ID: 54862
Title: Land suitability Studies for Major Crops in Pavagada Taluk, Karnataka using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques.
Author: A. Sathish . K.V. Niranjana,
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Land evaluation . Land suitability . Analyses . Soil suitability analyses . Remote sensing . Geographic Information System.
Abstract: Pavagada taluk of Tumkur district in Karnataka is one of the most backward taluks receiving less than 500 mm annual rainfall. The maximum area of the taluk is under monocropping, reasons for the same were not documented well. The present study was carried out using remote sensing data along with field survey and laboratory analysis for assessing the potentials and limitations of soil. Using the basic information on soil, climate and topography based on the matching exercise between the growth and production requirements of the crop, suitability of soils for groundnut, paddy and finger millet was assessed as per FAO land evaluation. The soil suitability maps were prepared using Arc GIS software. About 48 per cent of the total area was moderate to marginally suitable and 13 per cent of the area was not suitable for both groundnut and finger millet. Lowland areas covering 12 per cent of the area was highly suitable, 15 per cent was moderate to marginally suitable and 20 per cent was not suitable for paddy cultivation.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54861
Title: Spatial Modeling and validation of Forest Cover Change in Kanakapura Region using GEOMOD
Author: M.K. Rashmi . N. Lele
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Deforestation . Predictive modeling . GEOMOD . Validation . Kanakapura
Abstract: Deforestation is recognized as one of the most significant components in LULCC and global changes scenario. It is imperative to assess its trend and the rate at which it is occurring. The changes will have long-lasting impact on regional climate and in turn on biodiversity. Present study was taken up in Kanakapura and surrounding areas located on the fringes of Western Ghats biodiversity hot-spots. Temporal satellite data from Landsat was classified into forest cover maps. Drivers of forest cover changes such as roads and settlements were used in order to create predicted map of the region using GEOMOD tool in Idrisi Andes. The predicted map was then validated using actual land cover map of same year prepared from Landsat data. The validated map was found to be 84.26 % accurate. The validation was also tested using ROC approach which was found to be 0.614. The model was then further extended to predict forest cover losses for year 2015. The results highlight ongoing deforestation in the areas adjoining Western Ghats. It also presents an application of the tool and the validation methods which can be used in predictive modeling related studies
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54860
Title: Estimation of Glacier Depth and Moraine Cover Study using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in the Himalayan Region
Author: K.K. Singh . A.V. Kulkarni . V.D. Mishra
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: GPR . Glacier depth . Himalaya . Moraine . Dielectric contrast
Abstract: Himalayan region has one of the largest concentrations of mountain glaciers whose areal extent is changing due to global warming. In order to assess future changes in glacier extent due to global warming, information about glacier depth and debris cover is important. In this paper, application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) is discussed to assess glacier depth and debris cover. This investigation was carried out at Patseo and Samudratapu glaciers in Himachal Pradesh (West Himalaya). Antennas of frequency 50 and 100 MHz have been used for glacier depth and 500 MHz for moraine depth estimation. GPR signatures of glaciers were collected and further analyzed using velocities of electromagnetic waves in different media. The depth of Patseo glacier was estimated as 40 m. However, depth of the larger Samudra Tapu glacier could not be estimated using 50 and 100 MHz antennas. The depth of moraines was estimated using 500 MHz antenna and it varies from 0.35 cm to 0.85 cm for medial and around 1-2 m for lateral moraine at the experimental site.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54859
Title: Relationship of Bidirectional Reflectance of Wheat with Biophysical Parameters and its Radiative Transfer Modeling using Prosail
Author: D. Barman . V. K. Sehgal . R. N. Sahoo . S. Nagarajan
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: BRDF . Hotspot . Spectro-radiometer . Canopy geometry . NDVI
Abstract: The algorithms for deriving vegetation biophysical parameters rely on the understanding of bi-directional interaction of radiation and its subsequent linkages with canopy radiative transfer models and their inversion. In this study, an attempt has been made to define the geometry of sensor and source position to best relate plant biophysical parameters with bidirectional reflectance of wheat varieties varying in canopy architecture and to validate the performance of PROSAIL (PROSPECT+SAIL) canopy radiative transfer model. A field experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars varying in canopy geometry and phenology. The bidirectional measurements between 400nm- 1100nm at 5nm interval were recorded every week at six view azimuth and four view zenith positions using spectro-radiometer. Canopy biophysical parameters were recorded synchronous to bi-directional reflectance measurements. The broadband reflectances were used to compute the NDVIs which were subsequently related to leaf area index and biomass. Results showed that the bidirectional reflectance increased with increase in view zenith from 200 to 600 irrespective of the sensor azimuth. For a given view zenith, the reflectance was observed to be maximum at 1500 azimuth where the difference between the sun and sensor azimuth was least. For sun azimuth of 1600 and zenith of 520, the view geometry defined by 1500 azimuth and 500 zenith corresponded to hotspot position. The measured bidirectional NDVI had significant logarithmic relationship with LAI and linear relationship with biomass for both the varieties of wheat and maximum correlation of NDVI with LAI and with biomass was obtained at the hotspot position. The PROSAIL validation results showed that the model simulated well the overall shape of spectra for all combination of view zenith and azimuth position for both wheat varieties with overall RMSE less than 5 per cent. The hotspot and dark spot positions were also well simulated and hence model performance may be suitable for deriving wheat biophysical parameters using satellite derived reflectances.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54858
Title: Detection of Sub-Surface Waterlogging using Terra-1 MODIS Data
Author: K. Sreenivas . R.S. Dwivedi . A.N. Singh . S. Raviprakash
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Waterlogging . Thermal . SWIR . LST . MODIS
Abstract: Waterlogging due to rising ground watertable, being a sub-surface phenomenon, is not amenable to detection by optical remote sensing. Microwave and thermal sensor data have, however, shown some promise in the detection of sub-surface waterlogging. The present study was taken up to evaluate the potential of near-IR, short-wave IR (SWIR) and thermal- IR data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) aboard Terra-1 acquired during day-and-night time postmonsoon data for detection of sub-surface waterlogging. The approach involves retrieval of day-and-night land surface temperature (LST), generation of normalized difference of channel-2 and 6 (ND26); 2 and 7 (ND27); ground truth collection involving concurrent ground water table observations to satellite date of pass, thresholding of normalized differences (NDs) and correlating the NDs with depth of ground water table. Amongst various spectral indices, day and night-time LST difference (DLST) and night-time LST have been found to correlate well with the incidence of waterlogging (water table depth < 2m), followed by normalized difference of band-2 (841-876 nm) and band-7 (2105-2155 nm). The sensitivity of threshold limits for these indices was maximum for DLST followed by ND26 and ND27. Poor accuracy of detecting sub-surface waterlogging with thermal bands during day time is attributed to the noncorresponding of the time of Terra MODIS data acquisitions with thermal maxima of the terrain. Though the ND27 gave better accuracy to detect subsurface waterlogging, it is very sensitive to threshold limits.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54857
Title: Study of the Optimum Time Span for Distinguishing Avena ludoviciana from Wheat Crop Based on Their Spectral Reflectance Characteristics
Author: R. Kaur . R. K. Mahey . J. Mukherjee
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Wheat . Avena ludoviciana . Crop-weed discrimination . Remote Sensing .Spectral signatures
Abstract: The study to establish the optimum time span for distinguishing Avena ludoviciana from wheat crop based on their spectral signatures was carried out at Student?s Research Farm, Department of Agronomy during 2006-07 and 2007-08. The experimental sites during both the seasons were sandy loam in texture, with normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications and consisting of twelve treatments comprising 0, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250 plants m-2 and a pure Avena ludoviciana plot (Tmax). The results revealed that in all the treatments irrespective of wheat and weeds, the red reflectance (%) value decreased from 34 to 95 DAS (days after sowing) in 2006-07 and 45 DAS to 100 DAS during 2007-08, and thereafter a sharp increase was observed in all the treatments. This trend might be due to increased chlorophyll index after 34 DAS as red reflectance was reduced by chlorophyll absorption. Among all the treatments, Tmax (Pure Avena ludoviciana plot) had the highest red reflectance and T0 (Pure wheat plot) had a lowest value of red reflectance during both the years. The highest value of IR reflectance was obtained at 95 DAS (2006-07) and 70 DAS (2007-08) in all the treatments. IR reflectance of wheat crop ranged between 24.61 and 61.21 per cent during 2006- 07 and 27.33 and 67.3 per cent during 2007-08. However, IR reflectance values declined after 95 DAS and 70 DAS up to harvesting during 2006-07 and 2007-08. This lower reflectance may have been due to the onset of senescence. The highest RR and NDVI values were recorded under pure wheat treatment and minimum under pure weed plots. This may be due to dark green colour and better vigor of the wheat as compared to Avena ludoviciana. It was observed that by using RR and NDVI, pure wheat can be distinguished from pure populations of Avena ludoviciana after 34 DAS and different levels of weed populations can be discriminated amongst themselves from 68 DAS up to 107 DAS during both the years of investigation.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54856
Title: Can Suspended Sediment Concentrations be estimated from Multispectral Imagery using only Image-derived Information?
Author: M. Onderka . M. Rodn?
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Self-calibration . Suspended sediments . Saturation . Model transferability . Optimization
Abstract: Sampling for suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in inland waters is traditionally based on collecting samples at sparse locations and in limited intervals. A number of investigators explored the utility of earth-observing satellites and air-borne sensors for monitoring of SSC over vast areas. Two approaches are commonly deployed: (1) empirical relationships between a chosen remotely sensed quantity and the actual in-situ SSC; and (2) bio-optical models founded on radiative transfer modeling. Unfortunately, in-situ measurements are often unavailable for direct image calibration, and inherent optical properties of optically active constituents (specific scattering and absorption coefficients) are usually unknown. This paper examines the possibility to retrieve SSC from multispectral satellite imagery without any in-situ data, i.e. using only image-derived information. The fundamental principle of image selfcalibration relies on the fact that in the visual domain of wavelengths (~400-700 nm) the at-sensor reflectance becomes ?saturated? at high SSC, whereas the near-infrared domain (~700-900 nm) remains almost perfectly linearly related to sediment concentrations. The core idea of the self-calibrating procedure is rather simple and is based on fitting an exponential function between reflectance and SSC, with SSC replaced by a linear relationship between SSC and reflectance in the near-infrared domain. As a first approximation of the non-linearity between reflectance and SSC levels in the 400-700 nm range, we used the equation proposed by Schiebe et al. (1992), although other equations, especially those arising from optical theory could be used as well. The technique is illustrated on a moderately sediment-laden reservoir and two scenes acquired from Landsat ETM+. The standard error of the estimated SSC was below 15 mg/L (i.e. ~25 % relative error for the observed range of SSC). Although the proposed algorithm does not yield better results than other models mentioned in the literature, the primary advantage of the outlined methodology is that no in-situ measurements (water sampling nor spectral profiling) are needed - i.e. only image-derived information is used.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54855
Title: Spatial Analysis of Anthropogenic Disturbances in Mangrove Forests of Bhitarkanika Conservation Area, India
Author: K.R. Ambastha . S. A. Hussain . R. Badola . P. S. Roy
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Mangrove Forests . Anthropogenic Disturbance . Remote Sensing . Geographic Information Systems (GIS) . Resource Use . Total Use Value
Abstract: The dependence of coastal communities on mangrove forests for direct consumptive use due to the scarcity of alternate resources makes them one of the highly disturbed landscapes. This paper examines the spatial characteristics and extent of anthropogenic disturbances affecting the mangrove forests of Bhitarkanika Conservation Area situated along the east coast of India by using remotely sensed data and GIS, supplemented with socioeconomic surveys. The study reveals that resource extractions from these forests were considerable despite the protected status. Around 14% of the total fuel wood consumed annually in each of the household came from the mangrove forests of the Park. The patterns of consumption were spatially heterogeneous, controlled by the availability of alternatives, ease of accessibility, presence of markets, human density, and forest composition. The disturbance surface showed 30% of the major forest classes to be under high to very high levels of disturbance especially at easy access points. Besides, the distribution of economically useful species also determined the degree of disturbance. Resource use surfaces clearly identified the biotic pressure zones with respect to specific mangrove use and could be combined with the disturbance regime map to prioritize areas for mangrove restoration.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54854
Title: Space Based Disaster Management of 2008 Kosi Floods, North Bihar, India
Author: C. M. Bhatt . G. S. Rao . P. Manjushree . V. Bhanumurthy
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Remote Sensing . Kosi . Breach . Flood . Bihar.
Abstract: One of the most important elements in flood disaster management is the availability of timely information for taking decisions and actions by the authorities. During the August 18, 2008 Kosi floods which impacted India and Nepal and affected more than three million people, aero-space technology proved to be a critical input for providing vital information on flood inundation. The satellite based flood inundation maps were extensively used for identifying marooned villages, submerged roads and railway tracks and carrying out the relief and rescue operations by the state agencies. Decision Support Centre (DSC) at National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) kept a constant watch on the flood situation. More than 200 flood inundation maps, using about 30 satellite datasets were generated and provided in near real time mode to the state agencies during August to October, 2008. DSC efforts were primarily focused in providing an overall picture of the flood situation in a short span of time to the state agencies. The present paper discusses about the operational use of remote sensing technology for near real time flood mapping, monitoring of Kosi floods and the satellite based observations made for the Kosi river breach.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54853
Title: Assessment and Development of algorithms to detection of Oil Spills using MODIS Data
Author: H. Srivastava . T. P. Singh
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Oil spills . Hyper-Spectral . MODIS . High Resolution Bands
Abstract: Oil spill detection and subsequent monitoring are of major concern for coastal zone management as they form potential marine pollutants. The present study is based on examining the feasibility of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) high resolution bands (250 and 500 m) for detection of oil spill. The MODIS - Aqua for 18, 19 and 20th January 2003 were used to study the oil spill in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The examination of L1B and L2 data revealed that L2 products such as SST, Rrs and BRDF were not very useful due to erroneous atmospheric corrections. Visual examination of raw radiance data i.e. L1B data in the 250 and 500 m spatial resolution was found to be the simplest yet feasible method for spill detection. The study further revealed that atmospherically uncorrected radiances at 469, 555 and 645 nm were showing significant signature of oil spill. Therefore an attempt was made to perform ratio operations to enhance the feature. The study concluded that the ratio of difference and sum at 645 and 555 nm, normalized by 469 nm, provides the best result. The result was validated by comparing with the previous published literature. The result clearly indicates the potential of MODIS-Aqua high resolution data in oil spill monitoring. Therefore, MODIS-Aqua data with daily coverage and high resolution can be reliable and cost-effective for such events.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54852
Title: Studies on Irrigation Distribution Equity and Crop Growth Performance in a Canal Command using Remote Sensing
Author: S. Raut . K.S.S. Sarma . D.K. Das
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Irrigation distribution equity . NDVI . Soil association
Abstract: Irrigation distribution equity and crop growth were studied in Delhi Sub-branch of Western Yamuna Canal Command. Total irrigation was estimated from the canal and tube well discharge data and irrigation distribution equity was expressed in terms of Theil?s and Christiansen?s Coefficients for nearly 140 wheat fields randomly chosen over the command. Crop growth performance for these plots was assessed from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from the IRS, LISS II data. Four soil associations viz., Nabha- Ghoga, Daryapur-Hissar, Holambi-Nabha and Khampur-Hissar mainly represented the study area. In general, increase in amount of irrigation enhanced the growth performance of the wheat crop. Increase in distribution equity within soil associations slightly improved the growth performance of the crop. Over and above, the irrigation equity, quality and quantity constraints to irrigation, the other soil parameters like CEC, applied P also contributed to differences in wheat growth as observed from the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Irrigation performance indices were estimated from water distribution between soil associations and from water requirement of crop, indicated performance slightly below the critical level.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54851
Title: Terrain Characterization using SRTM Data
Author: P. P. Patel . A. Sarkar
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: SARTM . Terrain
Abstract: Earth?s surface possesses relief because the geomorphic processes operate at different rates, and geologic structure plays a dominant role in the evolution of landforms (Thornbury, 1954). The spatial pattern of relief yields the topographic mosaic of a terrain and is normally extracted from the topographical maps which are available at various scales. As cartographic abstractions are scale dependent, topographical maps are rarely good inputs for terrain analysis. Currently, the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) provides one of the most complete, highest resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth. It is an ideal data-set for precise terrain analysis and topographic characterization in terms of the nature of altimetric distribution, relief aspects, patterns of lineaments and surface slope, topographic profiles and their visualisation, correlation between geology and topography, hypsometric attributes and finally, the hierarchy of terrain sub-units. The present paper extracts the above geomorphic features and terrain character of part of the Chotonagpur plateau and the Dulung River basin therein using SRTM data.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54850
Title: Synergistic use of Multi-temporal Radarsat SAR and AWiFS data for Rabi rice identification.
Author: D. Haldar . C. Patnaik
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Rabi rice . multi-temporal Radarsat SAR . MIR band . Indices
Abstract: A national level project on kharif rice identification and acreage estimation is being carried out successfully for several states in the country. A similar methodology based on the temporal profile for identification and delineation of various land cover classes has been followed for the Rabi rice acreage estimation. To define rabi rice, rabi season in India starts from November - February to March ? June. Though the main growing season is predominantly winter but the uncertainty of getting cloud free data during the season has resulted in the use of microwave data. A feasibility study was taken up for early forecasting of the rabi rice area using microwave data. Hierarchical decision rule classification technique was used for the identification of the different land cover classes. Land preparation, puddling and transplantation were the reasons for the specific backscatter of rice growing areas. The increase or decrease in the SAR backscatter due to progress in the crop phenology or due to delayed sowing respectively forms the basis for identifying the rice areas. In addition the potential of optical data of a later date has been utilized in the form of various indices from bands including MIR to distinctly separate the late sown areas and also the puddled areas from other areas. This study emphasizes the synergistic use of SAR and optical data for delineating the rabi rice areas which is of immense use in giving an early forecast.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54849
Title: Some Issues in Contextual Fuzzy c-Means Classification of Remotely Sensed Data for Land Cover Mapping
Author: A. Dutta . A. Kumar . S. Sarkar
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, March 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Contextual information . Markov Random Field . Metropolis Algorithm . Gibbs Samples.
Abstract: Earlier for the hard classification techniques contextual information was used to improve classification accuracy. While modelling the spatial contextual information for hard classifiers using Markov Random Field it has been found that Metropolis algorithm is easier to program and it performs better in comparison to the Gibbs sampler. In the present study it has been found that incase of soft contextual classification Metropolis algorithm fails to sample from a random field efficiently and from the analysis it was found that Metropolis algorithm is not suitable for soft contextual classification due to the high dimensionality of the soft outputs.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None


ID: 54848
Title: Survey-gap analysis for Botanical Research using Integrated approach through Taxonomical Data and Geoinformatics
Author: C.S. Reddy
Editor: Prof. B. L. Deekshatulu
Year: 2010
Publisher: Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol 38, No 3, September 2010
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Indian Society of Remote Sensing
Keywords: Survey-gap ? Herbarium ? Geoinformatics ? Adilabad ? India
Abstract: India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world. There are still many areas where inadequate information on plant wealth is available. Gap area prioritization is of utmost concern to understand the species richness of different parts of India. In this context survey-gap analysis was carried out to assess exploration status and to prioritise areas using integrated approach through taxonomical data and geoinformatics. In order to highlight the gaps in botanical exploration in the country, the present case study was conducted in Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh. A grid size of 5 ' ?5 ' has been prepared to analyse the exploration status. The results indicated that most parts of study area have been under-explored and unexplored. Of the 200 grids, only one grid has been well explored with species collections of above 100. The study brought to light that moist deciduous forests were not covered during floristic studies. Comparative analysis with disturbance index and biological richness maps evidently points out that explorations were undertaken only in high disturbed zones and areas of low to medium biological richness. This geospatial analysis clearly points the need for more attention to the exploration of tropical forests in India. There is a need of systematic botanical studies to prioritise the conservation strategies of varied natural ecosystems. It is recommended for national level survey-gap analysis as an important step to determine the floristic wealth, species representativeness and distribution.
Location: 215
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None