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Empirical patterns of the influence of Spatial Resolution of Remote Sensing Data on Landscape Metrics
http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/
Bharath H. Aithal 1,2                Bharath Settur 1                Durgappa Sanna D.2                 Ramachandra T V 1,2,3,*
1 Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], 2 Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), 3 Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 012, India
*Corresponding author: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in

Appendix 1

  Indicators Formula Range Significance/ Description
Category : Patch area metrics
1. Percentage of Landscape (PLAND)
Pi =     proportion of the landscape occupied by patch type (class) i.
aij =     area (m2) of patch ij.
A =     total landscape area (m2).
0 < PLAND ≤ 100 PLAND is 0 when patch type (class) becomes increasingly rare in the landscape. PLAND = 100 with single patch type;
2. Largest Patch Index(Percentage of landscape)
aij = area (m2) of patch ij
A= total landscape area
0 ≤ LPI≤100 LPI = 0 when largest patch of the patch type becomes increasingly smaller. LPI = 100 when the entire landscape consists of a single patch
3. Number of Urban Patches  N
NP equals the number of patches in the landscape.
NPU>0, without limit. Higher the value more the fragmentation
4. Patch
Density
F (sample area) = (Patch Number/Area) * 1000000 PD>0,without limit Patch density increases with a greater number of patches within a reference area.
Category : Edge/border metrics
5. Area weighted mean patch fractal dimension
(AWMPFD)

Where si and pi are the area and perimeter of patch i, and N is the total number of patches
1≤AWMPFD≤2 AWMPFD is 1 for shapes with very simple perimeters, such as circles or squares, and approaches 2 for shapes with highly convoluted perimeter
6. Percentage of Like Adjacencies (PLADJ)
gii =    number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type (class) i based on the double-count method.
gik =    number of adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch types (classes) i and k based on the double-count method.
 
0<=PLADJ<=100
The percentage of cell adjacencies involving the corresponding patch type that are like adjacencies. Cell adjacencies are tallied using the double-count method in which pixel order is preserved, at least for all internal adjacencies
7. Mean Patch Fractal Dimension (MPFD)
pij = perimeter of patch ij
aij= area weighted mean of patch ij
N =     total number of patches in the landscape
1<=MPFD<2 Shape Complexity.
MPFD approaches one for shapes with simple perimeters and approaches two when shapes are more complex.
Category : Shape metrics
8. NLSI(Normalized Landscape Shape Index)
Where si and pi are the area and perimeter of patch i, and N is the total number of patches.
0≤NLSI<1 NLSI = 0 when the landscape consists of single square or maximally compact almost square and is 1 when the patch type is maximally disaggregated
Category: Compactness/ contagion / dispersion metrics
9. Clumpiness

gii =number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type (class) I based on the double-count method.
gik =number of adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch types (classes) i and k based on the double-count method.
min-ei =minimum perimeter (in number of cell surfaces) of patch type (class)i for a maximally clumped class.
Pi =proportion of the landscape occupied by patch type (class) i.
-1≤ CLUMPY ≤1. It equals 0 when the patches are distributed randomly, and approaches 1 when the patch type is maximally aggregated
10. Aggregation index
max-gii = maximum number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type class i based on single count method.
Pi= proportion of landscape comprised of patch type (class) i.
1≤AI≤100 AI equals  1 when the patches are maximally disaggregated and equals 100 when the patches are maximally aggregated into a single compact patch.
11. Interspersion and Juxtaposition
eik =  total length (m) of edge in landscape between patch types (classes) i and k.
E = total length (m) of edge in landscape, excluding background
m = number of patch types (classes) present in the landscape, including the landscape border.
0≤ IJI ≤100 IJI is a measure of  patch adjacency.  IJI approach 0 when distribution of adjacencies among unique patch types becomes uneven; is equal to 100 when all patch types are equally adjacent to all other patch types.
12. Cohesion 0≤cohesion<100 Patch cohesion index measures the physical connectedness of the corresponding patch type.
13. Built up Area ------ >0 Total built-up land (in ha)

 

Citation : Bharath H. Aithal, Bharath Settur, Durgappa Sanna D., and Ramachandra. T.V., 2012. Empirical patterns of the influence of Spatial Resolution of Remote Sensing Data on Landscape Metrics., International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.767-775.
* Corresponding Author :
  Dr. T.V. Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560 012, India.
Tel : 91-80-23600985 / 22932506 / 22933099,      Fax : 91-80-23601428 / 23600085 / 23600683 [CES-TVR]
E-mail : cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in,     Web : http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/grass
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