated soils were used. These soils were clayey in texture. The clay, silt and sand percentages in agricultural and non-cultivated soils were determined as 50.8 and 53.2%, 25.2% and 24.8, 24 and 22% respectively. Maximum water holding capacity, pH and electrical conductivity were 54 and 58% and 8.0 and 7.3 and 0.44 and 0.54 m mhos cm-1, respectively in agricultural and non-cultivated soils. Organic matter content, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium contents were found to be lower in agricultural soils than those of non-cultivated soils. Microbial counts and dehydrogenase activity were also reduced to significant level in agricultural soils. These results clearly indicated the toxic effect of acetamiprid on soil physico-chemical and biological properties which are key elements in determining the soil quality and crop yield.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56007
Title: Evaluation of heavy metal pollution indices in some water suppliesin Ebonyi state, Nigeria
Author: Joseph N Afiukwa
Editor: Dr R K Trivedy
Year: 2011
Publisher: EM International, Vol 30 (4), 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Pollution indices, heavy metals, drinking water and public health
Abstract: A baseline study of heavy metal contamination levels in drinking water supplies has never been conducted in Ebonyl State its creation in 1996. Fifty-two water samples comprising 30 underground water and 22 surface water were collected from nine Local Government Areas in Ebonyl State of two different seasons and analyzed for some heavy metal concentrations using Perkin Elmer A Analyst 400 Model AAS. Various pollution indices were used to evaluate some heavy metals pollution levels in public water supplies in the area. The results indicated elevated metal concentrations above the WHO guideline limits for drinking water in the order: Pb>Mn>Fe>Cr>Co>Cd>Ni for surface water and Mn>Pb>Cr>Co>Fe>Cd>Ni for under groundwater samples. The pollution indices for the elevated metals decreased in the order: Pb>Mn>Cr>Fe>Co>Cd in surface water and Mn>Co>Cr>Cd in underground water. The study also indicated that surface water was significantly enriched with Pb and Mn compared with grounwater which indicated moderate enrichment with Mn. The overall pollution load index indicated a considerable heavy metals pollution of surface waters and moderately polluted underground water. Seasonal variations were however not significant (P>0.05).
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56006
Title: Using satellite imgery and historical maps to study the original contours of Lalbagh Botanical Garden
Author: Meera Iyer, Harini Nagendra and M B Rajani
Editor: P Balaram
Year: 2012
Publisher: Current Science Association, Vol 102, No 3, 10 Feb 2012
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Current Science
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56005
Title: Atmospheric chemistry and climate
Author: S K Satheesh
Editor: P Balaram
Year: 2012
Publisher: Current Science Association, Vol 102, No 3, 10 Feb 2012
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Current Science
Keywords: Aerosols, atmosphere, chemistry, climate
Abstract: Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science where major focus is the composition of the Earth ' s atmosphere. Knowledge of atmospheric composition is essential due to its interaction with (solar and terrestrial) radiation and interaction of atmospheric species (gaseous and particulate matter) with living organisms. Since atmospheric chemistry covers a vast range of topics, in this article the focus is on the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols with special emphasis on the Indian region. I present a review of the current state of knowledge of aerosol chemistry in India and propose future directions.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56004
Title: The cloud aerosol interaction and precipitation enhancement experiment (CAIPEEX): overview and preliminary results
Author: J R Kulkarni, R S Maheshkumar, S B Morwal, B Padma Kumari, M Konwar, C G Deshpande, R R Joshi, R V Bhalwankar, G Pandithurai, P D Safai, S G Narkhedkar, K K Dani, A Nath, Sathy Nair, V V Sapre, P V Puranik, S S Kandalgaonkar, V R Mujumdar, R M Khalad
Editor: P Balaram
Year: 2012
Publisher: Current Science Association, Vol 102, No 3, 10 Feb 2012
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Current Science
Keywords: Aircraft observation, CAIPEEX, cloud seeding, cloud-aerosol interaction, cloud condensation nuclei
Abstract: While the demand for enhancing rainfall through cloud seedling is strong and persistent in the country, considerable uncertainty exists on the success of such an endeavour at a given location. To understand the pathways of aerosol-cloud interaction through which this might be achieved, a national experiment named Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) in two phases, was carried out. The rationale of CAIPEEX, the strategy for conducting the experiment, data quality and potential for path-breaking science are described in this article. Pending completion of quality control and calibration of the CAIPEEX phase-II data, here we present some initial results of CAIPEEX phase-I aimed at documenting the prevailing microphysical characteristics of aerosols and clouds and associated environmental conditions over different regions of the country and under different monsoon conditions with the help of an instrumented research aircraft. First-time simultaneous observations of aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) over the Ganges Valley during monsoon season show very high concentrations (>1000 cm-3) of CCN at elevated layers. Observations of elevated layers with high aerosol concentration over the Gangetic valley extending up to 6 km and relatively less aerosol concentration in the boundary layer are also documented. We also present evidence of strong cloud - aerosol interaction in the moist environments with an increase in the cloud droplet effective radius. Our observations also show that pollution increases CDNC and the warm rain depth, and delays its initiation. The critical effective radius for warm rain initiation is found to be between 10 and 12 ?m in the polluted clouds and it is between 12 and 14 ?m in cleaner monsoon clouds.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 56003
Title: Pollen cone characteristics, pollen yield and pollen-mediated gene flow in Cedrus deodara
Author: C M Sharma, V P Khanduri
Editor: P Balaram
Year: 2012
Publisher: Current Science Association, Vol 102, No 3, 10 Feb 2012
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Current Science
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None