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ID: 60037
Title: Modeling multiple land use changes using ANN, CART and MARS: Comparing tradeoffs in goodness of fit and explanatory power of data mining tools.
Author: Amin Tayyebi, Bryan C. Pijanowski.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 102-116 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Land Transformation Model- Multiple Classifications (LTM-MC), Classification And Regression Trees (CART), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Multiple Classifications (MC).
Abstract: Over half of the earth ' s terrestrial surface has been modified by humans. This modification is called land use change and its pattern is known to occur in a non-linear way. The land use change modeling community can advance its models using data mining tools. Here, we present three data mining land use change models, one based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), another on classification And Regression Trees (CART) and another Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). We reconfigured the three data mining models to concurrently simulate multiple land use classes (e.g. agriculture, forest and urban) in South-Eastern Wisconsin (SEWI), USA (time interval 1990-2000) and in Muskegon River Watershed (MRW), Michigan, USA (time interval 1978-1998). We compared the results of the three data mining tools using relative operating characteristic (ROC) and percent correct match (PCM). We found that ANN provided the best accuracy in both areas for three land use classes (e.g. urban, agriculture and forest). In addition, in both regions, CART and MARS both showed that forest gain occurred in areas of high urban density, close to roads and in areas with few forests and wetlands. We also found that agriculture gain is more likely for the areas closer to the agriculture and forest patches. Elevation strongly influenced urbanization and forest gain in MRW while it has no effect in SEWI.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Alexandridis, K., Pijanowski, B.C., Lei, Z., 2007. Assessing multi-agent parcelization performance in the MABEL simulation model using Monte Carlo replication experiments and planning B 34, 223-244. Alexandridis, K., Pijanowski, B.C., 2013. Spatially-explicit Bayesian information entropy metrics for calibrating landscape transformation models. Entropy 15 (7), 2480-2509.
Literature cited 2: Allwein, E., Shapire, R., Singer, Y., 2000. Reducing multiclass to binary: a unifying approach for margin classifiers. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 113-141. Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., Witmer, R.E., 1976. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for use with Remote Sensor Data. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 964: 28, Reston, VA.

ID: 60036
Title: Using multiple Landsat scenes in an ensemble classifier reduces classification error in a stable nearshore environment.
Author: Anders Knudby, Lina Mtwana Nordlund, Gustav Palmqvist, Karolina Wikstrom, Alan Koliji, Regina Lindborg, Martin Gullstrom.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 90-101 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Remote sensing, Classification, Landsat, Ensemble classifier, Random forest, Nearshore.
Abstract: Medium -scale land cover maps are traditionally created on the basis of a single cloud-free satellite scene, leaving information present in other scenes unused. Using 1309 field observations and 20 cloud-and error -affected Landsat scenes covering Zanzibar Island, this study demonstrates that the use of multiple scenes can both allow complete coverage of the study area in the absence of cloud-free scenes and obtain substantially improved classification accuracy. Automated processing of individual scenes includes derivation of spectral features for use in classification, identification of clouds, shadows and the land/water boundary, and random forest-based land cover classification. An ensemble classifier is then created from the single -scene classifications by voting. The accuracy achieved by the ensemble classifier is 70.4%, compared to an average of 62.9% for the individual scenes, and the ensemble classifier achieves complete coverage of the study area while the maximum coverage for a single scene is 1209 of the 1309 field sites. Given the free availability of Landsat data, these results should encourage increased use of multiple scenes in land cover classification and reduced reliance on the traditional single-scene methodology.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Ahmad, W., Neil, D., 1994. An evaluation of Landsat Thematic Mapper? digital data for discriminating coral reef zonation: Heron Reef (GBR). International Journal of Remote Sensing 15, 2583-2597. Andrefouet, S., 2008. Coral reef habitat mapping using remote sensing: a user vs. producer perspective. Implications for research, management and capacity building. Journal of Spatial Science 53, 113-129.
Literature cited 2: Andrefouet, S., Guzman, H., 2005. Coral reef distribution, status and geomorphology-biodiversity relationship in Kuna Yala (San Blas) archipelago, Caribbean Panama. Coral Reefs 24, 31-42. Andrefouet, S., Muller-Karger, F.E., Robinson, J.A., Kranenburg, C.J., Torres-Pulliza, D., Spraggins, S.A., et al., 2006. Global assessment of modern coral reef extent and diversity for regional science and management applications: a view from space. In: Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, 28 June -2 July 2004, Okinawa, Japan, pp. 1732-1745.

ID: 60035
Title: Ground subsidence phenomena in the Delta Municipality region (Northern Greece): Geotechnical modeling and validation with persistent Scatterer Interferometry.
Author: Federico Raspini, Constantinos Loupasakis, Dimitrios Rozos, Nico Adam, Sandro Moretti.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 78-89 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Satellite SAR interferometry, Persistent scatterers, Wide area product, Subsidence modeling, Kalochori, Greece.
Abstract: Land subsidence is a common phenomenon occurring in several regions worldwide. Persistent subsidence causes strong consequences on the affected areas and related problems include environmental, economic and social aspects. A set of forty-two Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, acquired in 1995-2001 by the European Space Agency (ESA) satellites ERS 1 and ERS 2, were processed with persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of deformation in the Delta municipality (Thessaloniki plain, Northern Greece), a deltic area with a long history of land subsidence related to aquifer system compaction. Exploitation of output products of a PSI analysis, both average LOS (Line of Sight) deformation rates and displacement time series, revealed a large subsidence area due to intense groundwater withdrawal. Higher displacement velocities have been observed south-west of kalochori and south of Sindos, from both sides of the Gallikos River. In those areas deformation rates of roughly 4.5 cm/yr have been recorded, during the period from 1995 to 2001. Increasing subsidence rates are measured moving toward the mouth of the Gallikos River, where the thickest sequence of compressible Quaternary sediments is observed. Displacement time series retrieved by PSI technique has been compared with the temporal evolution of subsidence, coupling the geotechnical behavior of the formations and the piezometric surface level. Finally, results obtained by the subsidence model have been positively compared with the PSI-based information on displacement, providing accurate and perfectly verified results. Outcomes of this work demonstrated the potential of repeat-pass satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) as suitable technique for increasing knowledge about the extent and the rat of the deformations in case of subsidence events. Moreover, InSAR turned out to be a valuable tool to validate subsidence models and represents a cost-efficiency method, alternative to ground-based measurements for investigating surface deformation phenomena.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Adam, N., Rodriguez Gonzalez, F., Parizzi, A., Brcic, R., 2013. Wide area persistent scatterer interferometry: current developments, algorithms and examples. In: Proceedings of IGARSS 2013, Melbourne, Australia. Adam, N., Rodriguez Gonzalez, F., Parizzi, A., Liebhart, W., 2011. Wide area persistent scatterer interferometry. In: Proceedings of IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1481-1484.
Literature cited 2: Amelung, F., Galloway, D.L., Bell, J.W., Zebker, H.A., Laczniak, R.L., 1999. Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation. Geology 27 (6), 483-486. Amelung, F., Jonsson, S., Zebker, H., Segall, P., 2000. Widespreaduplift and ' trapdoor ' faulting on Galapagos Volcanoes observed with radar interferometry. Nature 407, 993-996.

ID: 60034
Title: : Creation of global land cover and a probability map through a new map integration method.
Author: Tsuguki Kinoshita, Koki Iwao, Yoshiki Yamagata.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 70-77 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Global land cover map, Map integration, Ground truth data, Probability map.
Abstract: Global land cover maps are widely used for assessment and in research of various kinds, and in recent years have also come to be used for socio-economic forecasting. However, existing maps are not very accurate, and differences between maps also contribute to their unreliability. Improving the accuracy of global land cover maps would benefit a number of research fields. In this paper, we propose a methodology for using ground truth data to integrate existing global land cover maps. We checked the accuracy of a map created using this methodology and found that the accuracy of the new map is 74.6% which is 3% higher than for existing maps. We then created a 0.5-min latitude by 0.5-min longitude probability map. This map indicates the probability of agreement between the category class of the new map and truth data. Using the map, we found that the probabilities of cropland and grassland are relatively low compared with other land cover types. This appears to be because the definitions of cropland differ between maps, so the accuracy may be improved by including pasture and idle plot categories.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Alcamo, J., Florke, M., Marker, M., 2007. Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrological Science Journal 52 (2), 247-275. Arino, O., Leroy, M., Ranera, F., Gross, D., Bicheron, P., Nino, F.,Brockman, C., Defourny, P., Vancutsem, C., Achard, F., Durieux, L., Bourg, L., Latham, J., DiGregorio, A., Witt, R., Herold, M., S ambale, J., Plummer, S., Weber, J. -L, Goryl, P., Houghton, N., 2007.GlobCover: ESA service for global land cover from MERIS. In: Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 23-28 July 2007, Barcelona, Spain, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS. 2007.4423328.
Literature cited 2: Bartholome, E., Belward, A.S., 2005. GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth Observation data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 1959-1977. Cramer, W., Kicklighter, D.W., Bondeau, A., Moore III, B., Churlina, G., Nemry, B., Ruimy, A., Schloss, A.L., the participants of the Potsdam NPP Model Intercomparison, 1999. Comparing global NPP models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results. Global Change Biology 5 (Suppl.1), 1-15.

ID: 60033
Title: Anthropogenic pressure in East Africa -Monitoring 20 years of land cover changes by means of medium resolution satellite data.
Author: Andreas B. Brink, Catherine Bodart, Lukas Brodsky, Pierre Defourney, Celine Ernst, Francois Donney, Andrea Lupi, Katerina Tuckova.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 60-69 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: East Africa IGAD region, Land cover change, Sampling, Landsat, DMC Deimos, Anthropogenic impact.
Abstract: The East Africa IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development in Eastern Africa) region with its great variety of ecological regions experienced major changes during the last decades. This study assesses and quantifies the land cover dynamics in the region by applying a systematic sampling of medium resolution Landsat and DMC Deimos imagery. 445 samples covering about 3% of the study area taken as a box of 20 km x20 km around each 1 degree latitude and longitude intersects are processed and analyzed. Statistical estimates of land cover change are produced by means of an automatic object-based classification in seven broad classes for the years 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. Figures of change for the East Africa IGAD region are presented and land cover change processes such as loss of natural vegetation and increase of agriculture areas are analyzed. Results highlight the geographical distribution of land cover dynamics and show a 28 % increase in agriculture area cover the analyzed 20-year time frame. The yearly agriculture area increase rate is around 1.4 % for both assessed decades, however a strong increase in yearly deforestation rate-from 0.2% in the first period to 0.4% in the second period -has been observed. These figures are discussed within the context of the drivers of changes and the resulting impact to the natural ecosystem.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Achard, F., H., Stibig, H.-J, Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T., Malingreau, J.-P., 2002. Determination of deforestation rates of the world ' s humid tropical forests. Science 297, 999-1002. Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Bodart, C., Brink, A.B., Carboni, S., Eva, H.D., Mayaux, P., Rasi, R., Simonetti, D., Stibig, H.-J., 2009. Monitoring forest cover at global scale: the JRC approach. In: Proceedings of the 33rd ISRSE Conference, 4P.
Literature cited 2: Baraldi, A., Puzzolo, V., Blonda, P., Bruzzone, L., Tarantino, C., 2006. Automatic spectral rule -based preliminary mapping of calibrated Landsat TM and ETM+ images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44 (9), 2563-2585. Barrett, H.R., Ilbery, B.W., Brown, A.W. Binns, T., 1999. Globalization and the changing networks of food supply: the importation of fresh horticultural produce from Kenya into the UK. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers 24 (2), 159-174.

ID: 60032
Title: Mapping tillage operations over a peri-urban region using combined SPOT4 and ASAR/ENVISAT images.
Author: E. Vaudour, N.Baghdadi, J.M.Gilliot.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 43-59 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: SPOT/ASAR synergy, Tillage operations, Mapping, Bare agricultural soils, Soil roughness, SVM.
Abstract: This study aimed at assessing the potential of combining synchronous SPOT4 and ENVISAT/ASAR images (HH and HV polarizations) for mapping tillage operations (TOs) of bare agricultural fields over a peri-urban area characterized by conventional tillage system in the western suburbs of Paris (France). The reference spatial units for spatial modeling are 57 within-field areas named ?reference zones? (RZs) homogeneous for their soil properties, constructed in the vicinity of 57 roughness measurement locations, spread across 20 agricultural fields for which TOs were known. The total RZ dataset was half dedicated to successive random selections of training/validating RZs, the remaining half (29 RZs) being kept for validating the final map results. Five supervised per-pixels classifiers were used in order to map 2 TOs classes (seedbed & harrowed and late winter plough) in addition to 4 landuse classes (forest, urban, crops and grass, waterbodies): support vector machine with polynomial kernel (pSVM), SVM with radial basis kernel (rSVM), artificial neural network (ANN), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and regression tree (RT). All 5 classifiers were implemented in a bootstrapping approach in order to assess the uncertainty of map results. The best results were obtained with pSVM for the SPOT4/ASAR pair with producer ' s and user ' s mean validation accuracies (Pm VA/UmVA) of 91.7%/89.8% and 73.2%/73.3% for seedbed & harrowed and late winter plough conditions, respectively. Whatever classifier, the SPOT4/ASAR pair appeared to perform better than each of the single images, particularly for late winter plough: PmVA/UmVA of 61.6% /53.0% for the single SPOT4 image; 0%/6% for the single ASAR image. About 73% of the validation agricultural fields (79% of the RZs) were correctly predicted in terms of Tos in the best pSVM-derived final map. Final map results could be improved through masking non-agricultural areas with land use identification system layer prior to classifying images. Such knowledge of agricultural operations is likely to facilitate the mapping of agricultural systems which otherwise proceed from time-consuming surveys to farmers.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Aubert, M., Baghdadi, N., M., Douaui, A., Loumagne, C., Baup, F., El Hajj, M., Garrigues, S., 2011. Analysis of TerraSAR-X data sensitivity to bare soil moisture, roughness, composition and soil crust. Remote Sensing of Environment115, 1801-1810. Aubert, M., Baghdadi, N., Zribi, M., Ose, K., El Hajj, M., Braud, I., Vaudour, E., 2012. Operational bare soil moisture mapping using TerraSAR-X data acquired over agricultural areas. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (JSTARS) 6 (2), 900-916.
Literature cited 2: Auzet, A.V., Van Dijk, P., Kirkby, M.J., 2005. Surface characterization for soil erosion forecasting. Editorial Catena 62, 77-78. Baghdadi, N., Cerdan, O., Zribi, M., Auzet, V., Darboux, F., El Hajj, M., Bou Kheir, R., 2008. Operational performance of current synthetic aperture radar sensors in mapping soil surface characteristics in agricultural environments: application to hydrological and erosion modeling. Hydrological processes 22, 9-20.

ID: 60031
Title: Using multiple spectral feature analysis for quantitative pH mapping in a mining environment.
Author: Veronika Kopackova
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 28-42 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Acid mine drainage (AMD), pH modeling, Mineral spectroscopy, Mining impacts, Environmental monitoring, Multiple spectral feature fitting.
Abstract: The pH is one of the major chemical parameters affecting the results of remediation programs carried out at abandoned mines and dumps and one of the major parameters controlling heavy metal mobilization and speciation. This study is concerned with testing the feasibility of estimating surface pH on the basis of airborne hyperspectral (HS) data (HyMap). The work was carried on the sokolov lignite mine, as it represents a site with extreme material heterogeneity and high pH gradients. First, a geochemical conceptual model of the site was defined. Pyrite, jarosite or lignite were the diagnostic minerals of very low pH (<3.0), jarosite in association with goethite indicated increased pH (3.0-6.5) and goethite alone characterized nearly neutral or higher pH (>6.5). It was found that these minerals have absorption feature parameters which are common for forms, individual minerals as well as parts of the mixtures, while the shift to longer wavelengths of the absorption maximum centered between 0.90 and 1.00 ?m is the main parameter that allows differentiation among the ferric minerals. The multi range spectral feature fitting (MRSFF) technique was employed to map the defined end-members indicating certain pH ranges in the HS image datasets. This technique was found to be sensitive enough to assess differences in the desired spectral parameters (e.g., absorption shape, depth and indirectly maximum absorption wavelength position). Furthermore, the regression model using the fit images, the results of MRSFF, as inputs was constructed (R2= 0.61, Rv2 =0.76) to estimate the surface pH. This study represents one of the few approaches employing image spectroscopy for quantitative pH modeling in a mining environment and the achieved results demonstrate the potential application of hyperspectral remote sensing as an efficient method for environmental monitoring.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Adams, J.B., Sabol, D.E., Kapos, V., Almeida, R., Roberts, D.A., Smith, M.O., Gillespie, A.R., 1995. Classification of multispectral images based on fractions of endmembers -application to land -cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sensing of Environment 52 (2), 137-154. Adler-Golden, S.M., Matthew, M.W., Bernstein, L.S., Levine, R.Y., Berk., A., Richtsmeier, S.C., Acharya, P.K., Anderson, G.P., Felde, G., Gardner, J., Hoke, M., Jeong, L.S., Pukall, B., Ratkowski, A., Burke, H.H., 1999. Atmospheric correction for shortwave spectral imagery based on MODTRAN4. Imaging Spectrometry V 3753, 61-69.
Literature cited 2: Akcil, A., Koldas, S., 2006. Acid mine drainage (AMD): causes, treatment and case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production 14(12-13), 1139-1145. Asner, G.P., Heiderbrecht, K.B., 2002. Spectral unmixing of vegetation, soil and dry carbon cover in arid regions: Comparing multispectral and hyperspectral observations. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23 (19), 3939-3958.

ID: 60030
Title: : Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation index after typhoons in the mountainous watershed.
Author: Hone-Jay Chu
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 20-27 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Land cover change, NDVI, Empirical orthogonal functions, Variograms, Typhoon, Remotely sensed images.
Abstract: An extensive land cover change was triggered by a series of typhoons, especially Typhoon Morakot in 2009 in Taiwan. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) series from multiple satellite images were applied to monitor the change processes of land cover. This study applied spatiotemporal analysis tools, including empirical orthogonal functions (EOF), and multiple variograms in analyzing space-time NDVI data, and detected the effects of large chronological disturbances in the characteristics of land cover changes. Spatiotemporal analysis delineated the temporal patterns and spatial variability of NDVI caused by these large typhoons. Results showed that mean of NDVI decreased but spatial variability of NDVI increased after typhoons in the study area. The EOF can clarify the major component of NDVI variations and identify the core area of the NDVI changes. Various approaches showed consistent results that Typhoon Morakot significantly lowered the NDVI in land cover change process. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal analysis is an effective monitoring tool, which advocates the use of the index for the quantification of land cover change and resilience.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Boulila, W., Frah, I.R., Saheb Ettabaa, K., Solaiman, B., Ben Ghezala, H., 2010. A data mining based approach to predict spatiotemporal changes in satellite images. International Journal of Applied Earth Observational and Geoinformation 13 (3), 386-395. Chang, K.T., S.H., Hsu, M.L., 2007. Modeling typhoon-and earthquake induced landslides in a mountains watershed using logistic regression. Geomorphology 89, 335-347.
Literature cited 2: Chu, H.J.Lin, Y.P., Huang, Y.L., Wang, Y.C, 2009. Detecting the land-cover changes induced by large-physical disturbances using landscape metrics, spatial sampling. Simulation and spatial analysis. Sensors 9, 6670-6700. Chu, H.J., Lin, Y.P., Jang, C.S., Chang, T.K., 2010. Delineating the hazard zone of multiple soil pollutants by multivariate indicator kriging and conditioned Latin hypercube sampling. Geoderma 158, 242-251.

ID: 60029
Title: Integration of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to differentiate grassland and alfalfa in Prairie area.
Author: Gang Hong, Aining Zhang, Fuqun Zhou, Brian Brisco.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 12-19 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: SAR, Optical image, Image fusion, Image classification.
Abstract: Alfalfa presents a huge potential biofuel source in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. However, it remains a challenge to find an ideal single satellite sensor to monitor the regional spatial distribution of alfalfa on an annual basis. The primary interest of this study is to identify alfalfa spatial distribution through effectively differentiating alfalfa from grasslands, given their spectral similarity and same growth calendars. MODIS and RADRSAT-2 ScanSAR narrow mode were selected for regional -level grassland and alfalfa differentiation in the Prairie Provinces , due to the high frequency revisit of MODIS, the weather independence of ScanSAR as well as the large area coverage and the complementary characteristics SAR and optical images. Combining MODIS and ScanSAR in differentiating alfalfa and grassland is very challenging, since there is a large spatial resolution difference between MODIS (250 m) and scanSAR narrow (50 m). This study investigated an innovative image fusion technique for combining MODIS and ScanSAR and obtaining a synthetic image which has the high spatial details derived from ScanSAR and the Colour information from MODIS. The field trip was arranged to collect ground truth label to validate the classification results. The fusion classification result shows significant accuracy improvement when compared with either ScanSAR or MODIS alone or with other commonly -used data combination methods, such as multiple files composites. This study has shown that the image fusion technique used in this study can combine the structural information from high resolution ScanSAR and colour information from MODIS to significantly improve the classification accuracy between alfalfa and grassland.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Amarsaikhan, D., Douglas, T., 2004. Data fusion and multisource image classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing.25, 3529-3539. Ban, Y., 2003. Synergy of multitemporal ERS-1 SAR and landsat TM data for classification of agricultural crops. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29, 518-526.
Literature cited 2: Bachmann, M., Habermeyer, M., 2003. Evaluation of image fusion techniques for large-scale mapping of non-green vegetation. In: Proceedings of the 3rd EARSeL Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy, Herrsching, May 13-16, 2003. Blaes, X., Vanhalle, L., Defourny, P., 2005. Efficiency of crop identification based on optical and SAR image time series. Remote Sensing of Environment 96, 352-365.

ID: 60028
Title: How second generation SAR systems are impacting the analysis of ground deformation.
Author: E.Sansosti, P.Berardino, M.Bonano, F. Calo, R. Castaldo, F. M. Manunta, M. Manzo, A. Pepe, S. Pepe, G. Solaro, P. Tizzani, G. Zeni, R. Lanari.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 28 1-11 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: SAR, Radar, Monitoring, Interferometry, Satellite, COSMO-SkyMed.
Abstract: In recent years, a second generation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite sensor has been designed and, partially, put into operation, leading to an important breakthrough in Earth Science studies. The common characteristics of such new systems are, indeed, a reduced revisit time (as short as a few days) and, in most cases, an improved spatial resolution (as small as a few meters), providing scientists with unprecented data for the mapping and monitoring of natural and human-induced hazards. This paper provides an overview on the new observational capability offered by the second generation of SAR sensors, especially in the field of ground deformation analysis for mitigating the risk associated with natural and human -induced hazards. In particular, we exploit the high resolution X-band data acquired by the COSMO -SkyMed (CSK) constellation to show how deformation phenomena characterized by limited spatial extent and extremely fast dynamics can be detected and investigated in details. Whenever possible, we compare the achieved results with those obtained by using data collected by the first generation ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT systems. A comparison with one ALOS satellite dataset is also included. Most of the results, based on the application of Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques, highlight how this technology is not anymore just a sophisticated tool for remotely studying surface deformation phenomena, but it is becoming an operational system for near -real time deformation monitoring. Moreover, we also show how the improved spatial resolution extends the possibility to exploit SAR image amplitude, instead of phase, for direct comparison with optical data and for imaging large deformation episodes, typically associated with strong seismic events, for which DinSAR may fail.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Arciniegas, G., Bijker, W., Kerle, N., Tolpekin, V.A., 2007. Coherence -and amplitude -based analysis of seismogenic damage in Bam, Iran, using Envisat ASAR data.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens. 45, 1571-1581. Berardino, P., Fornaro, G., Lanari, R., Sansosti, E., 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 40, 2375-2383.
Literature cited 2: Bonano, M., Manunta, M., Marsella, M., Lanari, R., 2012. Long term ERS/ENVISAT deformation time-series generation at full spatial resolution via the extended SBAS technique. Int. J. Remote Sens. 33, 4756-4783, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.638340. Bonano, M., Manunta, M., Pepe, A., Paglia, L., Lanari, R., 2013. From previous C-band to new X-band SAR systems: assessment of the DInSAR mapping improvement for deformation time-series retrieval in urban areas. IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens. 51, 1973-1984, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2232933.

ID: 60027
Title: Using multi-date high spectral resolution data to assess the physiological status of macroscopically undamaged foliage on a regional scale.
Author: Veronika Kopackova, Jan Misurec, Zuzana Lhotakova, Filip Oulehle, Jana Albrechtova.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 27 (B) 169-186 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Foliar biochemistry, Forest monitoring, Image spectroscopy, Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Tree stress.
Abstract: Forests play an important role in regulation of the global climate; moreover, they provide human beings with a whole range of ecosystem services. Forest health and ecosystem functioning have been influenced by anthropogenic activities and their consequences, such as air pollution , surface mining, heavy metal contamination, and other biotic and abiotic stress factors, which had an especially serious effect on central Europe. Many aspects of the physiological state of trees are more or less related to the concentrations of two main groups of leaf photosynthetic pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Therefore, their contents can be used as non-specific indicators of the actual tree physiological status, stress and the pre-visible tree damage. Variations in leaf biochemical composition affect foliar optical properties and can be assessed remotely using high spectral resolution data (hyperspectral data). These data were successfully used in earlier studies to detect vegetation stress and damage. However, only a few approaches have dealt with the use of hyperspectral remote sensing to assess vegetation physiological status on a regional scale. Moreover, little or no research has been done on assessing vegetation health while utilizing multi-date hyperspectral images. In this study, the method for assessing forest health conditions using optical indices retrieved from hyperspectral data was applied to the two temporal HyMap date sets acquired in 07/2009 and 08/2010 to detect stress for the Norway spruce forests in Sokolov, NW Bohemia, a region affected by long -term extensive mining. The classification results were validated by ground truth data (total chlorophyll- Cab, carotenoids-Car and carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio-Car/Cab) and were associated with the geochemical conditions of the forest stands. Both biochemical analysis of the sampled foliage and classification of 2009 and 2010 hyperspectral image identified the same sites affected by vegetation stress. In addition to higher Car/Cab, which enabled detection of the stressed trees using hyperspectral image data, these sites showed critically low pH and lower values for the macronutrient parameters in both organic horizons and , in addition, both sites exhibit critically low base cation to aluminium ratios (BC/Al) for lower organic and top mineral (0-20 cm) soil horizons. The results of this study demonstrate (i) the potential application of hyperspectral remote sensing as a rapid method of identifying tree stress prior to symptom expression, and (ii) the added value of multitemporal approaches for hyperspectral data and its further potential for monitoring forest ecosystems.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Weiskittel, A.R., Maguire, D.A., Garber, S.M., Kanaskie, A., 2006. Influence of Swiss needle cast on foliage age -class structure and vertical foliage distribution in Douglas-fir plantations in north coastal Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 1497-1508. Adler-Golden, S.M., Matthew, M.W., Bernstein, L.S., Levine, R.Y., Berk, A., Richtsmeirer, S.C. Acharya, P.K. Anderson, G.P., Felde, G., Gardner, J., Hoke, M., Jeong, L.S., Pukall, B., Ratkowski, A., Burke, H.H., 1999. Atmospheric correction for shortwave spectral imagery based on MODTRAN4. Imaging Spectrometry V 3753, 61-69.
Literature cited 2: Ahern, F.J., 1988. The effects of Bark Beetle stress on the foliar spectral reflectance of lodgepole pine. International Journal of Remote Sensing 9 (9), 1451-1468. Albrechtova, J., Seidl, Z., Aitkenhead-peterson, J., Lhotakova, Z., Rock, B.N. Alexander, J.E., Malenovsky, Z., McDowell, W.H., 2008. Spectral analysis of coniferous foliage and possible links to soil chemistry: are spectral chlorophyll indices related to forest floor dissolved organic C and N? Science of the Total Environment 404 (2-3), 424-432.

ID: 60026
Title: The impact of historical exclusion on the calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model.
Author: Anil Akin, Keith C. Clarke, Suha Berberoglu.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 27 (B) 156-168 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: SLEUTH model, Cellular automata calibration, Adana urban growth.
Abstract: This paper aims to emphasize the importance of the calibration process in urban growth modeling studies. The application of cellular automata (CA) in urban modeling can give insights into a wide variety of urban phenomena. The SLEUTH model, being as a well-tested CA, was utilized. Calibration data for the model were acquired from different sources of remotely sensed data recorded in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998and 2007. In this context three different excluded maps representing different scenarios were utilized during the calibration process in order to analyze the effects of different policies on urban growth. Each calibration scenario yielded its own parameter values. Thirteen calibration metrics for each scenario were derived. Integrating different exclusion layers to the beginning of the calibration process has reduced the number of possible growth patterns. The overall growth characteristics of Adana were similar for all calibration results and defined as organic growth except for the fact that the spatial allocation and the amount of potential urban pixels were different.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Balzter, H., Braun, P.W., Kohler, W., 1998. Cellular automata models for vegetation dynamics Ecological Modelling 107, 113-125. Batty, M., Xie, Y., 1994. From cells to cities. Environment and planning B: Planning and Design 21, 531-548.
Literature cited 2: Benenson, I., Torrens, P.M., 2004. Geosimulation: Automata-based Modelling of Urban Phenomena.John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Berberoglu, S., Akin, A., Clarke, K.C., 2014. Cellular Automata Modeling Approaches to Forecast Urban Growth for Adana, Turkey: A Comparison of Modeling Approaches (forthcoming).

ID: 60025
Title: Seasonal monitoring of soil erosion at regional scale: An application of the G2 model in Crete focusing on agricultural land uses.
Author: Panagos Panagos, Karydas Christos, Balabio Cristiano, Gitas Ioannis.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 27 (B) 147-155 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: USLE, Gavrilovic, GMES, Copernicus, Vegetation retention, Spatio-temporal mapping.
Abstract: A new soil erosion model, namely G2, was applied in the island of Crete with a focus on agricultural land uses, including potential grazing lands. The G2 model was developed within the Geoland2 project as an agro-environmental service in the framework of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES, now Copernicus) initiative. The G2 model takes advantage of the empirical background of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Gavrilovic model, together with readily available time series of vegetation layers and 10 min rainfall intensity data to produce monthly time -step erosion risk maps at 300 m cell size. The innovations of the G2 model include the implementation of land-use influence parameters based on empirical data and the introduction of a corrective term in the estimation of the topographic influence factor. The mean annual erosion rate in Crete was found to be 8.123 t ha-1. The season from October to January (the rainy season in Crete) was found to be the most critical, accounting for 80% of the annual erosion in the island. Seasonal erosion figures proved to be crucial for the identification of erosion hotspots and of risky land uses. In Crete, high annual erosion figures were detected in natural grasslands and shrublands (14.023 t ha-1), mainly due to the intensification of livestock grazing during the past decades. The G2 model allows for the integrated spatio-temporal monitoring of soil erosion per land-use type based on moderate data input requirements and existing datasets.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Abd Aziz, S., Steward, B.L., Kaleita, A.L., Karkee, M., 2012. Assessing the effects of DEM uncertainty on erosion rate estimation in an agricultural field. Trannsactions of the ASABE 55 (3), 785-798. Angulo-Martinez, M., Lopez-Vicente, M., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Begueria, S., 2009. Mapping rainfall erosivity at a regional scale: a comparison of interpolation methods in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, 1907-1920, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1907-2009.
Literature cited 2: Banwart, et al., 2011. Soil processes and functions in critical zone observatories: hypotheses and experimental design. Vadose Zone Journal 10 (3), 974-987, http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0136. Brown, L.C, Foster, G.R., 1987. Storm erosisivity using idealized intensity distributions.Transactions of the ASAE 30, 379-386.

ID: 60024
Title: An endmenber optimization approach for linear spectral unmixing of fine-scale urban imagery.
Author: Jian Yang, Yuhong He, Takashi Oguchi
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 27 (B) 137-146 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: High spatial resolution, Spectral mixing space, Linear spectral unmixing, Endmember optimization, SESMA and MESMA.
Abstract: Spectral unmixing of high spatial resolution imagery has attracted growing of interest for interpreting urban surface material characteristics. This study proposes an endmember optimization method based on end-member spatial distribution (i.e. solid angle and tetrahedron volume) to select the optimal endmember combination for urban spectral unmixing. Specifically, a linear spectral unmixing model (SESMA) is implemented in a suitable 3-D spectral space structured by the green, red and near infrared bands of the imagery, and endmember spatial distribution is measured with solid angle and tetrahedron volume. Both the solid angle and tetrahedron volume are found to have a strong linear or logarithmic relationship with valid and correct unmixed proportions, whereas the latter measure also takes the photometric shade into account as an endmember. The spectral unmixing results based on the proposed endmember optimization method are compared with those from a common multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) model. Towards different classes, each model has its own advantages over the other.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Bannari, A., Pacheco, A., Staenz, K., McNairn, H., Omari, K., 2006. Estimating and mapping crop residues cover on agricultural land using hyperspectral and IKONOS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 104, 447-459. Collado, A.D., Chuvieco, E., Camarasa, A., 2002. Satellite remote sensing analysis to monitor desertification processes in the crop-rangeland boundary of Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments 52, 121-133.
Literature cited 2: De Asis, A., Omasa, K., Oki, K., Shimizu, Y., 2008. Accuracy and applicability of linear spectral unmixing in delineating potential erosion areas in tropical watersheds. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29, 4151-4171. DeFries, R., Hansen, M., Townshend, J., 2000. Global continuous fields of vegetation characteristics: a linear mixture model applied to multi-year 8 km AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21, 1389-1414.

ID: 60023
Title: Detecting leaf-water content in Mediterranean trees using high-resolution spectrometry.
Author: Steven M. de Jong, Elisabeth A. Addink, Jonathan C. Doelman.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 27 (B) 128-136 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
Keywords: Equivalent water thickness (EWT), Spectral leaf-water indices, Field experiment, Lithological substrates.
Abstract: Water content of the vegetation canopy or individual leaves is an important variable in physiological plant processes. In Mediterranean regions where water availability is an important production limiting factor, it is a strong indicator of vegetation stress. Spectroscopic earth-observation techniques in the solar part of the electromagnetic spectrum provide opportunities to determine leaf and canopy-water content due to the presence of water-absorption bands around 970 and 1200 nm. We investigated the possibilities to predict leaf-water content of three dominant tree species in a study area in Mediterranean France using spectral indices. During a field campaign leaf-water content (EWT) was determined and high resolution spectra were measured of the same leaves. The spectra were measured in two ways: using an optical cable with a field of view of 25? and using a leaf clip with its own artificial illumination source. The spectra were analyzed and related to leaf-water content as original reflectance spectra and as continuum-removed spectra using eight spectral leaf-water indices. Next, reflectance spectra were simulated to explore their sensitivity to environmental conditions like leaf area index and illumination angle using a radiative transfer model. Results show that a good correlation (0.70) exists between leaf-water content and spectral indices using the right slope of the 970 nm water-absorption band. Continuum -removal correction of the spectra improved the relations. The model sensitivity analysis illustrated that from a set of five environmental variables leaf area index has, as may be expected, an important impact on leaf-water estimates. This field and model study illustrates that it is feasible to determine foliar water content on the basis of spectral indices located around the minor water-absorption bands with a limited effect of environmental conditions.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Aerts, R., 1995. The advantages of being evergreen. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10 (10), 402-407. ASDI, 2011. Analytical System Devices Inc. http://www.asdi.com/ (accessed June 2013.).
Literature cited 2: Bonfils, P., 1993. Carte Pedologique de la France 1: 100000, feuille de Lodeve. BRGM, Paris. Caccato, P., Gobron, N., Flasse, S., Pint, B., Tarantola, S., 2002. Designing a spectral index to estimate vegetation water content from remote sensing data: part 1: theoretical approach. Remote Sensing of Environment 82 (2-3), 188- 197.