ID: 54531
Title: Assessment of impacts and vulnerability to India ' s coastline due to climate change
Author: A S Unnikrishnan
Editor: P Balaram
Year: 2011
Publisher: Current Science Association, Vol 100, No 9, 10 May 2011
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Current Science
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54530
Title: Effects of wattle extract on Microcystic aeruginosa growth and the simulated mini fresh water ecosystem
Author: Zhou Lirong, Hou Linglong, Hu Yunyan, Song Jingguo and Chen Wenging
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Acacia mimosa, Algal bloom control, Fresh water ecosystem, Microcystis aeruginosa, microcystin, Wattle extract
Abstract: In recent years, there hs been an apparent increase in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms in fresh waters. The value of applying the novel wattle extract (Acacia mimosa) to inhibit algal growth was assessed. Our results showed that the growth fo Microcystis aeruginosa was successfully repressed by the plant extract and resulted in decreased extracellular microcystin-LR production. In the experiments, it showed a very effective inhibition in the stage of exponential growth (the largest decrease in level in 47.3% of the control) especially in nonsterile conditions, and the extract can reduce 14.5-24.7% cell density of the control in the stationary stage. In outdoor experiments, the extract reduced dissolved oxygen and pH, and selectively cut down cyanobacterial cell density to one-third of the control after 36 d fo treatment. Accordingly, due to competitive inhibition in interspecies, other nanoalgae and small -sized aquatic animals declined, while macrozooplankton increased. Finally, more large algae were eliminated and thereby the water treated was clarified and the recovery of the freshwater ecosystem was promoted. Hence, the present study suggested a new and more effective and very low ecological risk approach to reduce nuisance blooms cyanobacteria in eutrophic water.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54529
Title: Growth responses of in vitro Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum to external supply of tannic acid
Author: Hong-Sheng Wu, Ya-Dong Liu, Xiao-lan Yang, Xiao-Qing Chen, Zeng-Hui Wang, Xiang-Yun Kong, Xiao-Xue Liu and Shuang Yan
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Allelopathy, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Plant-microbe interaction, Virulent factors
Abstract: Allelochemicals released from root exudates or decaying residues of plants play diversified roles in ecologicla interactions of plant-pathogen. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of an externally supplied tannic acid on soil-borne in vitro Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum. Results showed that the tannic acid decreased the growth of the fungus up to 9.5% at 800 mg l-1. Conidial germination was reduced by 52.3% in comparison with the control. However, sporulation and mycotoxin production by the fungus were stimulated. The activity of pectinase and proteinase were intially increased and finally decreased with increase in concentrations of tannic acid. Tannic acid served as an ecological allelochemical, repressing the growth of the pathogen.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54528
Title: Usage of non-timber forest products by women in forest villages of Trabzon, Turkey
Author: Devlet Toksoy, Suleyman Alkan and Sezgin Hacisalihoglu
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: NTFPs, Forest village, Forest product, Women
Abstract: Women are responsible for procuring the food for their family in many places in the world. The usage of the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) reaches to the beginning of the humanity. NTFPs are used for food and medicine especially in the developing countries as a whole. In this research, totally 611 questionnaires were conducted with women participants by pollig face to face in 68 forest villages in the research area. The main reason for studing with women is that; the gathering activities are usually done by women in that area and they also knew the used parts and how to use the NTFPs. Results showed that about 14.4% of the women in the research area are gathering the plants for food (17 sepcies and 2-8 kg annually) and 9.2% of the women are gathering the plants for medicinal purposes (16 species and 1-4 kg annually). These plants are usually used for additional medicinal treatments. 4 species are used for livestock treatment and 2 species in the hand weaving.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54527
Title: Characteristics of heat-treated Turkish pine and fir wood after ThermoWood processing
Author: Hamiyet Sahin Kol
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Heat treatment, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Pine, Fir
Abstract: The Finnish wood heat treatment tecnology, ThermoWood, was recently introduced to Turkey. Data about the mechanical and physical properties of Turkish wood species are important for industry and academia. In this study, two industrially important Turkish wood species, pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf) were heat-treated using the ThermoWood process. Pine and fir samples were thermally modified for 2 hr at 212 and 1900C, respectively. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), impact bending strength (IBS), and compression strength (CS), in addition to swelling (Sw) and shrinkage (Sh) of thermally-modified wood were examined. The results indicate that the heat treatment method clearly decreased the MOR, MOE and IBS of pine and fir. However, a small increase was observed for CS values of heat treated wood species. The most affected mechanical properties were MOR and IBS for both pine and fir. The reduction in MOE was smaller than that in MOR and IBS. Volumetric shrinkage and swelling of these species were also improved by approximately half. In addition, the changes in the mechanical and physical properties studied in pine were larger than that of fir.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54526
Title: Effects of nitrogen treatments and harvesting stages on the aconitic acid, invert sugar and fiber in sweet sorghum cultivars
Author: A Almodares, M Ranjbar and M R Hadi
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Sweet sorghum, Nitrogen treatments, Harvesting stages, Invert sugar, Fiber and aconitic acid
Abstract: Sweet sorghum is adapted to the hot and dry climatic conditions and its tolerance to slat is moderately. It can be used for different products such as food, feed, fiber and fuel. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects, three nitrogen treatments, and three harvesting stages on the aconitic acid, fiber adn invert sugar of three sweet sorghum cultivars in the experimental station and the results showed that the effects were significant. Among nitrogen treaments, application of 100 kg ha-1 urea at 4 leaf stage had the highest aconitic acid (0.26%) and inverst sugar (3.44%). Among sweet sorghum cultivars, IS2325 and Vespa had the highest aconitic acid (0.26%) and invert sugar (3.86%), respectively. Plant harvested at 4 leaf stage had the highest aconitic acid (0.26%) and the highest invert sugar (3.85%). Rio had higher fiber content than Vespa and IS2325 and all cultivars had the highest fiber content before chilling harvesting stage. In general, since high invert sugar and high aconitic acid interfere crystallization of sugar so, it is suggested that to plant Vespa, apply urea 100 kg ha-1 urea at planting, 100 kg ha-1 urea at 4 leaf stage and 100 kg ha-1urea at booting and harvested before chillign that had lowest aconitic acid and invert sugar. Thereby, it is recommended to plant Vespa, apply urea 100 kg ha-1 urea at planting, 100 kg ha-1 urea at 4 leaf stage and 100 kg ha-1 urea at booting and harvested at 4 leaf had the highest aconitic acid.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54525
Title: Seasonal variation of fish abundance and biomass in gillnet catches of an East Mediterranean lake: Lake Doirani
Author: Dimitra C Bobori and Ioanna Salvarina
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Abundance, Biomass, Freshwater fish, Gillnet catches, lake Doirani
Abstract: The seasonal variation of fish species composition and abundance in gillnet catches (14-90 mm knet-to-knot) from the Greek part of the transboundary Lake Doirani was studied during the period 2006-2007. A total of 8,419 specimens weighting 182.3 kg and belonging to 9 species were caught. Catch composition differed with season. Thus, Rhodeus meridionalis dominated in terms of NPUE the spring, Perca fluviatilis the summer and Alburnus macedonicus the autumn and winter catches. Cyprinids were generally the most abundant, with the cyprinids:percids biomass ratio ranging from 1.7 in summer to 14.8 in winter, supporting teh eutrophic character of the lake. Richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indices differed seasonally (ANOVA; p<0.05). The abundance -biomass comparative (ABC) curves showed that fish cmmunities were dominated by one or a few opportunistic species (e.g. Rhodeus meridionalis, Alburnus macedonicus), which while dominated in number did not dominate in biomass, being small bodied.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54524
Title: Growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris L. under Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne based silvopastoral systmes in semi arid tropics
Author: A K Mishra, H S Tiwari and R K Bhatt
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Acacia tortilis, biomass, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chlorophyll, Nutrient, PAR, Photosynthesis, Silvopasture system
Abstract: The growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris was studied under the canopies of 17 yr old Acacia tortilis trees in semi arid tropical environment. On an average the full grown canopy of A. tortilis at the spacing of 4 x 4 m allowed 55% of total Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) which in turn increased Relative Humidity (RH) and reduced under canopy temperature to -1.750C over the open air temperature. C. ciliaris attained higher height under the shage of A. tortilis. The tiller production and leaf area index decreased marginally under the shade of tree canopies as compared to the open grown grasses. C. ciliaris accumulated higher chlorophyll a and b under the shade of tree canopies indicating its shade adaptation potential. The assimilatory functions such as rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency (PN/TR) and carboxylation efficiency (PN/CINT) decreased under the tree canopies due to low availability of PAR. The total biomass production in term of fresh and dry weight decreases under the tree canopies. On anverage of 2 yr C. cilliaris had produced 12.78 t ha-1green and 3.72 t ha-1 dry biomass under the tree canopies of A. tortilis. The dry matter yield reduced to 38% under the tree canopies over the open grown grasses. The A. tortilis + C. ciliaris maintained higher soil moisture, organic carbon content and available NPK for sustainable biomass production for the longer period. The higher accumulation of crude protein, starch, sugar and nitrogen in leaves and stem of C. ciliaris indicates that this grass species also maintained its quality under A. tortilis based silvopastoral system. The photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation are closely associated with available PAR indicating that for sustainable production of this grass species in the silvopasture systems for longer period about 55% or more PAR is required.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54523
Title: A comparative study on intertidal faunal biodiversity of selected beaches of Mumbai coast
Author: S N Datta, S K Chakraborty, A K Jaiswar and G Ziauddin
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: ABC curve, Abundance, Dendrogram, Diversity, Intertidal, Molluscs, Non metric-MDS, Rocky shore
Abstract: Comparative study has been done to examine the biodiversity and ecological status of the intertidal region of Tata institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bandstand and National Centre for Performing Arts (NCPA) rocky beaches in Mumbai, West coast of India. A total of 50 species of intertidal organisms were recorded from these shores. Shannon and Simpson ' s diversity index, Margalef ' s richness index and Pielou ' s evenness index indicated different level of ecological state of the shore in different months. Dendrograms and 2-D non metric MDS ordination from Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of occurrence of intertidal organisms from these sites showed highest similarity and combination pattern of occurrence between Nerita oryzarum and Planaxis sulcatus in TIFR and Bandstand shore. Nerita oryzarum and Tactarius malaccanus at NCPA shore. Abundance/biomass comparison (ABC) method of determining level of disturbance also pointed towards the polluted status of these shores. Study conclude that though these beaches are highly disturbed due to anthropogenic activities, they still support a rich intertidal biodiversity which need immediate attention for protection and conservation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54522
Title: Studies on mycorrhizal inoculation on dry matter yield and root colonization of some medicinal plants grown in stress and forest soils
Author: K K Chandra, Neeraj Kumar and Gireesh Chand
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Root colonization, Dry matter yield, Inoculation, Mycorrhizal dependency, Stress soil
Abstract: Five medicinal plants viz Abelmoschatus moschatus Linn, Clitoria ternatea L , Plumbago zeylanica L, Psorolea corylifolia L and Withania sominifera L were grown in a polypot experiment in five soils representing coal mine soil, copper mine soil, fly ash, skeletal soil and forest soil with and without mycorrhizal inoculations in a completely randomized block design Dry matter yield and mycorrhizal root colonization of plants varied both in uninoculated and inoculated conditions The forest soil rendered highest dry matter due to higher yield of A moschatus, P zeylanica and P corylifolia while fly ash showed lowest dry matter without any inoculants P cernates were best in coal mine soil and W sominifera in copper mine soil without mycorrhizal inoculation The mycorrhiza was found to enhance the dry matter yield This contributed minimum 019% to maximum up to 422.0% in different soils as compared to uninoculated plants. The mycorrhizal dependency was noticed maximum in plants grown in fly ash followed by coal mine soil, copper mine soil, skeletal soil and forest soil. The mycorrhizal response was increased maximum in W. sominifera due to survival in fly ash after inoculation followed by P. corylifolia and P. cernatea. Percent root colonization in inoculated plant was increased minimum of 1.10 fold to maximum of 120 folds in comparison to un-inoculated plants. The native mycorrhiza fungi were also observed to colonzie 4.0 to 32.0% roots in plants under study. This study suggests that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter yield of medicinal plants in all soils under study. It also helps in survival of W. sominifera in fly ash.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54521
Title: Application of remote sensing and geographical information sytem in mapping forest fire risk zone at Bhadra wildlife sanctuary, India
Author: S V Sowmya and R K Somashekar
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Forest fire, Risk zone, weightage, Remote sensing, Wildlife sanctuary
Abstract: Fire i sthe most spectacular natural disturbance that affects the forest ecosystem composition and diversity. Fire has a devastating effect on the landscape and its impact is felt at every level of the ecosystem and is is possible to map forest fire risk zone and thereby minimize the frequency of fire. There is a need for supranational approaches that analyze wide scenario of factors involved and global fire effects. Fires can be monitored and analyzed over large areas in a timely and cost effective manner by using satellite imagery. Also Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used effectively ot demarcate the fire risk zone map. Bhadra wildlife Sanctuary located in Karnataka, India was seelected for this study. Vegetation, slope, distance from roads, settlements parameters were derived for a study area using topographic maps and field information. The Remote Sensing (RS ) and and Geographicla Information System (GIS)-based forest fire risk model of the study area appeared to be highly compatible with the actual fire-affected sites. The temporal satellite data from 1989 to 2006 have been and analyzed to map the burnt areas. These classes were weighted according to their influence on forest fire. Four categories of fire risk regions such as Low, Moderate, High and Very high fire intensity zones were identified. It is predicted that around 10.31% of the area falls under moderate risk zone.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54520
Title: Use of degenerate primers in rapid generation of microsatellite markers in Panicum maximum
Author: Kapil Kumar Tiwari and Amaresh Chandra
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Degenerate primers, Microsatellite markers, Panicum maximum
Abstract: Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important forage grass of tropical and semi-tropical regions, largely apomictic and predominantly exist in tetraploid form. For molecular breeding work, it is prerequisite to develop and design molecular markers for characterization of genotypes , development of linkage map and marker assisted selection. Hence, it is an important researchable issue to develop molecular markers in those crope where such information is scanty. Among many molecular markers, microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are preferred markers in plant breeding. Degenerate primers bearing simple sequence repeat as anchor motifs can be utilized in rapid development of SSR markers; however selection of suitable degenerate primers is a prerequisite for such procedure so that SSR enriched genomic library can be made rapidly. In the present study seven degenerated primers namely KKVRVRV(AG)10, KKVRVRV(GGT)5, KKVRVRV(CT)10, KKVRVRV(AAT)6, KKVRVRV(GTG)6, KKVRVRV(GACA)5 and KKVRVRV(CAA)6 were used in amplification of Panicum maximum genomic DNA. Primers with repeat motifs (GGT)5 and (AAT)6 have not reached whereas (AG)10, (GAGA)5 and (CAA)6 highly informative as they have generated many DNA fragments ranging from 250 to 1600 bps as revealed from the results obtained with restriction digestion of recombinant plasmids. Primer with (CT)10 anchor repeat, amplified fragments of high molecular weight where as (GTG)5 primer generated only six bands with low concentration indicating less suitability of these primer in SSR markers development in P. maximum.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54519
Title: Prevalence of plasmid mediated pesticide resistant bacterial assemblages in crop fields
Author: S Umamaheswari and M Murali
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Crop fields, Pesticide resistant bacteria, Kinadoplus, Bavistin, Moncroptophos, Plasmid
Abstract: Three crop fields namely, paddy, sugarcane and tomato exposed to bavistin [Methyl (1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) cabomate], monocrotophos [Dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-2-(methyl-carbamoyl) vinyl phosphate ] and kinado plus [(EZ)-2-chloro-3-dimethoxyphosphinolyloxy-X1, X1 -diethylbut-2-enamide], respectively were chosen for the present investigation to know the bacterial population and degradation of pesticides. The chemical nature of the soil and water samples from the pesticide contaminated fields was analysed along with counting of the total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Staphylococci asnd Enterococci population. Mean calcium, phosphate and biological oxygen demand were maximum in tomato filed water. Field water recorded maximum phosphate and silicate content, whereas, sugarcane field water elicited maximum dissolved oxygen content. On the other hand, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium were maximum is sugarcane field soil. Significant variations in the bacterial population were evident between the treatments in sugarcane field soil and tomato field water exposed to monocrotophos and kinado plus, respectively. In addition, significant variations between THB, Staphlycocci and Enterococci population were also evinced in both the sugarcane and tomato fields. The dominant pesticide resistant bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa harboured plasmids and the resistant trait observed were found to be plasmid borne.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54518
Title: Coalmine dust concentration and rate of tuberculosis infection around lb valley Coalfield, Orissa, India
Author: Haraprasad Mohapatra, Shreerup Goswami and Dologobinda Dey
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Dust, Tuberculosis, lb Valley Coalfield, Coal mining
Abstract: The miners as well as the inhabitants vicnity to the mining areas are generally susceptible to the respiratory disorders due to constant exposure to the coalmine dust for a prolonged period. In this paper, the dust concentration and dust dose associated with the rate of tuberculosis around the major part of lb Valley coalfield (Belpahar and Brajarajnagar area) have been analysed. Several field trips around lb Valley Coalfield have been conducted for consecutively three years (2005, 2006 and 2007) to evaluate the present status of the dust concentration and rate of tuberculosis infection. It was observed that the dust concentrations of different residential places as well as the places vicinity to the opencast mining projects have been increased in the subsequent years of investigation. As a result, the dust doses of various residential places have also increased in a parallel manner. The dust doses of various mining sites range from 25.51 to 37.08 mg, 34.76 to 41.03 mg and 37.8 to 44.49 mg during 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Interestingly, in most of the mining sites the dust doses are more than the safe dust does (32 mg). An attempt has been made to correlate the dust concentration with the tuberculosis infection in the area by making a questionnaire survey. Early symptoms of tuberculosis were reported in case of 121 out of 205, 129 out of 212 and 145 out of 220 inhabitants during 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. The study clearly revealed that the tuberculosis patients have been increased significantly in the successive years of investigation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 54517
Title: Studies on in vitro degradability of mixed crude enzyme extracts produced from Pleurotus spp
Author: Ram Naraian, Dharam Singh, Anju Verma and S K Garg
Editor: Dr. R. C Dalela
Year: 2010
Publisher: Triveni Enterprises, Vol 31, No 6, November 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Journal of Environmental Biology
Keywords: Pleurothus spp., Corn cob, Lignocellulolytic enzymes, Degradation, Enzyme extract
Abstract: A preliminary investigation was conducted to assess lignocellulolytic efficiency of crude extracts from three white-rot fungi, Pleurotus florids PF05 (PF), Pleurotus sajor-caju PS07 (PS) and Pleurotus eryngii PE08 (PE). The activities of CMC-ase , xylanase, ?-glucosidase (62 UL-1), ?-xylosidase (37 UL-1) and laccase (347 UL-1) activities while, PS produced highest xylanase (269UL-1) and Mn peroxidase (69UL-1) activities. In addition, crude extracts extracted were employed for thier in vitro degradability assessment; and were evaluated with mono and mixed extracts separately to corn cob substrate. The losses in cell wall components and dry matter during 5 and 10 days incubations were analyzed after treatments of extracts. Maximum 8.2, 4.4 and 2.8% loss were found respectively in hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (C) and lignin (L) with mono extract of PF within 10 days. The influence of mono extract of each strain (PF, PS and PE) and their mixed extracts (PF +PS, PF+PE,PS+PE and PF+PS+PE) on degradation of cell wall constituents were remarkably differed. The mixed extract treatment proved maximum 13.6% HC loss by PF+PS+PE extract, 9.2% loss in C by PF+PS extract and 5.2% loss of L by the PF+PS+PE extract treatment. The highest dry matter loss (8.2%) was recorded with PF+PS+PE mixed extract combination.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None