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ID: 60150
Title: Temporal disparity in leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index across a growing season in a temperate deciduous forest.
Author: H. Croft, J.M. Chen, Y. Zhang.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 312-320 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Remote sensing, Phenology, GPP, Leaf physiology, Canopy structure.
Abstract: Spatial and temporal variations in canopy structure and leaf biochemistry have considerable influence on fluxes of CO2, water and energy and nutrient cycling in vegetation. Two vegetation indices (VI) NDVI and Macc01 were used to model the spatio-temporal variability of broadleaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index (LAI) across a growing season. Ground data including LAI, hyperspectral leaf reflectance factors (400-2500 nm) and leaf chlorophyll content were measured across the growing season and satellite derived canopy reflectance data was acquired for 33 dates at 1200 m spatial resolution. Key phenological information was extracted using the TIMESAT software. Results showed that LAI chlorophyll start of season (SOS) dates were at day of year (DOY) 130 and 157 respectively, and total season duration varied by 57 days. The spatial variability of chlorophyll and LAI phenology was also analyzed at the landscape scale to investigate phonological patterns over a larger spatial extent. Whilst a degree of spatial variability existed, results showed that chlorophyll SOS lagged approximately 20-35 days behind LAI SOS, and the end of season (EOS) LAI dates were predominantly between 20 and 30 days later than chlorophyll EOS. The large temporal differences between VI-derived chlorophyll content and LAI has important implications for biogeochemical models using NDVI or LAI to represent the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a canopy, in neglecting to account for delays in chlorophyll production and thus photosynthetic capacity.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Asner, G.P., 1998. Biophysical and biochemical sources of variability in canopy reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 64, 234-253. Blackburn, G.A., 2007. Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments. J.Exp.Bot. 58, 855-867.
Literature cited 2: Boegh, E., Soegaard, H., Broge, N., Hasager, C.B., Jensen, N.O., Schelde, K., Thomsen, A., 2002. Airborne multispectral data for quantifying leaf area index, nitrogen concentration, and photosynthetic efficiency in agriculture, Remote Sens.Environ. 81, 179-193. Canisius, F., Fernandes, R., Chen, J., 2010. Comparison and evaluation of Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer leaf area index products across a range of land use. Remote Sens. Environ. 114, 950-960.

ID: 60149
Title: A forestry GIS-based study on evaluating the potential of imaging spectroscopy in mapping forest land fertility.
Author: Matti Mottus, Tuure Takala.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 302-311 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Airborne imaging spectroscopy, Forest site fertility, Narrowband vegetation index, Sunlit crowns, Boreal forest.
Abstract: Fertility or the availability of nutrients and water, controls forest productivity. It affects its carbon sequestration, and thus the forest ' s effect on climate, as well as its commercial value. Although the availability of nutrients cannot be measured directly using remote sensing methods, fertility alters several vegetation traits detectable from the reflectance spectra of the forest stand, including its pigment content and water stress. However, forest reflectance is also influenced by other factors, such as species composition and stand age. Here, we present a case study demonstrating how data obtained using imaging spectroscopy is correlated with site fertility. The study was carried out in Hyytiala, Finland, in the southern boreal forest zone. We used a database of state-owned forest stands including basic forestry variables and a site fertility index. T o test the suitability of imaging spectroscopy with different spatial and spectral resolutions for site fertility mapping, we performed two airborne acquisitions using different sensor configurations. First, the sensor was flown at a high altitude with high spectral resolution resulting in a pixel size in the order of a tree crown. Next, the same area was flown to provide reflectance data with sub-meter spatial resolution. However, to maintain usable signal-to-noise ratios, several spectral channels inside the sensor were combined, thus reducing spectral resolution. We correlated a number of narrowband vegetation indices (describing canopy biochemical composition, structure, and photosynthetic activity) on site fertility. Overall, site fertility had a significant influence on the vegetation indices but the strength of the correlation depended on dominant species. We found that high spatial resolution data calculated from the spectra of sunlit parts of tree crowns had the strongest correlation with site fertility.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Blackburn, G., 1998. Quantifying chlorophyll and carotenoids at leaf and canopy scales: an evaluation of some hyperspectral approaches. Remote Sens. Environ. 66, 273-285. Blackburn, G.A., 2007. Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments. J.Exp.Bot. 58, 855-867.
Literature cited 2: Buckingham, R., Staenz, K., 2008. Review of current and planned civilian space hyperspectral sensors for EO. Can. J. Remote Sens. 34, S187- S197. Clark, D.A., Brown, S., Kicklighter, D.W., Chambers, J.Q., Thomlinson, J.R., Ni, J., 2001. Measuring net primary production in forests: concepts and field methods. Ecol. Appl. 11. 356-370.

ID: 60148
Title: Enhancing endmember selection in multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) for urban impervious surface area mapping usingspectral angle spectral distance parameters.
Author: Fenglei Fan, Yingbin Deng.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 290-301 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: MESMA, Spectral angle, Spectral distance, Endmember selection, Impervious surface area.
Abstract: Successful retrieval of urban impervious surface area is achieved with remote sensing data using the multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). MESMA is well suited for studying the urban impervious surface are because it allows the number and types of the endmembers to vary on a per-pixel basis, thereby, allowing the control of the large spectral variability. However, MESMA must calculate all potential endmember combinations of each pixel to determine the best-fit one. Therefore, it is a time-consuming and inefficient unmixing technology, especially for hyperspectral images because these images have more complicated endmember categories. Hence, in this paper, we design an improved MESMA (SASD-MESMA: spectral angle and spectral distance MESMA) to enhance the computational efficiency of conventional MESMA, and we validate this new method by analyzing the Hyperion image (JAN-2011) and the field-spectra data of Guangzhou (China). In SASD-MESMA, the parameters of spectral angle (SA) and spectral distance (SD) are used to evaluate the similarity degree between library spectra and image spectra in order to identify the most representative endmember combination for each pixel. Results demonstrate that the SA and SD parameters are useful to reduce misjudgment in selecting candidate endmembers and effective for determining the appropriate endmembers in one pixel. Meanwhile, this research indicates that the proposed SASD-MESMA performs very well in retrieving impervious surface area, forest, grass and soil distributions on the sub-pixel level (the overall root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.15 and the correlation coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.68).
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Asner, G., Heidebrecht, K., 2002. Spectral unmixing of vegetation, soil and dry carbon cover in arid regions: comparing multispectral and hyperspectral observations. Int. J. Remote Sens. 23, 3939-3958. Asner, G., Lobell, D., 2000. A biogeophysical approach for automated SWIR unmixing of soil and vegetation. Remote Sens. Environ. 74, 99-112.
Literature cited 2: Ballantine, J., Okin, G., Prentiss, D., Roberts, D., 2005. Mapping north African land-forms using continental scale unmixing of MODIS imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 97, 470-483. Bateson, C., Asner, G., Wessmann, C., 2000. Endmember bundles: a new approach to incorporating endmember variability into spectral mixture analysis. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 38, 1083-1094.

ID: 60147
Title: Assessment of reference evapotranspiration using remote sensing and forecasting tools under semi-arid conditions.
Author: M. Cruz-Blanco, P. Gavilan, C. Santos, I.J. Lorite.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 280-289 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Reference evapotranspiration, Remote sensing, MSG, ECMWF, Lysimeter, Advection.
Abstract: Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) assessment at regional scale is a challenge to agricultural and hydrological research requiring the characterization of vast areas to obtain accurate meteorological variables. To account for this, a new approach considering a modified version of the Makkink equation and based on a combination of remotely sensed solar radiation (Rs) considering the MSG satellite, and numerical weather forest of near surface air temperature (T2m), was developed. The new approach is referred as Makkink-Advection equation (MAK-Adv). Once Rs and T2m were validated for the semiarid conditions registered in Southern Spain with very satisfactory results ( RMSE = 1.6 MJ m-2 d-1 and 1.4 ? C respectively, with liner regressions with slope = 0.99 and R2 =0.97), the MAK-Adv approach was calibrated and validated with ET0 measurements from a weighing lysimeter under near-reference conditions in Southern Spain. The new approach has provided accurate daily ET0 estimations compared with lysimeter data (RMSE=0.50 mm d-1, RE=12.3 % and MAE =0.39 mm d-1), and remains accurate during summer time (RMSE=0.62 mm d-1 and RE= 9%), the critical period when accurate ET0 data are essential for a correct agricultural water management. Once calibrated and validated, and thanks to the use of remotely sensed data, the MAK-Adv approach allowed the ET0 assessment at regional scale. For a semi-arid region located in southern Spain with an area of 87,300 km2, detailed spatial ET0 assessment was performed, determining ET0 values for the totality of the area with a resolution of about 9 km2 allowing to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability at basin/region scale. This new approach gets over the serious limitations for a correct ET0 assessment when traditional methodologies are not able to provide these data for vast areas, even with the modern weather station networks. Thus, MAK-Adv approach is especially useful for those areas with missing or inaccurate meteorological in situ observations.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Allen, R.G., D.F., 1990. Low cost electronic weighing lysimeters. Trans. ASAE 33 (6), 1823-1833. Allen, R.G., Pruitt, W.O., Jensen, M.E., 1991. Environmental requirements of lysimeters. In: Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference on Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements, Honolulu, HI.
Literature cited 2: Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. FAO, Rome, Italy. Alves, M.C., Carvalho, L.G., Vianello, R.L., Sediyama, G.C., Oliveira, M.S., Sa Junior, A., 2013. Geostatistical improvements of evapotranspiration spatial information using satellite land surface and weather stations data. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 113, 155-174

ID: 60146
Title: Validation of measurements of land plot area using UAV imagery
Author: Francisco Javier Mesas-Carrascosa, Maria Dolores Notario-Garcia, Jose Emilio Merono de Larriva, Manuel Sanchez de la Orden, Alfonso Garcia-Ferrer Porras.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 270-279 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: UAV, ISO 5725, Land policies.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the potential use of very high resolution UAV imagery to measure the area of land plots to monitor land policies. The method used to monitor land is to measure the area of a set of land plots. Compared to traditional methods based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements or imagery obtained from aerial or satellite platforms, UAV systems lead to improved cost savings in this task without losing accuracy. The tests were conducted on 25 plots representing all the characteristics of a region (e.g. size, shape, border conditions and land use). We determined technical tolerance as a buffer using ISO 5725. We also assessed the relationship between the buffers obtained for the land plots and the characteristics of the plots. Technical tolerance in the digitized plots was within the range established by the European Union. This result shows the validity of UAV systems for land policy monitoring.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Ambrosia, V.G., Wegener, S.S., Sullivan, D.V., Buechel, S.W., Dunagan, S.E., Brass, J.A., Stoneburner, J., Schoenung, S.M., 2003. Demonstrating UAV-acquired real-time thermal data over fires. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 69, 391-402. Beekhuizen, J., Clarke, K.C., 2010. Toward accountable land use mapping: using geocomputation to improve classification accuracy and reveal uncertainty. Int.J.Appl.Earth Observ.Geoinf. 12, 127-137.
Literature cited 2: Berni, J.A.J., Zarco-Tejada, P.J., Suarez, L., Gonzalez-Dugo, V., Fereres, E., 2009. Remote Sensing of Vegetation from UAV Platforms Using Lightweight Multispectral and Thermal Imaging Sensors (retrieved 12.03.12) Botta, F., Lepot, B., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Morin, A., 2012. Estimation of sampling uncertainty in lake-water monitoring in a collaborative field trial. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 36, 176-184.

ID: 60145
Title: Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review
Author: Freek van der Meer, Christoph Hecker, Frank van Ruitenbeek, Harald van der Werff, Charlotte de Wijkerslooth, Carolina Wechsler.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 255-269 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Geothermal exploration, Alteration mineralogy, Temperature, Heat flux, TIR/SWIR remote sensing, Pacana geothermal system (Chili)
Abstract: This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential for remote sensing in exploring for geothermal resources. Temperature gradients in the earth crust are typically 25-30 ? C per kilometer depth can be reached. In such volcanic areas, meteoric water in permeable and porous rocks is heated and hot water is trapped to form a geothermal reservoir. A t the Earth ' s surface hot springs and fumaroles are evidence of hot geothermal water. In low enthalpy systems the heat can be used for heating/cooling and drying while in high enthalpy systems energy is generated using hot water or steam. In this paper we review the potential of remote sensing in the exploration for geothermal resources. We embark from the traditional suite of geophysical and geochemical prospecting techniques to arrive at parameters at the Earth surface that can be measured by earth observing satellites. Next, we summarize direct and indirect detection of geothermal potential using alteration mineralogy, temperature anomalies and heat fluxes, geobotanical anomalies and Earth surface deformation. A section of this paper is dedicated to published remote sensing studies illustrating the principles of mapping: surface deformation, gaseous emissions, mineral mapping, heat flux measurements, temperature mapping and geobotany. In case study from the La Pacana caldera (Chilli) geothermal field we illustrate the cross cutting relationships between various surface manifestations of geothermal reservoirs and how remotely sensed indicators can contribute to exploration. We conclude that although remote sensing of geothermal systems has not reached full maturity, there is great potential for integrating these surface measurements in a exploration framework. A number of recommendations for future research result from our analysis of geothermal systems and the present contributions of remote sensing to studying these systems. These are grouped along a number of question lines: ' how reproducible are remote sensing products ' , ' can long term monitoring of geothermal systems be achieved ' and ' do surface manifestations link to subsurface features?
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Abrams, M., Pieri, D., Realmuto, V., Wright, R., 2013. Using EO-1 Hyperion Data as HyspIRI Preparatory Data sets for Volcanology Applied to Mt Etna, Italy. IEEE J.Sel. Top.Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. 6 (2), 375-385. Acar, H.I., 2003. A review of geothermal energy in Turkey. Energy Sour. 25 (11), 1083-1088.
Literature cited 2: Alzwar, M., 1986. Geothermal-energy potential related to active volcanism in Indonesia. Geothermics 15 (5-6), 601-607. Arnorsson, S., Bjarnason, J.O., Giroud, N., Gunnarsson, I., Stefansson, A., 2006. Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids. Geofluids 6 (3), 203-216.

ID: 60144
Title: Automatic and improved radiometric correction of Landsat imagery using reference values from MODIS surface reflectance images.
Author: X.Pons, L. Pesquer, J. Cristobal, O. Gonzalez- Guerrero.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 243-254 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Radiometric correction, Landsat, MODIS, Pseudoinvariant area.
Abstract: Radiometric correction is a prerequisite for generating high-quality scientific data, making it possible to discriminate between product artefacts and real changes in Earth processes as accurately produce land cover maps and detect changes. This work contributes to the automatic generation of surface reflectance products for Landsat satellite series. Surface reflectances are generated by a new approach developed from a previous simplified radiometric (atmospheric+ topographic) correction model. The proposed model keeps the core of the old model (incidence angles and cast-shadows through a digital elevation model [DEM], Earth-Sun distance, etc.) and adds new characteristics to enhance and automatize ground reflectance retrieval. The new model includes the following new features: (1) A fitting model based on reference values from pseudoinvariant areas that have been automatically extracted from existing reflectance products (Terra MODIS MOD09GA) that were selected also automatically by applying quality criteria that include a geostatistical pattern model. This guarantees the consistency of the internal and external series, making it unnecessary to provide extra atmospheric data for the acquisition data and time, dark objects or dense vegetation. (2) A spatial model for atmospheric optical depth that uses detailed DEM and MODTRAN simulations (3) It is designed so that large time-series of images can be processed automatically to produce consistent Landsat surface reflectance time-series. (4) The approach can handle most images, acquired now or in the past, regardless of the processing system, with the exception of those with extremely high cloud coverage. The new methodology has been successfully applied to a series of near 300 images of the same area including MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery as well as to different formats and processing systems (LPGS and NLAPS and USGS; CEOS from ESA) for different degrees of cloud coverage (up to 60 %) and SLC-off. Reflectance products have been validated with some example applications: time series robustness (for a pixel in a psudoinvariant area, deviations are only 1.04% on average along the series), spectral signatures generation (visually coherent with the MODIS ones, but more similar between dates), and classification (up to 4percent points better than those obtained with the original manual method or the CDR products). In conclusion, this new approach, that could also be applied to other sensors with similar band configurations, offers a fully automatic and reasonably good procedure for the new era of long time-series of spatially detailed global remote sensing data.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Barbosa, P.M., Casterad, M.A., Herrero, J., 1996. Performance of several Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image classification methods for crop extent estimates in an irrigation district. Int. J. Remote Sens. 17, 3665-3674. Bariou, R., Lecamus, D., Le Henaff, F., 1986. Correction Radiometriques. Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Literature cited 2: Barrachina, M., Cristobal, J., Tulla, A.F., 2010. Los recursos ganaderos en los sistemasextensivos de la Montana pirenaica catalane: approximacion al calculo de la biomasa herbacea mediante el uso de la Teledetection. Serie Geografica 16, 35-49. Campbell, J.B., 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing, second ed. Taylor and Francis, London.

ID: 60143
Title: Development and implementation of a multiscale biomass model using hyperspectral vegetation indices for winter wheat in the North China Plain.
Author: Martin L., Gnyp, Georg Bareth, Fei Li, Victoria I.S. Lenz-Wiedemann, Wolfganf Koppe, Yuxin Miao, Simon D. Hennig, Liangliang Jia, Rainer Laudien, Xinping Chen, Fusuo Zhang.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 232-242 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Multiscale, Biomass, Model development, Hyperspectral, Vegetation index, Winter wheat.
Abstract: Crop monitoring during the growing season is important for regional management decisions and biomass prediction. The objectives of this study were to develop, improve and validate a scale independent biomass model. Field studies were conducted in Huimin County, Shandong Province of China, during the 2006-2007 growing season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L). The field design had a multiscale set-up with four levels which differed in their management, such as nitrogen fertilizer inputs and cultivars, to create different biomass conditions: small experimental fields (L1), large experimental fields (L2), small farm fields (L3), and large farm fields (L4). L4, planted with different winter wheat varieties, was managed according to farmers ' practice while L1 through L3 represented controlled field experiments. Multitemporal spectral measurements were taken in the fields, and biomass was sampled for each spectral campaign. In addition, multitemporal Hyperion data were obtained in 2006 and 2007. L1 field data were used to develop biomass models based on the relation between the winter wheat spectra and biomass: several published vegetation indices, including NRI, REP, OSAVI, TCI, and NDVI, were investigated. A new hyperspectral vegetation index, which uses a four-band combination in the NIR and SWIR domains, named GnyLi, was developed. Following the multiscale concept, the data of higher levels, and to transfer the improved models to the next level. Lastly, the models were transferred and validated at the regional scale using Hyperion images of 2006 and 2007. The results showed that the GnyLi and NRI models, which were based on the NIR and SWIR domains, performed best with R2 >0.74. All the other indices explained less than 60 % model variability. Using the Hyperion data for regionalization, GnyLi and NRI explained 81-89% of the biomass variability. These results highlighted that GnyLi and NRI can be used together with hyperspectral images for both plot and regional level biomass estimation. Nevertheless, additional studies and analyses are needed to test its replicability in other environmental conditions.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Aasen, H., M.L., Miao, Y., Bareth, G., 2014. Automated hyperspectral vegetation index retrieval from multiple correlation matrices with HyperCor. Photogramm. Eng.Remote Sens. 80 (8) (in press) Addink, E.A., de Jong, S.M., Pebesma, E.J., 2007. The importance of scale in object-based mapping of vegetation parameters with hyperspectral imagery. Photogramm.Eng. Remote Sens. 73 (8), 905-912.
Literature cited 2: Atzberger, C., 1998. Estimates of W inter Wheat Production Through Remote Sensing and Crop Growth Modelling. VWF Verlag fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Berlin. Babar, M.A., Reynolds, M.P., van Ginkel, M., Klatt, A.R., Raun, W.R., Stone, M.L., 2006. Spectral reflectance to estimate genetic variation for in-season biomass, leaf chlorophyll, and canopy temperature in wheat. Crop Sci. 46 (3), 1046-1057.

ID: 60142
Title: Mapping the distribution of mangrove species in the Core Zone of Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong, using hyperspectral data and high-resolution data.
Author: Mingming Jia, Yuanzhi Zhang, Zongming Wang, Kaishan Song, Chunying Ren.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 226-231 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Mangrove species, HYPERION, SPOT-5, Object-oriented method, Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong.
Abstract: Mangrove species compositions and distributions are essential for conservation and restoration efforts. In this study, hyperspectral data of EO-1 HYPERION sensor and high spatial resolution data of SPOT-5 sensor were used in Mai Po mangrove species mapping. Objected-oriented via segmenting high spatial resolution data of SPOT-5. Then the objects were classified in to different mangrove species based on the spectral differences of HYPERION image. The classification result showed that in the top canopy, Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina dominated Mai Po Marshes Natural Reserve, with area of 196.8 ha and 110.8 ha respectively, Acanthus ilicifolious and Aegiceras corniculatum were mixed together and living at the edge of channels with an area of 11.7 ha. Additionally, mangrove species shows clearly zonations and associations in the Mai Po Core Zone. The overall accuracy of our mangrove map was 88 % and the Kappa confidence was 0.83, which indicated great potential of using hyperspectral and high-resolution data for distinguishing and mapping mangrove species.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), 2011. Mai Po Inner Deep Bay RAMSAR Site Management Plan Executive Summary, Hong Kong. Aguirre-Gutierrez, J., Seijmonsbergen, A.C., Duivenvoorden, J.F., 2012. Optimizing land cover classification accuracy for change detection, a combined pixel-based and object-based approach in a mountainous area in Mexico. Appl. Geogr. 34, 29-37.
Literature cited 2: Baatz, M., Schape, A., 2000. Multiresolution segmentation-an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation. In: Strobl, J., et al. (Eds). Angewandte Geographische Informations verarbeitung XII, AGIT Symposium. Salzburg. Germany. Bahuguna, A., Nayak, S., Roy, D., 2008. Impact of the tsunami and earthquake of 26th December 2004 on the vital coastal ecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands assessed using RESOURCESAT AWiFS data. Int.J.Appl.Earth OBS 10, 229-237.

ID: 60141
Title: An ensemble pansharpening approach for finer-scale mapping of sugarcane with Landsat 8 imagery.
Author: Brian A. Johnson, Henry Scheyvens, Binaya R. Shivakoti.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 218-225 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Pansharpening, Image fusion, Landsat 8, IHS, Sugarcane mapping, SVM.
Abstract: We tested the effects of three fast pansharpening methods-Intensity-Hue-Saturation (HIS), Brovery Transform (BT) and Additive Wavelet Transform (AWT)- on sugarcane classification in a Landsat 8 image (bands 1-7) , and proposed two ensemble pansharpening approaches (band stacking and band averaging) which combine the pixel-level information of multiple pansharpened images for classification. To test the proposed ensemble pansharpening approaches, we classified ?sugarcane? and ?other? land cover in the unsharpened Landsat multispectral image, the individual pansharpened images, and the bandstacked and band-averaged ensemble images using Support Vector Machines (SVM), and assessed the classification accuracy than the unsharpened image, while the HIS and BT images did not. The band-stacked ensemble images achieved higher classification accuracies than the unsharpened and individual pansharpened images, with the IHS-BT -AWT band-stacked image producing the most accurate classification result, followed by the IHS-BT band-stacked image. The ensemble images containing averaged pixel values from multiple pansherpened images achieved lower classification accuracies than the band-stacked ensemble images, but most still had higher accuracies than the unsharpened and individual pansharpened results. Our results indicate that ensemble pansharpening approaches have the potential to increase classification accuracy, at least for relatively simple classification tasks. Based on the results of the study, we recommended further investigation of ensemble pansharpening for image analysis (e.g. classification and regression tasks) in agricultural and non-agricultural environments.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Aizzi, B., Baronti, S., Selva, M., 2007. Improving component substitution pansharpening through multivariate regression of MS+ Pan data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 45, 3230-3239. Amolins, K., Zhang, Y., Dare, P., 2007. Wavelet based image fusion techniques-an introduction, review and comparison. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 62, 249-263,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.009.
Literature cited 2: Amro, I., Mateos, J., Vega, M., Molina, R., Katsaggelos, A.K., 2011. A survey of classical methods and new trends in pansharpening of multispectral images. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 79, 1-22. Bruzzone, L., Carlin, L., 2006. A multilevel context-based system for classification of very high spatial resolution images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 2587-2600.

ID: 60140
Title: Remote sensing of scattered Natura 2000 habitats using a one-class classifier.
Author: Stefanie Stenzel, Hannes Feilhauer, Benjamin Mack, Annekatrin Metz, Sebastian Schmidtlein.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 211-217 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Natura 2000, Maxent, Multispectral remote sensing, Nature conservation, Habitat types, One-class classification.
Abstract: Mapping of habitats with relevance for nature conservation involves the identification f patches of target habitats in a complex mosaic of vegetation types not relevant for conservation planning. Limiting the necessary ground reference to a small sample of target habitats would greatly reduce and therefore support the field mapping effort. We thus aim to answer in this study the question: can semi-automated remote sensing methods help to map such patches without the need of ground references from sites not relevant for nature conservation? Approaches able to fulfill this task may help to improve the efficiency of large scale mapping and monitoring programs such as requested for the European Habitat Directive. In the present study, we used the maximum-entropy based classification approach Maxent to map four habitat types across a patchy landscape of 1000 km2 near Munich, Germany. This task was conducted using the low number of 125 ground reference points only along with easily available multi-seasonal RapidEye satellite imagery. Encountered problems include the non-stationarity of habitat reflectance due to different phenological development across space, continuous transitions between the habitats and the need for improved methods for detailed validation. The result of the tested approach is a habitat map with an overall accuracy of 70%. The rather simple and affordable approach can thus be recommended for a first survey of previously unmapped areas, as a tool for identifying potential gaps in existing habitat inventories and as a first check for changes in the distribution of habitats.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Amici, V., 2011. Dealing with vagueness in complex forest landscapes: a soft classification approach through a niche-based distribution model. Ecol.Inform 6, 371-383. Alexandridis, T.K., Lazaridou, E., Tsirika, A., Zalidis, G.C., 2009. Using earth observation to update a Natura 2000 habitat map for a wetland in Greece. J.Environ. Manage. 90, 2243-2251.
Literature cited 2: Boyd, D.S., Sanchez-Hernandez, C., Foody, G.M., 2006. Mapping a specific class for priority habitats monitoring from satellite sensor data. Int.J.Remote Sens. 27, 2631-2644. Bradley, B.A., Olsson, A.D., Wang, O., Dickson, B.G., Pelech, L., Sesnie, S.E., Zachmann, L.J., 2012. Species detection vs. habitat suitability: are we biasing habitat suitability models with remotely sensed data? Ecol.Model. 244, 57-64.

ID: 60139
Title: Estimating soil sand content using thermal infrared spectra in arid lands.
Author: Mamat Sawut, Abduwasit Ghulam, Tashpolat Tiyip, Yan-jun Zhang, Jian-li Ding, Fei Zhang, Matthew Maimaitiyiming.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 203-210 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Thermal infrared spectra, Emissivity, Sand content.
Abstract: Sand content is a textural property of soils closely related to soil quality. A fast determination of sand content at large scales is paramount importance for monitoring soil degradation to improve agricultural practices. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of the thermal infrared region (TIR) to estimate sand content of soils. Thermal infrared spectra obtained in the field from a Fourier Transform Spectrometer are used to develop a partial least square regression model (PLSR) that translates thermal emittance to soil texture properties. Our results show that the 9.435-9.473 ? m wavelength regions hold a great promise for prediction of sand content. Coefficient of determination R2 is 0.87 and standard error (SE) is 2.79. We also show that second derivative of thermal spectral profiles is very useful to detect kaolinite in sand dominated soils. The results of this study provide further insights for developing future thermal sensors aimed at predicting soil quality as indicated by the sand content and other textural properties.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Abdu, H., Robinson, D., Seyfried, M., Jones, S.B., 2008. Geophysical imaging of watershed subsurface patterns and prediction of soil texture and water holding capacity. Water Resour. Res., 44. Al-Abbas, A., Swain, P., Baumgardner, M., 1972. Relating organic matter and clay content to the multispectral radiance of soils. Soil Sci. 114, 447-485.
Literature cited 2: Andrade, F., Mendonca, E., Silva, I., 2013. Organic acids and diffusive flux of organic and inorganic phosphorus in sandy-loam and clayey latosols. Commun.SoilSci. Plant Anal. 44, 1211-1223. Barnes, E.M., Sudduth, K.A., Hummel, J.W., Lesch, S.M., Corwin, D.L., Yang, G., Doughtry, C., Bausch, W.C., 2003. Remoe-and ground-based sensor techniques to map soil properties. Photogramm.Eng.Remote Sens. 69, 619-630.

ID: 60138
Title: Evaluating total inorganic nitrogen in coastal waters through fusion of multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 and optical imagery using random forest algorithm.
Author: Meiling Liu, Xiangnan Liu, Jin Li, Chao Ding, Jiale Jiang.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 192-202 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Multisensor data fusion, Random forest algorithm, Total inorganic nitrogen, RADARSAT-2 images, Optical images.
Abstract: Satellites routinely provide frequent, large-scale, near-surface views of many oceanographic variables pertinent to plankton ecology. However, the nutrient fertility of water can be challenging to detect accurately using remote sensing technology. This research has explored an approach to estimate the nutrient fertility in coastal waters through the fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and optical images using the random forest (RF) algorithm. The estimation of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in the HongKong Sea, China, was used as a case study. In March of 2009 and May and August of 2010, a sequence of multitemporal n situ data and CCD images from China ' s HJ-1 satellite and RADARSAT-2 images was acquired. Four sensitive parameters were selected as input variables to evaluate TIN: single-band reflectance, a normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) and HV and VH polarizations. The RF algorithm was used to merge the different input variables from the SAR and optical imagery to generate a new dataset (i.e., the TIN outputs). The results showed the temporal-spatial distribution of TIN. The TIN values decreased from coastal waters to the open water areas, and TIN values in the northeast area were higher than those found in the southwest region of the study area. The maximum TIN values occurred in May. Additionally, the estimation accuracy for estimating TIN was significantly improved when the SAR and optical data were used in combination rather than a single data type alone. This study suggests that this method of estimating nutrient fertility in coastal waters by effectively fusing data from multiple sensors is very promising.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Algina, J., Keselman, H.J., 1999. Comparing squared multiple correlation coefficients: examination of a confidence interval and test significance. Psychol.Methods 4 (1), 76-83 Alpers, W., Ross, D.B., Rufnach, C.L., 1981. On the detectability of ocean surface waves by real and synthetic aperture radar. J.Geophys.Res. 86, 6481-6498.
Literature cited 2: Arun, K., Langmead, C.J., 2006. Structure based chemical shift prediction using random forests non-linear regression. In: Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Conference, Vol.3pp. 317-326. Beaucage, P., Glazer, A., Choisnard, J., Yu, W., Bernier, M., Benoit, R., Lafrance, G., 2007. Wind assessment in a coastal environment using synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery and a numerical weather prediction model. Can.J.Remote Sens. 33 (55), 368-377.

ID: 60137
Title: Oasis dynamics change and its influence on landscape pattern on Jinta oasis in arid China from 1963a to 2010a: Integration of multi-source satellite images.
Author: Yuchu Xie, Jie Gong, Peng Sun, Xiaohua Gou.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 181-191 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Arid area, Oasification, Spatiotemporal processes, Landscape pattern, Jinta oasis, Multi-source satellite images.
Abstract: As one of the vital research highlights of global land use and cover change, oasis change and its interaction with landscape pattern have been regarded as an important content of regional environmental change research in arid areas. Jinta oasis, a typical agricultural oasis characterized by its dramatic exploitation and use of water and land resources in Hexi corridor, northwest arid region in China, was selected as a case to study the spatiotemporal oasis change and its effects on oasis landscape pattern .Based on integration of Keyhole satellite photographs, KATE-200 photographs, Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ images, we evaluated and analyzed the status, trend and spatial pattern change of Jinta oasis and the characteristics of land-scpae pattern change by a set of mathematical models and combined this information with landscape metrics and community surveys. During the period of 1963a-2010a, Jinta oasis expanded gradually with an area increase of 219.15 km2, and the conversion between oasis and desert was frequent with a state of ?imbalance-balance-extreme imbalance conditions?. Moreover, most of the changes took place in the ecotone between the oasis and desert and the interior of oasis due to the reclamation of abandoned land, such as Yangjingziwan and Xiba townships. Furthermore, the area, size and spatial distribution of oasis were influenced by human activities and resulted in fundamental changes of oasis landscape pattern. The fractal characteristics, dispersion degree and fragments of Jinta oasis decreased and the oasis landscape tended to be simple and uniform. Oasis change trajectories and its landscape pattern were mainly influenced by water resource utilization, policies (especially land policies), demographic factors, technological advancements, as well as regional economic development. We found that time series analysis of multi-source remote sensing images and the application of an oasis change model provided a useful approach to monitor oasis change over a long-term period in arid area. It is recommended that the government and farmers should pay more attention to the fragility of the natural system and government should enhance the leading role of environmental considerations in the development process of oasis change, particularly with respect to the utilization of the limited water and land resources in arid China.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Alhamad, M.N., Alrababaha, M.A., Feaginb, R.A., Gharaaibeh, A., 2011. Mediterranean drylands: the effect of grain size and domain of scale on landscape metrics .Ecol. Indic. 11(2), 611-621. Brink, A.B., Bodart, C., Brodsky, L., Defourney, P., Ernst, C., Donney, F., Andrea, L., Tuckova, K., 2014. Anthropogenic pressure in East Africa: monitoring 20 years of land cover changes by means of medium resolution satellite data. Int.J.Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf. 28, 60-69.
Literature cited 2: Brinkmann, K., Schumacher, J., Dittrich, A., Kadaore, I., Buerkert, A., 2012. Analysis of landscape transformation processes in and around four West African cities over the last 50 years. Landsc. Urban Plann. 105 (1-2), 94-105. Cheng, W.M., Zhou, C.H., Liu, H.J., Zhang, Y., Jinag, Y., Zhang, Y.C., Yao, Y.H., 2006. The oasis expansion and eco-environment change over the last 50 years in Manas River Valley, Xinjiang.Sci.China Ser.D Earth Sci. 49 (2), 163-175.

ID: 60136
Title: Analysis of building deformation in landslide area using multisensor PSInSAR technique.
Author: Andrea Ciampalini, Federica Bardi, Silvia Bianchini, William Frodella, Chiara Del Ventisette, Sandro Moretti, Nicola Casgli.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2014
Publisher: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 33. 166-180 (2014).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Landslide, Radar, PSInSAR, Buildings, Damages.
Abstract: Buildings are sensitive to movements caused by ground deformation. The mapping both of spatial and temporal distribution and of the degree of building damages represents a useful tool in order to understand the landslide evolution, magnitude and stress distribution. The high spatial resolution of space-borne SAR interferometry can be used to monitor displacements related to building deformations. In particular, PSInSAR technique is used to map and monitor ground deformation with millimeter accuracy. The usefulness of the above mentioned methods was evaluated in San Fratello municipality (Sicily, Italy), which was historically affected by landslides: the most recent one occurred on 14 th February 2010. PSInSAR data collected by ERS ?, ENVISAT, RADARSAT-1 were used to study the building deformation velocities before than 2010 landslide. The X-band sensors COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X were used in order to monitor the building deformation after this event. During 2013, after accurate field inspection on buildings and structures, damage assessment map of San Fratello were created and then compared to the building deformation velocity maps. The most interesting results were obtained by the comparison between the building deformation velocity map obtained through COSMO-SkyMed and the damage assessment map. This approach can be profitably used by local and Civil Protection Authorities to manage the post-event phase and evaluate the residual risks.
Location: TE 15 New Biology Building
Literature cited 1: Bianchini, S., Cigna, F., Righini, G., Proietti, C., Casagli, N., 2012. Landslide hotspot mapping by means of persistent scatterer interferometry. Environ.Earth Sci.67 (4), 1155-1172. Bianchini, S., Tapete, D., Ciampalini, A., Di Traglia, F., Del Ventisette, C., Moretti, S., Casgli, N., 2014a Multi-temporal evaluation of landslide-induced movements and damage assessment in SanFratello (Italy) by means of C-band PSI data: In: Pardo-Iguzquiza, E., Guardiola-Albert,C., Heredia, J., Moreno-Merino, L., Duran, J.J., Vargas-Guzman, J.A., (Eds), Mathematics of Planet Earth. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 257-261.
Literature cited 2: Bianchini, S., Ciampalini, A., Raspini, F., Bardi, F., Traglia, F., Moretti, S., Casgli, N., 2014b. Multi-temporal evaluation of landslide movements and impacts on buildings in San Fratello (Italy) by means of C-bandand X-band PSI data. Pure Appl.Geophys., http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0839-2 Billi, A., Presti, D., Faccenna, C., Neri, G., Orecchio, B., 2007. Seismotectonics of the Nubia plate compressive margin in the South Tyrrhenian Region, Italy: clues for subduction inception.J.Geophys.Res.112 (Bo8302), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004837.