Enter records

ID: 65845
Title: Characterization of ocean and coastal features using EOS-04 and application in deciphering its spatio-temporal dynamics
Author: Ratheesh Ramakrishnan, Suchandra Aich Bhowmick, S. V. V. Arun Kumar, Anup Kumar Mandal, M. Seemanth and Aditya Chaudhary
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1126-1133 10 May (2024)
Subject: Characterization of ocean and coastal features using EOS-04 and application in deciphering its spatio-temporal dynamics
Keywords: Coastal bathymetry, EOS-04, internal solitary waves, oil spill, Ocean wave spectra.
Abstract: Here we discuss various coastal and ocean science applications of the Earth Observation Satellite-04 (EOS04) mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation. Automated oil spill detection using EOS-04, Medium Resolution ScanSAR data is carried out that involves segmenting of dark regions and classification of oil spills from look-alikes using a rank based algorithm. Lagrangian forecasting model is then used to predict the oil spill track. Genetic algorithm is employed to convert backscatter from EOS-04 into Significant Wave Height and wave spectra. The wavelength and propagation direction of ocean internal solitary waves are estimated using EOS-04 data. High resolution data in Fine Resolution Stripmap mode is used to estimate coastal bathymetry based on wave shoaling effect. The unique ability of EOS-04, with a range of spatial resolutions and various modes of operation form an essential ocean observation dataset that enables the scientific community to improve the understanding of complex coastal ocean processes.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Solberg, A., Brekke, C. and Husoy, P. O., Oil spill detection in RADARSAT and ENVISAT SAR images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2007, 45(3), 746–755. Topouzelis, K., Oil spill detection by SAR images: dark formation detection, feature extraction and classification algorithms. Sensors, 2008, 8, 6642–6659.
Literature cited 2: Alpers, W., Holt, B. and Zeng, K., Oil spill detection by imaging radars: challenges and pitfalls. Remote Sensing Environ., 2017, 201, 133–147. Ira, L. et al., State-of-the-art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Remote Sensing Environ., 2012, 124, 185–209.

ID: 65844
Title: Probing atmospheric phenomena using C-band synthetic aperture radar onboard Earth Observation Satellite-04
Author: Abhisek Chakraborty, Neerja Sharma, Neeru Jaiswal and Bipasha Paul Shukla
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1118-1125 10 May (2024)
Subject: Probing atmospheric phenomena using C-band synthetic aperture radar onboard Earth Observation Satellite-04
Keywords: Atmospheric phenomena, EOS-04, SAR
Abstract: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully launched its second civilian C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mission onboard Earth Observation Satellite-04 (EOS-04). The SAR data monitors and measures various atmospheric features and parameters. In this paper, we report on the investigation of EOS-04 data for several atmospheric phenomena. One of the crucial parameters for studying atmospheric manifestations in SAR data is ocean surface winds and an algorithm for its retrieval has been developed using EOS-04 data. The wind speed products thus generated are evaluated using observations from the Advanced Scatterometer and subsequently used to study atmospheric phenomena like boundary layer structures. The EOS-04 SAR data is also demonstrated for studying structures associated with tropical cyclones, coupling of rain and wind imprints and distinct signatures of an atmospheric front. The study outcomes are used to interpret atmospheric phenomena and understand backscattering signals from EOS-04 SAR. This indicates the possibility and potential of a gamut of atmospheric phenomena that can be probed using EOS-04 SAR data.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Fu, L. and Holt, B., Seasat views oceans and sea ice with synthetic aperture radar. Publ. 81–120, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1982, p. 200. Hristova-Veleva, S. M. et al., Revealing the winds under the rain. Part I: passive microwave rain retrievals using a new observation based parameterization of subsatellite rain variability and intensity– algorithm description. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 2013, 52, 2828–2848.
Literature cited 2: Zhang, G., Perrie, W., Li, X. and Zhang, J. A., A hurricane morphology and sea surface wind vector estimation model based on C-band cross-polarization SAR imagery. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2017, 55(3), 1743–1751. Moore Torres, J. C., Jackson, C. R., Ruff, T. W., Helfrich, S. R. and Romeiser, R., Observing tropical cyclone morphology using RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2013, 40, 789–801.

ID: 65843
Title: Characterizing EOS-4 imagery for regional geological observations
Author: Swati Singh, Priyom Roy, Ritwik Majumdar, Nikhil K. Baranval, Tapas R. Martha and Iswar C. Das
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1109-1117 10 May (2024)
Subject: Characterizing EOS-4 imagery for regional geological observations
Keywords: C-band, geology, mapping, synthetic aperture radar.
Abstract: The Earth Observation Satellite, EOS-4, launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation, operates in the microwave C-band (5.6 GHz), offering high-quality backscatter images for various thematic applications. In this study, we demonstrate applicability of EOS-4 data in visualizing and identifying geological features, i.e. landforms, structures and rock type variations. Through test cases, we have suggested optimization of parameters like viewing node, geometry, look angle and polarization for geological applications. In analysis of geological structures, SAR look direction and node variation are crucial, whereas for shallow and moist subsurface features, multiple polarizations may be investigated for optimum results. FRS data analysis is essential for mesoscale features like landslides and glaciers, to bring out the subtle granularities. Finally for lithological contrast identification, RGB composites and band ratios derived from the available polarization channels provides the optimum outcomes. Thus, EOS4 are aptly complementary to any optical datasets for geological feature identification and mapping
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Spatz, D. M., Remote sensing characteristics of the sediment- and volcanic-hosted precious metal systems: imagery selection for exploration and development. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1997, 18(7), 1413–1438. Woodhouse, I. H., Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2006
Literature cited 2: Campbell, J. B., Introduction to Remote Sensing, The Guilford Press, New York, 2007. Pettinato, S., Santi, E., Paloscia, S., Pampaloni, P. and Fontanelli, G., The intercomparison of X-Band SAR image from COSMOSkyMed and TerraSAR-X satellites: case studies. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5, 2928–2942.

ID: 65842
Title: Crustal deformation and lava flow associated with the 2022 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) volcanic eruption using interferometric and polarimetric analysis of EOS-04 and Sentinel-1 SAR data
Author: K. M. Sreejith, Sriram S. Bhiravarasu , S. S. Sreerag, R. Agrawal , M. C. M. Jasir , K. M. Agrawal , P. Parashar, Q. Saquib , D. Putrevu and V. M. Ramanujam
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1102-1108 10 May (2024)
Subject: Crustal deformation and lava flow associated with the 2022 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) volcanic eruption using interferometric and polarimetric analysis of EOS-04 and Sentinel-1 SAR data
Keywords: EOS-04, InSAR, lava flow, Mauna Loa volcano, polarimetry, surface deformation.
Abstract: Mauna Loa volcano (Hawaii) is the world’s largest subaerial volcano. Interferometric analysis of ISRO’s EOS-04 and ESA’s Sentinel-1 SAR images provided a detailed view on the surface deformation associated with the 2022 Mauna Loa volcano eruption. Co-eruptive InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 data revealed Line-of Sight deformation of ±50 cm along the NE and SW rift zones. The complex bipolar deformation pattern in ascending and descending tracks suggests vertical and horizontal deformation associated with the sub-surface magma ascent and spreading respectively. InSAR analysis of EOS-04 data revealed concentric interferometric fringes east of the caldera. This near-circular deformation lobe (~ –13 cm) could be interpreted either as post-eruptive volcanic deflation or topographically correlated atmospheric artefact. Polarimetric and coherence based analysis revealed extensive lava flow along the SW and NE rifts (~15 km) and further towards the north along a topographic channel for about 16 km. Polarimetric radar analysis of a fresh lava flow channel associated with the NE rift zone revealed a transition between smooth pāhoehoe and rough a’a flow textures along its current extent. The present study demonstrates the interferometric and polarimetric capabilities of EOS-04 satellite for geophysical applications
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Wilson, J., A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands. Can. J. Phys., 1963, 41, 863–870. Nakamura, K., Why do long rift zones develop in Hawaiian volcanoes: a possible role of thick oceanic sediments. Bull. Geol. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 25, 255–269.
Literature cited 2: Amelung, F., Yun, S. H., Walter, T. R., Segall, P. and Kim, S. W., Stress control of deep rift intrusion at Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii. Science, 2007, 316, 1026–1030. Ando, M., The Hawaii earthquake of November 29, 1975: low dip angle faulting due to forceful injection of magma. J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth, 1979, 84, 7616–7626.

ID: 65841
Title: Estimation of above-ground biomass and delineation of vegetation of tropical forests using EOS-04 data
Author: Anup K. Das, C. Patnaik , Saroj Maity , M. S. S. Praveen , R. Suraj Reddy , G. Rajashekar, Nilima R. Chaube , Seema Mahajan , Yashraj Jain , Dhruval Bhavsar , Kasturi Chakraborty and Deepak Putrevu
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1088-1101 10 May (2024)
Subject: Estimation of above-ground biomass and delineation of vegetation of tropical forests using EOS-04 data
Keywords: Above-ground biomass, C-band SAR, forest cover, mangrove vegetation, MRS data, random forest regression, tropical forest
Abstract: The C-band SAR on-board EOS-04 mission provides unique opportunities to characterize forest vegetation through its sensitiveness to vegetation structure and all weather imaging capability over regions of perpetual cloud cover. The present study has brought out the applications of EOS-04 data for estimation of above ground biomass (AGB) of tropical deciduous forests and scrublands, mapping of forest cover and delineation of mangroves vegetation. The study suggested that EOS04 data can be used for mapping AGB of tropical scrublands and low density forests of AGB ≤ 80 t/ha. The overall RMSE for all vegetation with AGB ≤ 80 t/ha was 15.3 t/ha (R2 – 0.49). It was shown that the integration of EOS-04 and Sentinel-2 data improved AGB estimates across biomass ranges of 0–245 t/ha (RMSE – 21.60 t/ha and 0.81). EOS-04 data was also found to be useful for the delineation of mangroves and forest vegetation using machine-learning algorithms. The study supports operational use of EOS-04 data for estimation of AGB over low biomass tropical forests and scrublands.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Kasischke, E. S., Melack, J. M. and Craig Dobson, M., The use of imaging radars for ecological applications – a review. Remote Sensing Environ., 1997, 59(2), 141–156. Sarker, Md. L. R., Nichol, J., Iz, H. B., Ahmad, B. B. and Rahman, A. A., Forest biomass estimation using texture measurements of high-resolution dual-polarization C-band SAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2013, 51(6), 3371–3384
Literature cited 2: Naidoo, L., Mathieu, R., Main, R., Wessels, K. and Asner, G. P., Lband synthetic aperture radar imagery performs better than optical datasets at retrieving woody fractional cover in deciduous, dry savannahs. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 2016, 52, 54–64. Dusseux, P., Corpetti, T., Hubert-Moy, L. and Corgne, S., Combined use of multi-temporal optical and radar satellite images for grassland monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2014, 6(7), 6163–6182.

ID: 65840
Title: Harnessing the potential of EOS-04 SAR data for Himalayan and polar cryospheric studies
Author: S. K. Singh, Praveen Thakur , Naveen Tripathi , Purvee Joshi , Vaibhav Garg , Amit Dubey , Satyesh Ghetiya , Madhukar Srigyan , Jay Das , P. Jayaprasad , Aparna Shukla and Sandip R. Oza
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1077-1087 10 May (2024)
Subject: Harnessing the potential of EOS-04 SAR data for Himalayan and polar cryospheric studies
Keywords: EOS-04, Himalayan cryosphere, polar cryosphere, RISAT-1A, synthetic aperture radar.
Abstract: Present study focuses on the utilization of Earth observation satellite-04 (EOS-04) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for maintaining the continuity of the first Indian radar imaging satellite (RISAT)-1 SAR derived products along with exploring the potential of capability of the improved sensor over mountain and polar cryospheric region. Backscattering coefficient (σ0 ) of various snow and ice features over mountain and polar cryosphere have been analysed to understand the interaction mechanism using C-band SAR data. EOS-04 is able to pick up the spatio-temporal variability of SAR backscatters over accumulation and ablation zone of the glacier due to melt-freeze cycles, and observations were in accordance with variation in elevations over the glacier surface. When analysed for Drang-Drung glacier, wet snow zone was found to be prominently centered around 5500 m elevation zone, having sigmanaught backscatter lower than –10 dB in the ablation months, whereas percolation zone was observed at more than 6000 m elevation with higher sigma-naught backscatter of around –4 dB and above as winter started setting in. EOS-04 also showed the potential to classify various polar ice features based on backscattering signature using HH (H, horizontal) (σ0 ), HV (V, vertical) (σ0 ) and normalized difference polarization ratio index (NDPRI) respectively. EOS-04 data have been used to implement approaches to retrieve wet snow cover and set up of Weather Research and Forecasting Model Hydrological Modelling System (WRF hydro) model for snow melt runoff studies, interaction mechanism of snow and ice, snow/ice facies extraction, ice shelf monitoring, sea ice properties and sea ice advisory for Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica. Enrichment of EOS-04 data, suitable for cryosphere studies, will be employed to retrieve parameters such as snowpack properties, elevation, ice surface velocities over mountain and polar region, and to further improve comprehensive understanding on regional and global frozen ice dynamics.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Dozier, J., Opportunities to improve hydrologic data. Rev. Geophys., 1992, 30(4), 315–331. 2. Allen, M. R. et al., Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above PreIndustrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 2018, pp. 49–92; https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.003
Literature cited 2: Bahuguna, I. et al., Recent glacier area changes in Himalaya–Karakoram and the impact of latitudinal variation. Curr. Sci., 2021, 121(7), 929–940. Shi, J., Active microwave remote sensing systems and applications to snow monitoring. In Advances in Land Remote Sensing (ed. Liang, S.), Springer, Dordrecht, 2008, pp. 19–49

ID: 65839
Title: Hydrological applications of EOS-04 synthetic aperture radar
Author: Praveen K. Gupta, Praveen K. Thakur , Shard Chander , Vaibhav Garg , Nimisha Singh , Ashwin Gujrati and Sandip R. Oza
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1069-1076 10 May (2024)
Subject: Hydrological applications of EOS-04 synthetic aperture radar
Keywords: Bathymetry, EOS-04, flood, hydrology, synthetic aperture radar, water level
Abstract: Synthetic aperture radars (SARs) have enabled all weather sensing of land surfaces, which has significantly benefitted surface hydrology. In this article, we explore various hydrological applications enabled by Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO’s) recently launched Earth observation satellite-04 (EOS-04) C-band SAR satellite. We present the preliminary results of EOS-04 driven flood inundation mapping, monitoring of water bodies and study of river dynamics. Novel application of EOS-04 SAR data in estimation of sedimentation rate is presented for Jayakwadi reservoir, Maharashtra, India. Additionally, this article explores the integrated use of SAR and altimeter data for estimation of lake and reservoir water level and volume. We have used multidate observations from EOS-04 SAR and Sentinel-3A/ 3B altimeters to derive river width and estimate area– water level hypsometric curves for reservoirs. Long-term and near real-time availability of EOS-04 data can provide an indispensable tool for monitoring water bodies and extreme events like floods, at regional scales
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Aggarwal, S. P., Thakur, P. K. and Dadhwal, V. K., Remote sensing and GIS applications in flood management. J. Hydrol. Res. Dev., 2009, 24, 145–158. Moreira, A., Prats-Iraola, P., Younis, M., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I. and Papathanassiou, K. P., A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Mag., 2013, 1(1), 6–43.
Literature cited 2: Ulaby, F. T., Batlivala, P. P. and Dobson, M. C., Microwave backscatter dependence on surface roughness, soil moisture and soil texture, Part-I: Bare soil. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., 1978, GE-16, 286–295. Birkett, C. M., Mertes, L. A. K., Dunne, T., Costa, M. H. and Jasinski, M. J., Surface water dynamics in the Amazon Basin: application of satellite radar altimetry. In 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 2002, pp. 7–10

ID: 65838
Title: Operational 500 m surface soil moisture product using EOS-04 C-band SAR over Indian agricultural croplands
Author: Dharmendra Kumar Pandey, Prashant Kumar Srivastava , Rucha Dave , Raj K. Setia , Ompal , Rajiv Sinha , Muddu Sekhar , Manish Parmar , Shubham Gupta , Deepak Putrevu , Raghav Mehra , V. Ramanujam , Bimal Kumar Bhattacharya and Raj
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1061-1068 10 May (2024)
Subject: Operational 500 m surface soil moisture product using EOS-04 C-band SAR over Indian agricultural croplands
Keywords: Active-passive, agricultural applications, EOS-04 SAR, soil moisture active and passive, surface soil moisture
Abstract: Surface soil moisture (SSM) at high spatial resolution is an essential land parameter for agricultural applications like irrigation mapping, scheduling, crop water stress assessment, etc. However, available satellite derived soil moisture products are inadequate for meeting the requirements of agricultural applications due to coarse scale soil moisture (~10–40 km). In this article, we developed an operational framework for first of its kind sub-km (~500 m) operational soil moisture product over India by utilizing ISRO’s EOS-04 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data based on active-passive approach. The potential of EOS-04 SAR for sub-km scale is demonstrated and tested over major cropland sites covering highly heterogeneous and dynamic crop conditions in different agro-climatic regions over India which shows a good agreement with in situ datasets with mean ubRMSE, ranging from 0.051 to 0.078 m3 /m3 .
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Das, N. N. et al., The SMAP mission combined active-passive soil moisture product at 9 km and 3 km spatial resolutions. Remote Sensing Environ., 2018, 211, 204–217. Gupta, D. K., Srivastava, P. K., Pandey, D. K., Chaudhary, S. K., Prasad, R. and O’Neill, P. E., Passive only microwave soil moisture retrieval in Indian cropping conditions: model parameterization and validation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2022, 61, 1–12.
Literature cited 2: Sharma, J., Prasad, R., Srivastava, P. K., Singh, S. K., Yadav, S. A. and Yadav, V. P., Roughness characterization and disaggregation of coarse resolution SMAP soil moisture using single-channel algorithm. J. Appl. Remote Sensing, 2021, 15(1), 01451–014514. Sharma, J., Prasad, R., Srivastava, P. K., Yadav, S. A. and Yadav, V. P., Improving spatial representation of soil moisture through different downscaling approaches. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2022

ID: 65837
Title: Inventory and mapping of kharif crops using machine learning with EOS-04 time-series SAR data
Author: Bimal K. Bhattacharya, V. M. Chowdary , Ayan Das, Mukesh Kumar , Srikanth Poloju , Mamta Kumari , Abhishek Chakraborty , Dipanwita Haldar and Saroj Maity
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1050-1060 10 May (2024)
Subject: Inventory and mapping of kharif crops using machine learning with EOS-04 time-series SAR data
Keywords: C-band SAR, crop discrimination, EOS-04, kharif season, random forest.
Abstract: Efficient discrimination of diverse kharif crops, remains crucial for crop monitoring and production forecasting, and plays a pivotal role in decision-making for food security in India. This study aims to harness temporal backscatter data from EOS-04 C-band synthetic aperture data (SAR) payload to achieve precise discrimination among six short-duration (cereal, oilseeds, fibre) and long-duration (fibre, pulses) kharif crops. The study integrates limited ground-truth polygons and a Random Forest machine learning approach for analysing EOS-04 time-series data. The classification accuracies were found to be higher than 75% across all kharif crops, with cereals exhibiting the highest accuracy, succeeded by fibre, oilseed and pulse crops. A key focus lies in identifying optimal polarization combinations for effective discrimination among diverse kharif crop types. The study reveals that the synergistic utilization of dual polarizations outperforms individual co- or cross-polarizations, notably benefiting discrimination of cotton, soybean and groundnut crops. Horizontal–vertical polarizations are found to be most effective for achieving peak accuracies in rice and red gram crops. Furthermore, the analysis indicates a promising potential for early crop assessment, presenting an opportunity to furnish precise crop estimates at least one and a half months before the harvest.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Anon., Report of the expert committee on agricultural statistics, chaired by A. Vaidyanathan, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India, February 2011. Parihar, J. S. and Oza, M. P., FASAL: an integrated approach for crop assessment and production forecasting. In Agriculture and Hydrology Applications of Remote Sensing, SPIE, 2006, vol. 6411, pp. 641101–641113
Literature cited 2: Lee, J. S., Grunes, M. R. and Pottier, E., Quantitative comparison of classification capability: fully polarimetric versus dual and single polarization SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2001, 39(11), 2343–2351. Skriver, H., Crop classification by multitemporal C-and L-band single-and dual-polarization and fully polarimetric SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2011, 50(6), 2138–2149

ID: 65836
Title: MIDAS: a software for radiometric and polarimetric processing of EOS-04 SAR data
Author: Deepak Putrevu, Tarun Maganti, Tathagata Chakraborty, Mukesh Kumar, C. Sanid, Pragya Arora and Raghav Mehra
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1041-1049 10 May (2024)
Subject: MIDAS: a software for radiometric and polarimetric processing of EOS-04 SAR data
Keywords: Backscatter, EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), MIDAS, polarimetry
Abstract: Earth observation satellite-04 or EOS-04 (Radar imaging satellite-1A or RISAT-1A) provides the opportunity for characterization of surface features using C-band fully-polarimetric, hybrid-polarimetric and dual-polarimetric radar data from same platform in high to moderate resolution (2–50 m depending on mode) and varied incidence angle (12°–55°). These unique EOS-04 radar datasets can be processed using Microwave Data Analysis Software (MIDAS) tool, to derive radar polarimetric parameters. MIDAS is capable of carrying out synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing comprising radiometric and majority of the polarimetric processing of EOS-04 datasets. In addition, MIDAS has the functionality to orthorectify and geocode EOS-04 polarimetric products, which is missing in other softwares. Further, MIDAS contains module for bulk-processing of timeseries EOS-04 products. We showcase results obtained from EOS-04 datasets and describe the scattering behaviour of various targets. Further, we also demonstrate the temporal variation in the backscatter values from different target features obtained from EOS-04 time-series stack, which has strong applicability in land use/land cover and agricultural applications. Thus, the radiometric and polarimetric products can be highly beneficial for characterization of physical properties of the scatterers based on their radar scattering behaviour and further classification of the surface features.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Raney, R. K., Cahill, J. T. S., Patterson, G. W. and Bussey, D. B. J., The m-chi decomposition of hybrid dual-polarimetric radar data with application to lunar craters. J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117, E00H21; doi:10.1029/2011JE003986. Raney, R. K., Hybrid-polarity SAR architecture. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2007, 45(11), 3397–3404; 10.1109/TGRS.2007. 895883.
Literature cited 2: Charbonneau, F. J. et al., Compact polarimetry overview and applications assessment. Can. J. Remote Sensing, 2010, 36(Suppl. 2), S298–S315. Lee, J. S. and Pottier, E., Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2009, vol. 49, pp. 66–68; 247–249; ISBN 978-1-4200-5497-2.

ID: 65835
Title: Assessment of EOS-04 (RISAT-1A) data calibration
Author: Shweta Sharma, Saurabh Tripathi , B. Sowkhya , Pragya Arora , Shivani Tyagi , C. Sanid , Ritesh Agrawal , K. N. Babu , Raghav Mehra , V. M. Ramanujam , P. V. Jayasri , Ameya A. Kesarkar , Maneesha Gupta , Kalpesh Kumar Borsadiya
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1033-1040 10 May (2024)
Subject: Assessment of EOS-04 (RISAT-1A) data calibration
Keywords: Cross talk, EOS-04, geometric calibration, polarimetric calibration, radiometric calibration.
Abstract: Radar imaging SATellite (RISAT-1A), also known as Earth observation satellite-04 (EOS-04), is a follow-on mission of India’s first indigenously developed spaceborne C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on-board RISAT-1 satellite. This article provides a description of the post-launch calibration and data quality evaluation of EOS-04 launched on 14 February 2022. Calibration devices (corner reflectors) of different shapes and sizes were deployed at Ahmedabad and Amrapur calibration sites in Gujarat, India from 2 to 24 April 2022, and their response in the EOS-04 data was used to assess the radiometric and polarimetric calibration. The results of the analysis showed satisfactory radiometric and polarimetric data quality. Geolocation accuracy was assessed using the ground-surveyed position of the corner reflectors and was found to be in accordance with the specified values of less than 50 m.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: EOS-04 SAR payload preliminary design review vol. 2. SAC Report No. SAC/MRSA/EOS-04/PDR/01/2017, March 2017. The India Boundary Shape File; https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/Product_Specification.aspx (accessed on 12 February 2024).
Literature cited 2: Gray, A. L., Vachon, P. W., Livingstone, C. E. and Lukowski, T. I., synthetic aperture radar calibration using reference reflectors. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 1990, 28(3), 374–383; doi:10. 1109/36.54363. Zénere, M. P., SAR image quality assessment, 2012; http://aulavirtual.ig.conae.gov.ar/moodle/pluginfile.php/513/mod_page/content/ 78/MirkoPanozzoZenere.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2024)

ID: 65834
Title: Advances in EOS-04 SAR data processing: polarimetry, repeat-pass interferometry and analysis-ready data products
Author: V. Manavala Ramanujam, Krishna Murari Agrawal*, Raghav Mehra, Qamer Saquib, Pragya Arora, Shubham Gupta, Parikshit Parashar, Wasim Akram and Anjali Garg
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1024-1032 10 May (2024)
Subject: Advances in EOS-04 SAR data processing: polarimetry, repeat-pass interferometry and analysis-ready data products
Keywords: ARD, data processing, EOS-04, interferometry, polarimetry.
Abstract: EOS-04 (Earth Observation Satellite-04), launched on 14 February 2022, is a follow-on mission to Indian Space Research Organisation’s first synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite RISAT-1. It is capable of imaging in either side of the track with incidence angle range from 12.2° to 55.1°. Onboard SAR system supports variety of resolution and swath requirements and can operate in various modes like StripMap, ScanSAR and Sliding Spotlight modes with various polarization combinations like linear, hybrid and full/quad polarimetry. EOS-04 is the first spaceborne SAR mission worldwide supporting full-polarimetry (FP) data acquisitions in ScanSAR modes. Availability of FP datasets in wide swath modes (ScanSAR modes) is a big step towards scientific analysis for various applications in a timebound manner. For enabling interferometric processing, EOS-04 orbits are being maintained within the baseline requirements of 500 m. EOS-04 has 17 days repetivity resulting in less temporal decorrelation to use the datasets for various deformation studies. In addition to this, analysis ready data (ARD) product, normalized radar backscatter (NRB) Gamma0 product, are introduced to minimize the user efforts for any immediate analysis. In NRB Gamma0 products, terrain induced variations particularly on hill-slopes affecting the brightness of the radar return is normalized by applying radiometric terrain correction (RTC) on SAR images. This paper discusses about the data processing aspects related to calibration, polarimetry, interferometry and NRB Gamma0 product generation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Misra, T. et al., Synthetic aperture radar payload on-board RISAT1: configuration, technology and performance. Curr. Sci., 2013, 104(4), 446–461. https://bhoonidhi.nrsc.gov.in/bhoonidhi_resources/help/docs/E04_ BROUCHER.pdf
Literature cited 2: Raney, R. K., Hybrid-polarity SAR architecture. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 2007, 45(11), 3397–3404. Sentinel-1 Product Definition. Document number: S1-RS-MDA52-7440, Issue/rev

ID: 65833
Title: Advancements in system configuration, realization and characterization of EOS-04 SAR over its predecessor RISAT-1
Author: Ch. V. N. Rao, Jolly Dhar, Partha Sarathi Nandy, Arup Hait, Sanjeev Kulshrestha, Vinay Kumar, Piyush Sinha, Nikhil Desai, Swati Shukla, Ravi Khatri, Nidhi Singh, Devendra Sharma, Rinku Agrawal, Madhav Das and Ajay Kumar Singh
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1011-1018 10 May (2024)
Subject: Advancements in system configuration, realization and characterization of EOS-04 SAR over its predecessor RISAT-1
Keywords: CATF, EOS-04, full-polarization imaging, HRS, LTCC, NESO, RISAT-1, SAR, ScanSAR, Stripmap, TRiM.
Abstract: The C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload of Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04), is a follow-on mission of Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1). Though the overall configuration of the C-Band SAR payload has been retained from its predecessor, EOS-04 boasts of incorporating features, which target to keep up with the technological strides, and to improve the data quality. All the major modes of RISAT-1 are retained in EOS04 whereas fine resolution stripmap-2 mode, which was quad-polarization mode earlier, is upgraded to full-polarization mode. The payload also has better repeat cycle with improved systematic coverage mode. This article covers system level advancements, and radio frequency and digital electronics hardware, implemented in EOS-04. The satellite was launched on 14 February 2022 and since then all the major imaging modes are being operated successfully.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Misra, T. et al., Synthetic aperture radar payload on-board RISAT1: configuration, technology and performance. Curr. Sci., 2013, 104(4), 446–461. Misra, T. et al., Instrument calibration architecture of Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1). Proc. SPIE, 2016, 9881, 98811A-1– 98811A-5
Literature cited 2: Lee, J. S. and Pottier, E., Polarimetric Radar Imaging: from Basics to Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2009, chap. 1, pp. 13–28. Zebker, H. and Van Zyl, J. J., Imaging radar polarimetry: a review. Proc. IEEE, 1991, 79(11), 1583–1606

ID: 65832
Title: Modelling flow through petroleum reservoirs: different from saturated groundwater flow?
Author: Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1004-1009 10 May (2024)
Subject: Modelling flow through petroleum reservoirs: different from saturated groundwater flow?
Keywords: Darcy’s law, groundwater flow, Navier–Stokes equation, petroleum reservoir, representative elementary volume
Abstract: The present article highlights a few fundamental aspects that need to be considered while characterizing fluid flow through a petroleum reservoir. Darcy’s law, as applied in describing fluid flow through pipes or saturated groundwater aquifers, cannot be directly applied under all circumstances. Darcy’s original version of Darcy’s law carries a simple algebraic equation relating linear Darcy flux with the hydraulic gradient. Steady-state Darcy’s law is being applied with lots of assumptions, even when describing saturated groundwater fluid flow. However, fluid flow through a petroleum reservoir involves multi-dimensional, multi-phase and multi-component, compressible fluid flow with inertial effects under non-isothermal conditions. This article highlights first why already established Navier–Stokes Equation cannot be applied to characterize fluid flow through a petroleum reservoir; and then shows why the fundamental principle associated, even with fluid flow through a saturated groundwater aquifer, cannot be applied directly to characterize the flow through a petroleum reservoir. Finally, the article presents critical limitations associated with mass conservation equation, momentum conservation equation and fluid flow equation used to characterize flow through petroleum reservoirs.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Bear, J., Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, American Elsevier, New York, USA, 1972, p. 764. Darcy, H., Determination of the laws of flow of water through sand (in French). In Les Fontaines Publiquesd e la Ville de Dijon, Victor Dalmont, Paris, 1856, pp. 590–594
Literature cited 2: Muskat, M. and Meres, M. W., The flow of heterogeneous fluids through porous media. J. Appl. Phys., 1936, 7, 346. Hubbert, M. K., The theory of groundwater motion. J. Geol., 1940, 48, 785–822.

ID: 65831
Title: Food and nutritional security in the modern era: millets vis-à-vis maize
Author: Preeti Sharma, Kiran, Kuldeep, M. C. Kamboj, Ramesh Kumar and G. K. Chikkappa
Editor: S.K.Satheesh
Year: 2024
Publisher: Current Science Association and Indian Academy of Sciences.
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Current Science Vol. 126 (9) 1002-1003 10 May (2024)
Subject: Food and nutritional security in the modern era: millets vis-à-vis maize
Keywords: None
Abstract: Maize is widely accepted as food, feed and fodder crop worldwide. It is the staple food in several Latin America and African countries, including several parts of Asia, and provides sustenance to millions. Maize is the principal energy source in poultry diets across the globe, including India, because of its high-energy value, palatability, presence of pigments and essential fatty acids. In a nutshell, it is the only cereal crop used for both human nutrition and livestock feed1 . It is not just any ordinary cereal but a nutri-cereal – a term used to describe cereals that are rich in nutrients and have numerous health benefits2 . Further, it is the only cereal of many types (field corn, quality protein maize (QPM), baby corn, sweet corn, popcorn, waxy corn and few others). It serves several purposes, namely, to meet the nutritional requirements of humans as food, livestock and cattle as feed and raw material for numerous industries.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Singh, N., Sharma, P. and Kamboj, M. C., Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci., 2017, 5(6), 1616–1623. Kaul, J., Jain, K. and Olakh, D., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2019, 8(2), 3037–3048; doi:https://doi.org/10.20546/ ijcmas.2019.802.356.
Literature cited 2: Neeraja, C. N. et al., Curr. Sci., 2017, 113(6), 1050–1057. Fakhrul Islam, S. M. and Karim, Z., World’s Demand for Food and Water. The Consequence of Climate Change. Desalination – Challenges and Opportunities, 2019; doi:10.57772/intechopen.85919.