DETRIMENTAL LANDUSE CHANGES IN AGARA-BELLANDUR WETLAND

ENVIS Technical Report: 95, August 2015

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DETRIMENTAL LANDUSE CHANGES IN AGARA-BELLANDUR WETLAND

T.V. Ramachandra^1,2,*

Vinay .S¹

Bharath H. Aithal¹

¹Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
²Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning (CiSTUP)
*Corresponding author: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in [080-22933099]

Citation: Ramachandra T V, Vinay S and Bharath H.Aithal, 2015. Detrimental landuse changes in Agara-Belllandur wetland, ENVIS Technical Report 95, CES, IISc, Bangalore, India

Wetlands violations: persistent abuse and misuse

Wetlands - vital for Banaloreans

Wetlands – definitions

Land use changes in the valley zone

Landscape dynamics and alterations in rajakaluve

Conservation Of Bellandur Wetlands

Bangalore to Bengaluru

Wetlands For Bangaloreans’ Survival in 21st Century

Conservation and management of wetlands

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Wetlands for bangaloreans’ survival in 21st century

Executive Summary:

Wetlands (and lakes) constitute the most productive ecosystems with a wide array of goods and services. These ecosystems serve as life support systems; serve as habitat for a variety of organisms including migratory birds for food and shelter. They aid in bioremediation and hence aptly known as ‘kidneys of the landscape’. Major services include flood control, wastewater treatment, arresting sediment load, drinking water, protein production, and more importantly recharging of aquifers apart from aiding as sinks and climate stabilizers. The wetlands provide a low cost way to treat the community’s wastewater, while simultaneously functioning as wild fauna sanctuary, with public access. These ecosystems are valuable for education and scientific endeavours due to rich biodiversity.

Bangalore city (Karnataka State, India) has been experiencing unprecedented urbanisation and sprawl due to concentrated developmental activities in recent times with impetus on industrialisation for the economic development of the region. This concentrated growth has resulted in the increase in population and consequent pressure on infrastructure, natural resources and ultimately giving rise to a plethora of serious challenges such as climate change, enhanced green-house gases emissions, lack of appropriate infrastructure, traffic congestion, and lack of basic amenities (electricity, water, and sanitation) in many localities, etc. Temporal data analysis reveals that that there has been a growth of 925% in urban areas of Bangalore across four decades (1973 to 2013). Sharp decline in natural resources – 78% decline in trees and 79% decline in water bodies highlight unplanned urbanisation process in the city. Urban heat island phenomenon is evident from large number of localities with higher local temperatures. The city once enjoyed salubrious climate (about 14-16 °C during peak summer – May month in early 18th century), now has been experiencing higher temperatures (34 to 37° C) with altered micro climate and frequent flooding during rainy days. The study reveals the pattern of growth in Bangalore and its implication on local climate (an increase of ~2 to 2.5 ºC during the last decade) and also on the natural resources, necessitating appropriate strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources (water bodies, tree cover, etc.). The frequent flooding (since 2000, even during normal rainfall) in Bangalore is a consequence of the increase in impervious area with the high-density urban development in the catchment and loss of wetlands and vegetation.
Urban ecosystems are the consequence of the intrinsic nature of humans as social beings to live together (Ramachandra et al., 2012; Ramachandra and Kumar, 2008). The process of urbanisation contributed by infrastructure initiatives, consequent population growth and migration results in the growth of villages into towns, towns into cities and cities into metros. Urbanisation and urban sprawl have posed serious challenges to the decision makers in the city planning and management process involving plethora of issues like infrastructure development, traffic congestion, and basic amenities (electricity, water, and sanitation), etc. (Kulkarni and Ramachandra, 2006). Apart from this, major implications of urbanisation are:

Loss of wetlands and green spaces: Urbanisation (925% concretisation or paved surface increase) has telling influences on the natural resources such as decline in green spaces (78% decline in vegetation) including wetlands (79% decline) and / or depleting groundwater table. Quantification of number of trees in the region using remote sensing data with field census reveal 1.5 million trees and human population is 9.5 million, indicating one tree for seven persons in the city. This is insufficient even to sequester respiratory carbon (due to breathing which ranges from 540 -900 g per person per day).
Floods: Conversion of wetlands to residential and commercial layouts has compounded the problem by removing the interconnectivities in an undulating terrain. Encroachment of natural drains, alteration of topography involving the construction of high-rise buildings, removal of vegetative cover, reclamation of wetlands are the prime reasons for frequent flooding even during normal rainfall post 2000.
Decline in groundwater table: Studies reveal the removal of wetlands has led to the decline in water table. Water table has declined to 300 m from 28 m over a period of 20 years after the reclamation of lake with its catchment for commercial activities. In addition, groundwater table in intensely urbanized area such as Whitefield, etc. has now dropped to 400 to 500m.
Heat island: Surface and atmospheric temperatures are increased by anthropogenic heat discharge due to energy consumption, increased land surface coverage by artificial materials having high heat capacities and conductivities, and the associated decreases in vegetation and water pervious surfaces, which reduce surface temperature through evapotranspiration.
Increased carbon footprint: Due to the adoption of inappropriate building architecture, the consumption of electricity has increased in certain corporation wards drastically. The building design conducive to tropical climate would have reduced the dependence on electricity. Adoption of building architecture unsuitable for Bangalore climate has contributed to higher electricity consumption and hence higher GHG (Greenhouse gases). Per capita electricity consumption in the zones dominated by high rise building with glass facades require 14000-17000 units (kWh) per year compared to the zones with eco-friendly buildings (1300-1500 units/person/year)Higher energy consumption, enhanced pollution levels due to the increase of private vehicles, traffic bottlenecks have contributed to carbon emissions significantly. Apart from these, mismanagement of solid and liquid wastes has aggravated the situation.

Unplanned urbanisation has drastically altered the drainage characteristics of natural catchments, or drainage areas, by increasing the volume and rate of surface runoff. Drainage systems are unable to cope with the increased volume of water, and are often blocked due to indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes. Encroachment of wetlands, floodplains, etc. obstructs flood-ways causing loss of natural flood storage.

Threats faced by Wetlands in Bangalore

The rapid development of urban sprawl has many potentially detrimental effects including the loss of valuable agricultural and eco-sensitive (e.g. wetlands, forests) lands, enhanced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from increasing private vehicle use (Ramachandra and Shwetmala, 2009). Vegetation has decreased by 32% (during 1973 to 1992), 38% (1992 to 2002) and 63% (2002 to 2010).

Figure 1: Lakes encroached by land mafia

Disappearance of water bodies or sharp decline in the number of water bodies in Bangalore is mainly due to intense urbanisation and urban sprawl. Many lakes (54%) were encroached for illegal buildings. Field survey of all lakes (in 2007) shows that nearly 66% of lakes are sewage fed, 14% surrounded by slums and 72% showed loss of catchment area. Also, lake catchments were used as dumping yards for either municipal solid waste or building debris (Ramachandra, 2009a; 2012a). The surrounding of these lakes have illegal constructions of buildings and most of the times, slum dwellers occupy the adjoining areas. At many sites, water is used for washing and household activities and even fishing was observed at one of these sites. Multi-storied buildings have come up on some lake beds that have totally intervene the natural catchment flow leading to sharp decline and deteriorating quality of water bodies. This is correlated with the increase in built up area from the concentrated growth model focusing on Bangalore, adopted by the state machinery, affecting severely open spaces and in particular water bodies. Some of the lakes have been restored by the city corporation and the concerned authorities in recent times. Threats faced by lakes and drainages of Bangalore:

Encroachment of lakebed, flood plains, and lake itself;
Encroachment of rajakaluves / storm water drains and loss of interconnectivity;
Lake reclamation for infrastructure activities;
Topography alterations in lake catchment;
Unauthorised dumping of municipal solid waste and building debris;
Sustained inflow of untreated or partially treated sewage and industrial effluents;
Removal of shoreline riparian vegetation;
Pollution due to enhanced vehicular traffic;
Too many para-state agencies and lack of co-ordination among them.
Different custodians for upstream and downstream lakes in the valley (Figure 2 and Table 1).

Figure 2: Spatial spread of lakes and custodians (too many – BBMP, BDA, LDA…. But too less effort to protect these lakes)

Table 1: Lakes with BBMP (A: Area in acres, G: Gunta, T: Total)

Sl.No	Name of the lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Survey No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
Sl.No	Name of the lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Survey No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
1	Agrahara Lake	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Agrahara -33	15-34
2	Allalasandra kere	B'lore North	Yalahanka	Allalsandra -15	41-23
3	Ambalipura Kelagina kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Ambalipura-40 & 41	3-0, 4-09 T-7-09
4	Amblipura Melinakere	B'lore East	Varthur	Ambalipura-36	12-16
5	Attur kere	B'lore North	Yalahanka	Attur kere-81 Ananthapura-92 Ramagondanahalli- 39 Kempanahalli-12	56-29 6-15 7-22 19-18 T-90-04
6	Avalahalli	B'lore North	Yalahanka	Avalahalli -10 & Singanayakanahalli 64	11-01 2-10 T-13-11
7	Bhimmana katte	B'lore South	Kengeri	Halagevaderahalli-138	1-23
8	Bayappanapalya Kunte (Munniyappana katte)	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Vajarahalli -36	2-31
9	Challakere Lake	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Challakere - 85	38-05
10	Chinnapanhalli kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Chinnapanahalli 15 & 17	11-33 11-10
11	Chokkanahalli lake	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Chokkanahalli Sy-2	8-02
12	Dasarahalli kere (Chokkasandra)	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Dasarahalli - 24 Chokkasandra - 5	3-29 24-04 T-27-33
13	Deepanjali kere	B'lore South	Kengeri	Devatige Ramanahalli-32	7-22
14	Devsandra kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Devasandra 31	16-08
15	Doddabommasandra	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Dodda Bommasandra-56 Kodigehalli- 175 Thindlu - 53	39-10 49-21 35-28 T-124-19
16	Doddakanenahalli kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Doddakanenahalli - 109	18-14
17	Dore kere	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Uttarahalli -22 Vasanthapura -06	19-11 '9-06 T-28-17
18	H Gollahalli Lake (Varahasandra Lake)	B'lore South	Kengeri	Kengeri Gollahalli-9 Varahasandra-9 Hemgepura-25	7-08 4-33 7-25 T-19-26
19	Halagevaderahalli Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Halagevaderahalli-1	17-10
20	Handrahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Handrahalli -8	16-06
21	Haraluru kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Haraluru-95	34-70
22	Herohalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Herohalli-99	34-33
23	Harohalli lake	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Harohalli-91	74-32
24	Jogi kere	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Mallasandra-30	3-20
25	J.P. Park (Mathikere)	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Jalahalli-32 Mathikere-59 Thaniranahalli-01 Kasaba Yeshwanthpura-114	47-26 -- 20-39 -- T-
26	Kaikondanahalli kere	B'lore East	Varthuru	Kaikondanahalli -8 Kasavanahalli -70	18-18 30-05 T-48-23
27	Kalkere Agra kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram & Bidarahalli	Kalkere-45 Kyalasanahalli-36 Beelisivale-101 & 106 Horamavu Agra-36	73-11 51-19 0-37 & 0-14 61-11 T-187-12
28	Kammagondanahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Kammagondanahalli-18 Shettyhalli-67 Myadarahalli (Medarahalli)-26	15-26 5-32 1-32 T-23-10
29	Kasavanhalli	B'lore East	Varthur	Kasavanahalli-50 Haralur-32	21-30 33-18 T-56-08
30	Kattiganahalli Kere-136	B'lore North	Jala	Kattiganahalli -136	25-28
31	Kattiganahalli Kere-31	B'lore North	Jala	Kattiganahalli -31	20-10
32	Kempambudhi Lake	B'lore North	B'lore	Kempambudhi-2
33	Kodigehalli kere	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Kodigehalli - 30	9-25
34	Kogilu Lake	B'lore North	Yelahanka Jala	Kogilu - 84 Kattigenahalli - 117	40-04 38-24 T-78-28
35	Koudenahalli kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Koudenahalli -27	55-05
36	Kudlu Chikere	Anekal Taluk	Sarjapura	Koodlu-70	13-05
37	Kudlu doddakere	Anekal Talulk and B'lore South	Sarjapur & Begur	Koodlu-150 Parapanaagrahara-37	26-38 17-01 T-43-39
38	Kundalahalli Lake	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Kundalahalli -05	30-20
39	Lingadiranahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Lingadiranahalli-2 & 4	5-32 4-08 T-10-00
40	Mahadevapura Lakde	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Mahadevapura -7	26-23
41	Malgala kere	B'lore North	Yeshwanthapura	Malgala - 46	6-26
42	Munnekolalu kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Munnekolalu-25	15-38
43	Narasipura-20	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Narasipura-20	15-30
44	Narasipura-26	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Narasipura-26	9-07
45	Nayandanahalli kere	B'lore South	Kengeri	Nayadahalli -31	15-18
46	Parappana Agrahara	B'lore South	Beguru	Parappana Agrahara-23	16-11
47	Puttenahalli kere	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Puttenahalli -42	13-25
48	Ramagondanahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Ramagondanahalli-52	36-26
49	Sankey Tank	B'lore North	Vyalikaval	Vyalikaval - 21	35-00
50	Shilavantana kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Whitefeild-41	19-32
51	Sigehalli	B'lore East	K.R Puram	Sigehalli-32	31-13
52	Singasandra Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Basapura-15 Singasandra -52	9-34 1-08 T-11-02
53	Sowl kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Bellandur-65 Doddakanelli-68 Kaigondanahalli-36	23-33 7-28 30-16 T-61-37
54	Thirumenahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Thirumenahalli-63	7-10
55	Ulsoor	B'lore North	B'lore	Ulsoor
56	Uttarahalli kere (Mogekere)	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Uttarahalli -111	15-16
57	Veerasagara lake	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Veerasagara-26 Attur-25	'17-24 3-30 T-21-14
58	Vijanapura kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Kowdenahalli -85 Krishnarajpura-97	11-28 2-07 T-13-35
59	Yediyur Lake	B'lore South	Utharahalli	Dasarahalli -01 Yediyur -59	No extent
60	Yelahanka kere (Kasaba Amanikere)	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Yelahanka-29 Kenchenahalli -15 Venkatala-39 Manchenahalli-19 Puttenahalli-49	53-36 30-23 199-31 7-34 18-04 T-310-08

Lakes with BDA

Sl. No.	Name of the Lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Sy No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
1	Abbigere kere	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Abbigere-75 Singapura-95	26-06 21-7 T-47-13
2	Alahalli kere / Anjanapura	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Allahalli -30 Gollahalli-3	15-35 5-30 T-21-25
3	Amruthalli kere	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Amruthalli-115	24-36
4	Annappahalli/ Yelachenahalli Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Yelachenahalli-06, Govinayakanahalli-14	4-39 1-33 T-6-32
5	Arakere	B'lore South	Beguru	Arakere-34	37-21
6	Avalahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanaka	Avalahalli-10 Shiganayakanahalli-64	11-01 2-10 T-13-11
7	B.Narayanapura	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	B.Narayanapura-109	15-06
8	Baiyappanahalli kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Baiyappanahalli-61	8-09
9	Basapura Lake-2	B'lore South	Beguru	Basapura-66	10-29
10	Basavanapura Lake	B'lore South	Beguru	Basavanapura-14	7-34
11	Begur Lake	Bl'lore South	Begur	Begur-94	137-24
12	Bellahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Bellahalli-68	18-32
13	Bellandur	B'lore East	Varthur	Yamaluru-62 Amanikere Bellandur Kahne-1 Ibbalur-12 Kempapura-6 Beluru-2	3-04 284-20 399-14 13-15 2-00 T-700-13
14	Beratena Agrahara Lake (Chowdeshwari Layout	B'lore South	Begur	Beratena Agrahara (Chowdeshwari)-18	11-18
15	Bhattralli kere	B'lore East	Bidarahalli	Bhattralli-2	18-10
16	Bheemanakuppe	B'lore South	Kengeri	Bheemanakuppe-180	75-15
17	Bhoganalli kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Bhoganalli-21	12-24
18	Byrasandra	B'lore South	Utharahalli	Byrasandra-56	15-11
19	Byrasandra kere (Chikkepet) (Melinakere)	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Byrasandra-109	14-19
20	Chennasandra-2	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Banasawadi-211	47-38
21	Chikka Banavara	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Chikka Banavara-3, Somashettyhalli-73, Kere gullada halli-22 and Ganigarahalli-11,15	67-38 3-21 26-32 4-14 2-30 T-105-15
22	Chikka Bellandur kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Chikka Bellandur-9 Mullur -63	67-14 8-07 T-75-21
23	Chikkabasavanapura kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Basavanapura-14	14-07
24	Chikkabasthi	B'lore South	Kengeri	Ramasandra-6	7-06
25	Chikkabettahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Chikkabettahalli-52	1-32
26	Chick begur Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Begur-168, Singanadra-86	32-19 9-37 T-42-16
27	Chikkammanahalli Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Kammanahalli -22 Vamadevanahalli-	5-19
28	Chikkegowdana palya Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Hemmagepura-92
29	Chunchanaghatta	B'lore South	Utharahalli	Chunchanaghatta-70, 70/2, 70/3	20-31 1-0 1-0 T-22-31
30	Chowdeshwari Layout Lake	B'lore South	Begur
31	Devarakere Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Bikasipura-9	7-15
32	Doddabidarakallu	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Doddabidarakallu-125 Nagasandra -06	23-21 16-36 T-40-17
33	Doddakallasandra	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Doddakallasandra-27	21-16
34	Doddanakundi	B'lore East	K.R. Puram (village map) Varthur (In RTC-Bhoomi)	Doddanekundi -200 Kaggadasapura - 25 Vibhutipura -13	56-39 75-16 3-15 T-135-30
35	Dubasipalya Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Valagerehalli-43, 43/P1	23-35 1-0 T-24-35
36	Gangasetty kere (Diesel shed kere (Gangadhariahnakere) (Dyavasandrakunte kere)	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	KR Pura-58 Devasandra-46	18-32 2-35 T-21-27
37	Gandhinagara Lake	B'lore North
38	Garudachar Palya Kere -1 (Achanakere)	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Mahadevapura-31	5-36
39	Garudachar Palya Kere -2 (Goshala) Yekkalagatta kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Mahadevapura-86	5-14
40	Garvebhavi Palya	B'lore South	Begur	Hongasandra -41	18-04
41	Gattigere palya Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Somapura-27/53	0-37
42	Gottigere Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Gottigere-71	37-13
43	Gowdana Palya Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Kadirenahalli-33	9-30
44	Gubbalala	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Gubbalala-25 Vajarahalli-	8-10
45	Gunjur Kere (Carmelarm)	B'lore East	Varthur	Gunjur-95	9-17
46	Gunjur Mouji kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Gunjur-301, Kachamaranhalli-74	59-13 4-26 T- 63-39
47	Gunjur Palya kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Gunjur-83	36-27
48	Haralakunte Lake (Somasandrakere)	B'lore South	Begur	Haralakunte-51	16-29
49	Hoodi kere (GIDDANA KERE )	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Hoodi-138	28-31
50	Hoodi kere -1	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Hoodi-79	15-10
51	Horamavu Agara	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Horamavu Agra-77	51-34
52	Horamavu kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Horamavu-83	37-14
53	Hosakerehalli	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Hosakerehalli-15	59-26
54	Hosakere	B'lore South
55	Hulimavu	B'lore South	Beguru	Hulimavu-42 Kammanahalli -110	124-25 5-32 130-17
56	Ibbalur Lake	B'lore South	Beguru	Ibbalur-36	18-06
57	Jakkur & Sampigehalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Jakkur-15, 23 Yalahanka Amanikere-55 Sampigehalli-12 Agrahara-13	39-21,36-33 58-16 19-25 3-17 T-157-32
58	Jaraganahalli/Sarakki/Puttenahalli Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Jaraganahalli-7 Sarrakki-26 Puttenahalli - 5 Kothanuru-103 Chunchaghatta-28	38-14 38-0 6-10 11-21 13-07 T-107-12
59	Jimkenalli kere	B'lore East	Bidarahalli	Varanasi-47	8-24
60	Junnsandra kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Junnasandra-32	24-33
61	Kadirenapalya kere	B'lore East	KR Puram	Binnamangala-99
62	K R Puram (BEML) Bendiganahalli kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Benniganahalli-47 & 55	18-24, 27-14 T- 45-39
63	Kaggadasanapura	B'lore East	K.R. Puram (village map) Varthur (In RTC-Bhoomi)	Byrasandra -5 Kaggadasapura-141 Bendiganahalli - 24/3	14-24 32-16 3-26 T-51-26
64	Kalena Agrahara Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Kalena Agrahara-43	7-30
65	Kalkere Rampura kere	Anekal Taluk (B'lore East)	Jigani Bidarahalli	Kalkere-162 Rampura-22 Maragondanahalli-71 Huvineane-86	64-25 3-04 11-35 108-07 T-187-31
66	Kalyani / Kunte ( Next to Sai Baba Temple)	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Vasanthpura-21	1-33
67	Kannenahalli	B'lore North (Bng South)	Kengeri Yeshwanthpur
68	Kelagina kere / Byrasandra	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Byrasandra-112	12-21
69	Kembatha halli	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Kembathahalli-3 Kathnuru-32/3	5-16 1-33 T-7-20
70	Kenchanapura	B'lore South	Kengeri	Kenchanapura-10	17-20
71	Kengeri Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Kengeri-15, Valagerehalli-85	27-03 5-13 T-32-16

72	Kommaghatta	B'lore South	Kengeri	Komaghatta-03 Ramasandra-46	9-04 28-01 T-37-05
73	Konankunte	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Konanakunte - 2	09-18
74	Konasandra	Anekal Taluk	Jigani	Dyavasandra-9 Bommandahalli-18 Konasandra-17	21-13 7-39 3-20 T-32-32
75	Konnappana agrahara	B'lore South	Begur	Naganathpura (South)81	5-17
76	Kothnur	B'lore South	Utharahalli	Kothnur-54	18-09
77	Lakshmipura lake	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Lakshmipura-25	10-06
78	Lingadheeranahalli	B'lore South	Kengeri	Lingadheeranahalli-13	5-22
79	Madavara	B'lore North	Dasanapura Yeshwanthpur	Madavara -48 Chikkabidarakallu-21 Tirumalapura-32 (from Yeshwanthpura hobli) Doddabidarakallu -98 (From Yeshwanthpura hobli	35-31 20-20 8-36 2-39 T-68-06
80	Mahadevapura (Bandemahadevpura kere)	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Mahadevapura-187	13-11
81	Mallasandra Gudde lake	B'lore North	Dasanapura	Mallasandra-49, Mallasandra-50	11-28 5-23 T-17-11
82	Mallathahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Mallathahalli-101 Giddadakonenahalli-6	50-38 20-08 T-71-06
83	Manganahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Manganahalli - 43	6-22
84	Medi Agrahara	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Medi Agrahara-33	13-15
85	Meenakshi Kere	B'lore South	Begur	Kammanahalli (Meenakshi)-38	18-37
86	Mesthripalya Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Jakkasandra- 30	11-21
87	Nagarabhavi	B'lore North (Bng South)	Yeshwanthpur	Nagarabhavi-17	17-39
88	Nagareshwara-Nagenahalli Lake	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Nagareshwara-Nagenahalli -10	11-08
89	Nellagaderanahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Nallagaderanahalli - 62	19-22
90	Nalluralli tank	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Nalluralli-4 Pantandur Agrahara-85	20-34 27-05 T-47-39
91	Narasappanahalli	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Karivabanahalli-40 Nelagadiranahalli - 90 Nelagadiranahalli -89 Doddabidarakallu - 24	27-13 19-05 5-26 1-20 T-53-24
92	Nyanappanahalli Lake	B'lore South	Begur	Begur-344	6-07
93	Panathur kere -38	B'lore East	Varthur	Panathur - 38	27-17
94	Panathur kere -48	B'lore East	Varthur	Panathur - 48	6-30
95	Pattandur Agrahara	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Pattandur Agrahara-124	16-35
96	Pattandur Agrahara	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Pattandur Agrahara-54	12-37
97	Pattanagere Kenchenhalli	B'lore South		Kenchenahalli-33 Pattanagere-43	3-39 0-31 T-4-30
98	Rachenahalli	B'lore North B'lore East	Yelahanka K.R Puram	Dasarahalli-61 (Bng East- KR Puram) Jakkur - 82 (Bng North-Yelahanka) Rachenahalli - 69 (Bng East-KR Puram)	73-23 39-07 18-16 T-131-06
99	Ramsandra (Hirekere)	B'lore South B'lore North	Kengeri Yeshwanthpur	Ramasandra-159 Kenchanpura-36/* Kenchenapura - 36/¥ÉÊQ Kannahalli-37 (Bng north-Yeshwanthpura)	66-20 56-05 5-0 12-29 T-140-14
100	Sadaramangala kere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Sadaramangala-61, Kodigehalli-8	51-04 1-17 T-52-21
101	Shivanahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	shivanahalli-48 Allalasandra-38, 48	14-30 3-22 0-27 T-18-39
102	Siddapura kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Siddapura -18	27-38
103	Singapura Kere	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Singapura-102	66-18
104	Singasandra	B'lore South	Beguru	Singasandra -99, 100	10-14 0-34 T-11-08
105	Sitaram Palya	B'lore East	K R Puram	Sonnenahalli (Seetharmapalya)-33	23-37
106	Sompura	B'lore South	Kengeri	Sompura - 11	17-38
107	Srigandadakaval (near Rajivgandhi nagar)	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Srigandakavalu-15	6-33
108	Srinivasapura Kere	B'lore North	Yelahanaka	Srinivasapura-2	3-14
109	Subbarayanakere	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Gottigere-12	5-10
110	Subedeharanakere	B'lore South	Begur	Begur-48	6-05
111	Subramanyapura Lake	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Uttarahalli-64	18-06
112	Sulekere (Soolikere)	B'lore South	Kengeri	Maragondanahalli Krishnasagara
113	Swarnakunte gudda kere	B'lore South	Begur	Chandrashekarpura-1	09-05
114	Talaghattapura (Gowdarakere)	B'lore South	Uttarahalli	Talaghattapura -73	19-16
115	Ullal	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Ullal-93	24-12
116	Vaderahalli	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Vaderahalli-32	9-34
117	Varahasandra Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Hemigepura-4, Varahasandra-24	4-11 13-09 T-17-20
118	Varthur	B'lore East	Varthur	Varthur-319	445-14
119	Vasanthapura (Janardhanakere)	B'lore South	Utharahalli	Vasanthpura-28	7-10
120	Venkateshpura	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Ventateshpura-12 Sampigehalli-37	6-35 11-29 T-18-24
121	Vibhuthipura kere	B'lore East	Varthur	Vibhuthipura-175	45-18
122	Vishwa nidam lake	B'lore North	Yeshwanthpur	Herohalli-50	4-30
123	Yellenhalli Lake (Elenahalli)	B'lore South	Begur	Yellenhalli-55	4-39

Lakes under Lake Development Authority (LDA)

Sl.No	Name of the Lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Sy No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
1	Agaram Lake	B'lore South	Kengeri	Agara-11 Venkojiraokhane-11	5-39 136-30 T-142-29
2	Hebbal Lake	B'lore North	Kasaba	Hebbla-38 Kodigehalli-37	92-26 99-33 T-192-19
3	Nagavara Lake	B'lore North	Kasaba	Nagawara-58 Vishwanatanagenahalli - 12,13	56-17 12-35 6-01 T-75-13
4	Vengaiahnakere	B'lore East	K.R. Puram	Krishnarajapura-9 Sannathammanahalli-46	38-12 26-23 T-64-35

Lakes - Karnataka Forest Department

Sl.No	Name of the Lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Sy No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
1	Hennur (K.R.Puram Range)	B'lore North	Kasaba	Hennur - 53 Nagawara - 13	58-30 14-11 T-73-01
2	J.B.Kaval Tank (Bangalore Range)	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Jyarakabande Kavalu-P1-36	44-21 2-04
3	Madiwala (K.R.Puram Range)	B'lore South	Begur	Madivala- 7 Kodichikkanahalli-23 Belekannahalli-64 Rupena Agrahara-11	166-39 80-09 21-35 6-10 T-275-13
4	Mylsandra (Kaggalipura Range) Gumaiahanakere (Mylasandra 1) Mylasandra 2	B'lore South	Kengeri	Mylasandra-37 Kasaba Kengeri-58 Mylasandra - 27 Kasaba Kengeri-66	6-24 6-02 T-12-26 10-14 5-28 T-16-02
5	Puttenahalli (Yelahanka Range)	B'lore North	Yelahanka	Puttenehalli - 36 Attur - 49	29-14 7-26 T-37-00

Lakes - Minor Irrigation Department

Sl.No	Name of the Lake	Taluk	Hobli	Name of the village Sy No.	Extent (A-G) as per RTC
1	Agara kere	Bangalore South	Kengeri	Agara - 103 Agara -102 Agara - 104	13-11 0-08 0-06 T-13-25
2	Alluru kere	Bangalore North	Dasanapura	Aluru-132 Vaderahalli - 8 Mathahalli - 25 Narasipura - 41	39-38 27-23 5-32 1-21 T-75-34
3	Bhimanakuppe kere	Bangalore South	Kengeri	Bheemanakuppe-180	75-15
4	Bidara Amanikere	Anekal
5	Bidarahalli kere	Bangalore East	Bidrahalli	Bidarahalli-8 Byappanahalli - 21	15-10 81-16 T-96-26
6	Chikkanahalli	Bangalore East
7	Doddagubbi kere	Bangalore East	Bidarahalli	Doddagubbi-38 NadagowdaGollahalli-39 Chikkagubbi-9	105-18 16-37 1-32 T-124-07
8	Ghattahalli Bommankere	Anekal	Sarjapura	Gattahalli-62 Rayasandra - 33	51-17 21-22 T-72-39
9	Hoskuru kere (Huskur Lake)	Anekal	Sarjapura	Huskur - 163 Harohalli - 51 Avalahalli - 50	91-10 23-0 --- T-114-10
10	Hulimangala Doddakere	Anekal	Jigani	Hulimangala - 22	67-07
11	Kodatikere	Bangalore East	Varthru	Kodati-8 Solikunte - 52	40-32 37-09 T-78-01
12	Margondanahalli kere	Bangalore South	Kengeri	Margondanahalli -45	5-33
13	Rampura kere	Bangalore East
14	Sakalavara Bujangadasana kere	Anekal	Jigani	Sakalavara - 93	23-34
15	Singanayakana halli kere	Bangalore North
16	Singena Agrahara kere	Anekal	Sarjapura	Singena Agrahara-94 Narayanaghatta - 128 Gottammanahalli - 13	95-39 19-32 8-04 T-123-35
17	Vaderahalli kere	Bangalore South	Kengeri	B.M.Kaval P1 -136	21-07
18	Yellemallappa Shetty kere	Bangalore East	K.R. Puram	Avalahalli -57 Avalahalli -12 Heerandahalli - 95 Heerandahalli -96 Kurudu Sonnenahalli -2 Medahalli -63 Veerenahalli -29	13-26 17-26 170-16 33-24 31-2 91-35 132-06 T-490-15

Source: https://www.karnataka.gov.in/ldakarnataka/documents/Listof-210Lake-BDA,BBMP,LDA, KFD, MILIst.xlsx
The anthropogenic activities particularly, indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents and sewage wastes, dumping of building debris have altered the physical, chemical as well as biological integrity of the ecosystem. This has resulted in the ecological degradation, which is evident from the current ecosystem valuation of wetlands. Global valuation of coastal wetland ecosystem shows a total of 14,785/ha US$ annual economic value. Valuation of relatively pristine wetland in Bangalore shows the value of Rs. 10,435/ha/day while the polluted wetland shows the value of Rs.20/ha/day (Ramachandra et al., 2005). In contrast to this, Varthur, a sewage fed wetland has a value of Rs.118.9/ha/day (Ramachandra et al., 2011). The pollutants and subsequent contamination of the wetland has telling effects such as disappearance of native species, dominance of invasive exotic species (such as African catfish, water hyacinth, etc.), in addition to profuse breeding of disease vectors and pathogens. Water quality analyses revealed of high phosphates (4.22-5.76 ppm) levels in addition to the enhanced BOD (119-140 ppm) and decreased DO (0-1.06 ppm). The amplified decline of ecosystem goods and services with degradation of water quality necessitates the implementation of sustainable management strategies to recover the lost wetland benefits.

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