ID: 54832
Title: Geospatial Modelling for Identification of Potential Ecological Corridors in Orissa
Author: A. Roy ? B.S.S. Devi ? B. Debnath ? M.S.R. Murthy
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 3, September 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Geospatial modelling ? Cost surface ? Least cost path ? GIS ? Landscape ecology ? Ecological corridors
Abstract: Development of forest connectivity and corridors are critical for biodiversity conservation and also ensures energy and genetic exchange across greater spatial extent. A model has been developed to geospatially identify the potential ecological corridors based on the vegetation type and land cover data in association with spatial disturbance profile. The model formulates the route of least impedance due to (1) disturbance (a function of fragmentation, juxtaposition, Interspersion & proximity to roads/settlements) and (2) vegetation type and land cover. This is because the movement of genetic information and materials follow the path of least resistance across a landscape. The paper explores the utility of the approach to spatially generate ecological corridors connecting 14 protected areas of Orissa. The model has been able to identify the potential route connecting the different protected regions with 85-87% of the corridor in the natural areas. Of the 14 protected areas, only 12 could be connected by the model as they confirm to the criteria for the corridor establishment.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54831
Title: Application of Landscape Ecology and Remote Sensing for Assessment, Monitoring and Conservation of Biodiversity
Author: J.S. Singh ? P.S. Roy ? M.S.R. Murthy ? C.S. Jha
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 3, September 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Landscape ? Remote Sensing ? Geospatial ? Disturbance ? Conservation ? Climate change
Abstract: Landscape ecology, inter alia, addresses the question as to how altered landscape patterns affect the distribution, persistence, and abundance of a species. Landscape ecology plays an important role in integrating the different scales of biodiversity from habitat patch to biome level. Satellite remote sensing technology with multi-sensor capabilities offers multi-scale information on landscape composition and configuration. Advances in geospatial analytical tools and spatial statistics have improved the capability to quantify spatial heterogeneity. Globally, landscape level characterization of biodiversity has become an important discipline of science. Considering the vast extent, heterogeneity, and ecological and economic importance of forest landscapes, significant efforts have been made in India during the past decade to strengthen landscape level biodiversity characterization. The generic frame work of studies comprises preparation of national databases providing information on composition and configuration of different landscapes using multiscale remote sensing techniques, understanding the landscape patterns using geospatial models to elicit disturbance and diversity patterns and application of this information for bioprospecting and conservation purposes. Studies on hierarchical linkage of multi-scale information to study the processes of change, landscape function, dynamics of habitat fragmentation, invasion, development of network of conservation areas based on the understanding of multi-species responses to landscape mosaics, macro-ecological studies to understand environment and species richness, habitat and species transitions and losses, landscape level solutions to adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change are a few of the future challenges. The paper presents the current experiences and, analyses in conjunction with international scenario and identifies future challenges of Indian landscape level biodiversity studies.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54830
Title: Variability Analysis of Groundwater Levels ? A GIS-Based Case Study
Author: S.K. Goyal . B.S. Chaudhary . O. Singh . G. K. Sethi . P.K. Thakur
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Groundwater . GIS . Depletion . Rainfall . Irrigation . Spatial distribution
Abstract: The present study has analyzed the variability in depth to water level below ground level (bgl) vis-?-vis groundwater development and rainfall from 1987 to 2007 in agriculture dominated Kaithal district of Haryana state in India. Spatial distribution of groundwater depth was mapped and classified into different zones using ILWIS 3.6 GIS tools. Change detection maps were prepared for 1987-1997 and 1997- 2007. Groundwater depletion rates during successive decades were compared and critical areas with substantial fall in groundwater levels were identified. Further, block wise trends of change in groundwater levels were also analyzed. The water table in fresh belt areas of the district (Gulha, Pundri and Kaithal blocks) was observed to decline by a magnitude ranging from 10 m to 23 m. In Kalayat and Rajaund blocks, the levels were found fluctuating in a relatively narrow range of 4-9 m. During 1997-2007, the depletion has been faster compared to the preceding decade. Excessive groundwater depletion in major part of the district may be attributed to indiscriminate abstraction for irrigation and decrease in rainfall experienced since 1998. Changes in cropping pattern and irrigation methods are needed in the study area for sustainable management of the resource.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54829
Title: Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Study for Hydrogeomorphological Zones in Khallikote Block, Ganjam District, Orissa
Author: C. Mohanty . S.C. Behera
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: GIS . Hydrogeolgy . SMCE . Ground water potential
Abstract: The present study attempts to delineate different groundwater potential units using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in Khallikote block of Ganjam disrict, Orissa. Thematic maps of geology, geomorphology, land use and land cover, drainage density, lineament density, slope and DEM (digital elevation model) were prepared using the Landsat Thematic Mapper data in 3 spectral bands, band 7 (mid-infrared light), band 4 (near-infrared light), Band 2 (visible green light). Relationship of each layer to the groundwater regime has been evaluated through detailed analysis of the individual hydrological parameters. The SMCE (Spatial Multi- Criteria Evaluation) module in ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) supports the decision-making process for evaluating the ground water potential zones in the area. The study shows that more than 70% of the block is covered by medium to excellent category having good ground water potential.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54828
Title: Groundwater Prospects Evaluation-based on Hydrogeomorphological Mapping: A case study in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu
Author: M. A. Dar . K. Sankar . I. A. Dar
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Remote sensing . GIS . Drainage basin . Morphometry . Tectonics
Abstract: Water is the most important natural resource which forms the core of the ecological system. The advent of remote sensing has opened up new vistas in groundwater prospect evaluation, exploration and management. The role of hydrogeomorphological units in tile storage of groundwater from the Kancheepuram distict has been investigated using IRS P6 LISS-III data. The Kancheepuram district exhibits diverse hydrogeomorphological conditions where the groundwater regime is controlled mainly by topography and geology. The extent of various water prospectus zones in terms of percentage includes, maximum area, particularly the north-western, and central part which is characterized by good potential occupying about 43% of total area. The moderate potential is marked by only 35%, and is scattered along the northern and southern side of the study area, the remaining 12% is of poor prospectus, which is falling in the coastal region of the study area.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54827
Title: Study of Irrigation and Crop Water Requirements and Growth of two Rabi Crops Grown in a Semi Arid Region using Agrometeorology and Remote Sensing
Author: S. Raut . K.S.S. Sarma . D.K. Das
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Irrigaton water requirement . MXL classification . Effective rainfall
Abstract: Irrigation water requirements of wheat and mustard crops grown in Western Yamuna Canal Command area were estimated using FAO model CROPWAT with the help of agrometeorological and remote sensing data (1986-1998 and 2008). The variations in irrigation water requirements of these two crops were judged by calculating coefficient of Variations (CVs ) of yearly data. Crop coefficient values were obtained through FAO (1993) method. Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MXL) of IRS 1B image was done to estimate area under wheat and mustard in the canal command. Water need was calculated from amount of supply and water requirement for the whole area. Results showed that ETcrop values of both wheat and mustard varied very little over different years (CVs 4.7% and 5.6% respectively). Irrigation water requirements of both these crops were having relatively large variations (CVs 14.1% and 22.6% respectively) which were mainly because of high variations of their effective rainfall (CVs 61.1% and 69.2% respectively). In general, increase in amount of irrigation enhanced the growth performance of the wheat crop. Increase in distribution equity within soil associations slightly improved the growth performance of the wheat crop. Agro-climatic data merged with satellite image approximated the deficiency of applied irrigation amount (549.5 ha-m for wheat and 692.7 ha-m for mustard) as compared to requirement.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54826
Title: Landslide Susceptibility mapping of a catchment area using frequency ratio, fuzzy logic and multivariate logistic regression approaches
Author: B. Pradhan
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Landslides . Susceptibility . Fuzzy logic . Frequency ratio . Multivariate logistic regression . GIS. Remote sensing . Malaysia
Abstract: Geospatial database creation for landslide susceptibility mapping is often an almost inhibitive activity. This has been the reason that for quite some time landslide susceptibility analysis was modelled on the basis of spatially related factors. This paper presents the use of frequency ratio, fuzzy logic and multivariate regression models for landslide susceptibility mapping on Cameron catchment area, Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing data. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from the interpretation of aerial photographs, high resolution satellite images, inventory reports and field surveys. Topographical, geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing tools. There were nine factors considered for landslide susceptibility mapping and the frequency ratio coefficient for each factor was computed. The factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence were: topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature and distance from drainage, all from the topographic database; lithology and distance from lineament, taken from the geologic database; land cover from TM satellite image; the vegetation index value from Landsat satellite images; and precipitation distribution from meteorological data. Using these factors the fuzzy membership values were calculated. Then fuzzy operators were applied to the fuzzy membership values for landslide susceptibility mapping. Further, multivariate logistic regression model was applied for the landslide susceptibility. Finally, the results of the analyses were verified using the landslide location data and compared with the frequency ratio, fuzzy logic and multivariate logistic regression models. The validation results showed that the frequency ratio model (accuracy is 89%) is better in prediction than fuzzy logic (accuracy is 84%) and logistic regression (accuracy is 85%) models. Results show that, among the fuzzy operators, in the case with ?gamma? operator (? = 0.9) showed the best accuracy (84%) while the case with ?or? operator showed the worst accuracy (69%).
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54825
Title: Monitoring Growth of Built-up areas in Indo-Gangetic Plain using Multi-sensor Remote Sensing Data
Author: P. K. Roy Chowdhury . S. Maithani
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Human Settlement Index . OLS . Urban growth . NDVI . Indo-Gangetic plain
Abstract: This paper provides an approach for rapid and accurate estimation of built-up areas on a per pixel-basis using a integration of two coarse spatial resolution remote sensing data namely DMSP-OLS and MODIS NDVI. The DMSP-OLS data due to its free availability, high temporal resolution and wide swath was used for regional level mapping of builtup areas. However, due to its low radiometricresolution, the built-up areas cannot be estimated accurately from the DMSP-OLS data. In present study, the DMSP-OLS data was combined with MODIS NDVI data to develop an Human Settlement Index (HSI) image, which estimated the fraction of built-up area on a per pixel basis. The resultant HSI image conveys more information than both the individual datasets. These temporal HSI images were then used for monitoring urban growth in Indo-Gangetic plains during the 2001-2007 time period. Thus, the present research can be very useful for regional level monitoring of built-up areas from coarse resolution data within limited time and minimal cost.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54824
Title: Remote Sensing and GIS in Identification of Soil Constraints for Sustainable Development in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan
Author: N.K. Kalra . L. Singh . R. Kachhwah . D.C. Joshi
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Soil Constraints . IRS LISS III Remote sensing . GIS . Sustainable development
Abstract: Soil is an integral part of ecosystem nurturing the biological system. Sustainable management of soil resources based on the consideration of constraints is the key to check land degradation and maintain productivity of biological system. To meet the objective remote sensing and GIS technology has been employed for identification of soil constraints in resource potential Bhilwara district. IRS LISS-III FCC images were interpreted for soil constraints using physiography soil approach, verified through field checking and laboratory analysis. On IRS LISS-III FCC images the salt affected soils of Kotri and Taswaria appeared in bright white to light grey tone, smooth texture with white mottles. These were also verified during ground truth and soil analysis for salinity (EC 2.90-3.32 dS m-1) and sodicity (pH 9.50- 9.86 and ESP 17.60 -19.05). Similarly on the LISS III FCC, constraints due to water erosion near Bir, Sareri and Vijaypura soil series were apparent in light grey to whitish tone, intercepted by medium grey streaks indicating streams and exposed sub-soil. The constraints due to shallow depth associated with rock out crops and hilly areas of Balda and Delwara series appeared in greenish grey tone and coarse texture. There was close relationship between image characteristics, field observation and analytical data. The study revealed that out of total geographical area of the district, 17 per cent area has constraints due to salinity/sodicity and physical properties, which need efforts to overcome through amelioration and management to realize high crop yields. About 48 percent area have constraints due to uneven terrain, shallow soils mixed with gravels, low AWC, low nutrient retention, moderate-to severe erosion which are difficult to overcome and these areas should be put under silvi-pasture management. Remaining 31 per cent area has no soil constraint, the soils have high potential, and with intensive irrigation and nutrient management high crop yield can be realized.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54823
Title: Sustainability Assessment of Sodic Land Reclamation using Remote sensing and GIS
Author: M.S. Yadav . P.P.S. Yadav . M. Yaduvanshi . D. Verma . A.N. Singh
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Remote sensing . GIS . Sustainability assessment . Sodicland reclamation . Tectonics
Abstract: Sodicland reclamation in the Indo-Gangetic plains is being done on a large scale in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana in India. However, in certain areas, the reclamation has been reported to be unsustainable and the soils are reverting back to sodicity condition. A study was conducted in one of the reclamation sites of Etawah district for sustainability assessment of sodic land reclamation using remote sensing, Geographic Information system (GIS) and ancillary ground information. Multitemporal satellite data were used for delineation of reclaimed sodiclands and reverted sodic land. Field survey was conducted to find out the various causative factors. Groundwater level information and detailed field survey data were analysed in GIS environment. Results showed that in the reclamation site covering 3,905 ha. in 57 villages of the district, about 27 per cent of reclaimed lands were reverted to sodicity. High water table condition, improper drainage, nearness to canal (within 500 m), and hard pan in the sub-soil were found to be the reasons for unsustainability of reclamation.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54822
Title: An Integrated Study of Geospatial Information Technologies for Surface Runoff Estimation in an Agricultural Watershed, India
Author: K.N. Rao . K. Narendra . P. S. Latha
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Rainfall-Runoff . Watershed . Curve Number . Hydrologic Soil Groups . Remote Sensing .Geographic Information System
Abstract: Runoff is one of the important hydrologic variables used in most of the water resources applications. The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is adopted for the estimation of surface runoff in the Mehadrigedda watershed area, Visakhapatnam district, India using multispectral remote sensing data, curve number approach and normal rainfall data. The main source of water in the Mehadrigedda watershed area is by rain, most of it drains off and only a little percolates into ground. The weighted curve number is determined based on antecedent moisture condition (AMC)-II with an integration of hydrologic soil groups (HSGs) and land use/ land cover LULC categories. An integrated approach is applied to delineate the land use/land cover information as adopted from NRSA classification. The recording of daily rainfall data during the years 1997-2006 is collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) rainguage center at Kottavalasa. It is observed that the annual rainfall-runoff relationship during 1997- 2006, which is indicating that the overall increase in runoff with the rainfall of the watershed area. Integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical infomation system (GIS) techniques provide reliable, accurate and up-to-date information on land and water resources.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54821
Title: Assessing the Carbon Sequestration Potential of Subtropical Pine Forest in North-western Himalayas - A GIS Approach
Author: D.P. Sharma . M. Singh
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Altitude . Land use . DEM . Increment . CAI . Area available for planting . Area suitable for planting
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to determine carbon sequestration potential of Solan Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh during 2006-2007. There are six land uses viz., Chir pine, Ban oak, Deodar, Other broadleaves, Culturable and Un-culturable, which are distributed in 538 compartments along altitudinal gradient from 900 to 2,100m. The study reveals that among various land uses, the Other broadleaved species will result in maximum expected carbon (19.88 Mt) which will be 28.81, 23.95, and 3.07 times higher than standing carbon in Ban oak, Deodar and Chir pine, respectively. The Solan Forest Division on the whole, has potential to sequester 17 times more carbon over standing carbon of 1.67 Mt, if forest species are extended to their corresponding altitudinal limits in the ?land area available for planting? i.e., Uncultrable land area in the forest division however, to have an accurate estimate of the carbon sequestration potential of the area, other attributes that decides the establishment of plantation of different species such as slope, aspect, soil, climate, etc. need to be taken into consideration beside altitude.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54820
Title: ALCM : Automatic Land Cover Mapping
Author: A. Kumar . S.K. Ghosh . V. K. Dadhwal
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Fuzzy c-means (FCM) . Possibilistic c-means (PCM) . Fuzzy error matrix (FERM)
Abstract: It may be quite important for resource management people to extract single land cover class, at sub-pixel level from multi-spectral remote sensing images of different areas in single step processing. It has been observed, that neural network can be trained to extract single land cover class from multi-spectral remote sensing images, but they have problems in setting various parameters and slow during training stage. This paper present single land cover class water, extraction from mixed pixels present in multiple multispectral remote sensing data sets of same bands of AWiFS sensor of Resoursesat-1 (IRS-P6) satellite from different areas. In this work fuzzy logic-based algorithm, which is independent of statistical distribution assumption of data, has been studied at sub-pixel level to handle mixed pixels. It has been found; possibilistic c-means (PCM) algorithm takes the possibilistic view, that the membership of a feature vector in a class has nothing to do with its membership in other classes. Due to this, it was observed that PCM can extract only one class, from remote sensing multi-spectral data and it has produced 93.7% and 97.1% overall sub-pixel classification accuracy for two different data sets of different places using LISS-III (IRS-P6) reference data of same dates as of AWiFS data.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54819
Title: Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters Derived from ASTER and SRTM DEM ? A study on Bandihole Sub-watershed Basin in Karnataka
Author: S.A. Ahmed . K.N. Chandrashekarappa . S.K. Raj . V. Nischitha . G . Kavitha
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: ASTER . SRTM . DEM . Hulgi watershed . Bandihole . Karnataka
Abstract: Morphometric parameters derived from three different sources viz., Survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission 90 m) and DEM derived from ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer - 30 m) are evaluated to examine any difference within the results for the proper planning and management of the watersheds. Extracting drainage network from DEMs is mainlybased on the flow of water from higher to lower elevation and steepest descent in a pixel. Common morphometric parameters are considered for analysis. The results show that the morphometric parameters derived from the SRTM and ASTER data provide good and satisfying results. The results will be more efficient when the DEM cell size is smaller or the resolution of the image is higher.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54818
Title: Geostatistical and Visualization Analysis of Crop Suitability for Diversification in Sub?mountain Area of Punjab, North-West India
Author: R. Kumar . P.K. Mehra . B. Singh . H.S. Jassal . B.D. Sharma
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 2, June 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: GIS . Geostatistics . Crop suitability . Diversification
Abstract: This study presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based geostatistical and visualization analysis of crop suitability in two blocks of submountain area of Punjab under diversification programme. It combines the limitation approach of land capability classification, productivity potential evaluation procedure and crop suitability evaluation framework of FAO. Two blocks from the sub mountain Siwalik region of Punjab viz., Mahalpur and Garhshankar were selected. This study evaluates thecapabilities of the study area for traditional crops like wheat, paddy and maize, and recently introduced crops like sugarcane, sunflower, pea, rapeseedmustard, potatoes and kinnow for agricultural diversification. The suitability of the crops has been worked out at the village level. About 35-40 per cent of total area mostly in Siwallik hills is not fit for growing any type of crop. Sandy texture, uneven topography, moderately steep slopes and excessive drainage are responsible for unsuitability of this area. The GIS based suitability analysis for traditional crops as well as for new crops, under diversification of agriculture has been undertaken. The geostatistical analysis points towards suitability of relatively large areas for new crops like sunflower, potato, pea (green) and sugarcane. Forty three and 14 per cent of total area has been found highly suitable and suitable respectively for growing green pea - a cash crop. Thirty three per cent of total area is suitable for growing kinnow fruit. The success of diversification programme is subject to logical government policy in terms ofproviding cold storage, food processing facility and marketing infrastructure.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None