ID: 55387
Title: Protozoan fauna of a wetland ecosystem (Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary) during drought conditions
Author: C L Mahajan, N K Arora, S D Sharma and S P Sharma
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Ghana Bird Sanctuary, drought
Abstract: The paper reports 78 genera and 117 species of protozoans from the Ghana Bird Sanctuary, Bharatpur (Rajasthan). Following severe drought during 1979, most of the protozoans were adversely affected but populations of Actinobolina and Euplotes increased.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55386
Title: Microarthropods associated with post-harvest decay of paddy tillers in Kerala
Author: C G A Pai and N R Prabhoo
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Paddy field, microarthropods, Kerala
Abstract: In post-harvest paddy fields, which are still flooded, microarthropods are localised in clumps of paddy tillers that project above the water surface. Changes in microarthropod numbers on tillers were followed for 4-5 months after the harvest in January of 1979 and 1980. Acari were the dominant microarthropods while Collembola, larval Diptera, larval and adult Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera were also common. Microarthropod populations ranged between 1.52 and 7.34 thousand per square metre. Numerically dominant Oribatid mites were Lamellobates sp., Schaloribates sp., Galumna lanceatum, Trhypocthoniellus sp., Punctoribates sp., Hypozetes sp., Oppia sp., Carabodes sp., and Belba sp. Tillers attacked by mites lost parenchymatous tissue. Tipulid larvae also fed on tissues of tillers while chironomid and ceratopogonid larvae fed on algae adn detritus. The Collembolan Lepidocyrtus sp., and the mite Oppia sp., and Belba sp., fed on fungal spores and hyphal bits while the guts of other Collembola like Cryptopygus thermophilus and Proisotoma sp., contained amorphous material. Microarthropods attack the tillers feeding mostly on the soft parenchymatous tissue leaving behing the veins. Tiller weight loss due to microarthropod consumption was estimated at 20.96% during the first 75 days following harvest.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55385
Title: Nitrogen fixation by pesticide-adapted strains of paddy-field cyanophytes
Author: V K Sharma and Y S Gaur
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Nitrogen-fixing, pesticides
Abstract: Tolerance limits of the nitrogen-fixing cyanophytes to certain paddy-field pesticides has been studied. The reduction in total nitrogen content of the pesticide-adapted strains has been ascribed to teh inhibition of some stage(s) during the process of dinitrogen fixation or protein formation or perhaps both.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55384
Title: The mineral nutrition of wetland rice
Author: K S Murty
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetland, rice, mineral nutrition, tropical climate, solar radiation, oxygen tension
Abstract: The paper briefly reviews the recent studies on mineral nutrition of wetland rice under tropical climate. The environmental factors like temperature, solar radiation and oxygen tension influence the mineral uptake. The mineral uptake is also influenced by the growth stage of the plant, season, plant type, micro-nutrients and land situations.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55383
Title: Energetics of air-breathing fishes in shallow waters
Author: T J Pandian and K Sampath
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Respiration
Abstract: All organisms incur an energetics respiration cost and because oxygen is 30 times more concentrated per unit volume in air than in saturated water; the energetic cost of respiration is far less in air than in an aquatic medium. However, in air-breathing fishes, the swimming movement to and from the surface for aerial respiration is far less in air than in an aquatic medium. However, in air-breathing fishes, the swimming movement to and from the surface for aerial respiration results in an additional energy tax. When reared in 5-40 cm water depths, the obligatory air-breathing fish Channa striatus spends about 15 to 35% of time on surfacing and hanging activities. In shallow aquarium (5.0 cm depth), individuals surfaced 1317 times, and travelled 114 m at an energy cost of 100 cal gram-1 live fish per day. In deeper aquarium (40.0 cm depth), the fish swam 1.3 km on 1880 visits to the surface and expended 165 cal per gram per day. It appears that the energetics cost of surfacing may be large enough in air-breathing fish to completely eliminate the energetics advantage of using air as a respiratory medium. This helps explain why only few fish species have evolved air-breathing mechanisms. Because of the smaller energetics and temporal costs to air-breathing fish in shallow water, cultivation of obligatory air-breathing fishes like C. striatus in shallow waters would be possible.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55382
Title: Chemical and productional characteristics of Lemnids
Author: P K Singhal
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Lemnids, biomass changes
Abstract: Lemnids were observed in a transitory zone, between -land and lake water, of a tropical eutrophic lake, Sagar lake. Lemnids biomass accumulated for 52 days at an average rate of 4.04 g m-2d-1 and decayed at an average rate of 1.91 g m-2d-1. Light and temperature probably controlled the growth of lemnids while nutrients like phosphates, nitrate and chloride did not seem to affect the growth of leminds. The sodium, potassium and phosphorus concentrations of lemnids exhibited bimodal variation with peaks duirng early growth and late decay periods. The phosphorus and potassium contents of plants were insignificantly related to periodically of biomass changes.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55381
Title: Ecological characteristics of Chaurs of North Bihar
Author: Daya Nand Rai and J S Datta Munshi
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Chaur, terrestrial ecosystem, aquatic ecosystem
Abstract: The lowlands of Darbhanga, locally known as ' chaur ' form a link between aquatic and terristrial ecosystems. The unstable plant community of chaur passes through dry, regenerating , lake and degenerating marsh stages. Dynamics of such vegetational cycles were sensitive to water depth variations. Monthly biomass and percent frequency of individual macrophytic forms were found to sharply interact with each other.
Diurnal variations of water temperature were much greater (80C) during the degenerating marsh stage in comparison to the lake (50C) and regenerating (30C) stages. During teh lake stage, 5.7 to 9.8 mg l-1dissolved oxygen prevailed throughout the day and night, but the range was much larger (1.8 to 10.5 mgl-1) during degenerating stage. Free CO2 also fluctuated more (9.0 to 21.0 mg l-1) during degenerating stage than other stages. Total nitrogen and phosphate contents were high throughout the period of wet conditions. Initiating from dry to degenerating stages, vegetational forms were observed to cause changes in physico-chemical condition of water, due to reduced contact between the water and the atmosphere, high litter deposition, and diverse communities associated with the chaur.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55380
Title: Mineral composition of some wetland components in Kashmir
Author: S Kaul, C L Trisal and V Kaul
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Nutrient concentrations, nutrient pool
Abstract: Nutrient concentrations in various components of wetlands in Kashmir were estimated. Precipitation contained more Na while P was the least, and in sediments nitrogen was maximim against minimum quantities of phosphorus. Available nutrients formed a fraction of total nutrients. Water contained an insignificant amount of total nutrient pool. Ca values were higher in above-ground macrophytic biomass. Litter bound 45% of the total nutrient pool of primary producer compartment. Plankton minerals showed maximum nitrogen and minimum sodium content . Consumer groups varied in thier nutrient content wih highest values for nitrogen.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55379
Title: Trophic structure of some typical wetlands
Author: A K Pandit and V Kaul
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetlands,
Abstract: The paper describes the trophic structure of the wetlands namely, Nowgam (temporary and shallow), Mirgund (temporary and deep), Malgam (permanent and shallow), Haigam (permanent and shallow)and Hokarsar (permanent and deep), located in the floodplains of river Jhelum in Kashmir, Quantitative data on density and biomass of phyto-and zooplankton, benthos and macrofauna are presented. The density and biomass of phytoplankton increased more rapidly than of herbivores and 70-80% of primary production was left unutilised. Microscopic filter feeders dominating the eutrophic wetlands grazed only small quantities of phytoplankton while bacteria and fine tripton particles constituted their main diet. The benthic community exhibited an upright pyramid of numbers and a much modified pyramid of biomass (modifications correlated with various degrees of eutrophication). The distribution pattern of feeding types in the macrofaunal community in different wetlands showed that in Malgam herbivores were only 25.1% of the total biomass against 64.5% of carnivores while in Hokarsar the situation was reversed with 61.6% herbivores and 12.8% carnivores of the total biomass. Other wetlands were intermediate between these two extemes.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55378
Title: Distribution and production of macrophytes in Pichhola lake, Udaipur (India)
Author: D K Billore and L N Vyas
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: macrophytic community
Abstract: The macrophytic community of Pichhola lake, had been investigated for its structure, biomass and production. The community was composed of 14 species, primarily annuals, of which three are floating, seven submerged and four emergent. On the basis of IVI, Eichhornia crassipes was the dominant species in the floating zone, Hydrilla verticillata in the submerged zone and Paspalidium germination in emergent zone. Annual community production was etimated to be 691.0 g m-2 . The daily net production rates were maximum (4.0 g g m-2 day-1) in December and minimum (0.1 g m-2 day-1) in April.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55377
Title: Some observations on the ecology of kolleru lake
Author: V Seshavatharam and P Venu
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: freshwater lake, fish aquaculture, navigation , sanitation.
Abstract: Kolleru is a large freshwater lake in Andhra Pradesh, very heavily infested with aquatic weeds which pose serious problems for fish aquaculture, navigation and sanitation. The present study is the first scientific investigation on the ecology of the lake. A general survey of the water chemistry parameters has been made. The phytoplankton production of the lake waters ranged from 1.60 to 4.94 g O2 m-2 day-1 and that of the fish tanks from 3.64 to 23.20 g O2 m-2 day-1. The dry matter productionm of the various macrophytes varied from 21.4 t ha-1 in case of Ipomoea aquatica to 0.3 t ha-1 in case of Utricularia spp. The caloric values ranged from 3501 to 5420 cal g-1 OM for the various species. The data are discussed in light of the earlier available information.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55376
Title: Productive status of Marsh zone vegetation of Gujar lake (Khetasarai), Jaunpur, India
Author: K R Verma, Daya Pandey and R S Ambasht
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Standing crop biomass
Abstract: Monthly changes in standing crop biomass, estimates of daily and annual net production and turn over rates of the dominant and ' other species ' were determined for the emergent zone of Gujar lake (Khetasarai), Jaunpur, India. Standing crop biomass varied from 1.66.8+13.6 g m-2 in April for Oryza rufipogon to 1600.1 + 113.5 g m-2 in October for Eleocharis plantaginea. Other species only had a maximum combined standing crop biomass of 400.8+ 20.4g m-2 in the month of September and minimum of 25.9+ 1.8g m-2 in May. Maximum community standing crop biomass was 2616.8 g m-2 in October and the minimum was 436.9 g m-2 in May. The highest rate of community dry matter production (31.9 g m-2 day-1) occurred in August and declined to 4.5 g m-2 day-1 in October. On community basis annual net production was estimated to be 2021.4 g m-2 yr-1 which averaged to 6.1 g m-2 day-1. Macrophyte turnover rates were estimated to be 0.77.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55375
Title: The contribution of extended mud-flat regions to the self-cleansing potential of the Elbe estuary
Author: Hubert Caspers
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Benthos
Abstract: The paper describes the benthos associations of the freshwater and brackish regions in the Elbe Estuary; the mud flats, uncovered at low tides are places of deposition for the organic compounds brought in by the tides. The benthos facilitates the intensive decomposition of the detritus from sewage outflows. This is a reason for preserving this habitat and limiting activities that destroy it.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55374
Title: Some aspects of conservation in overcultivated areas of the Swiss Midlands
Author: Frank Klotzli
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetlands
Abstract: The protection of wetlands in overcultivated areas of the Swiss Midlands is complicated by a number of direct and indirect human influences (e.g eutrophication, change of water table, and mechanical factors). For practical reasons priorities have to be given to the most valuable areas evaluated by special criteria. Some practical examples are given to influence water table, to buffer influxing nutrients, and to control mechanical factors in critical situations. Finally also the reconstitution of wetlands, their reconstruction of wetlands, their reconstruction and transplantation is recommended to be undertaken on special occassion.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55373
Title: The zonation of Northern peatlands and their importance for the carbon balance of the atmosphere
Author: Hugo Sjors
Editor: Prof R Misra
Year: 1981
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 7, 1981
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetlands, peatlands
Abstract: Wetlands are widespread and extensive in the Arctic and Boreal zones. Although mineral wetlands are common, peatlands, mostly shallow, often very wet, form the largest peat-covered areas in the world. This great extension is due partly to primary peat formation directly on moist soils and partly to apludification of earlier forested land, and only to a smaller extent to filling-in of shallow lakes by vegetation. The maximum peat depths are found in the southern or oceanic outskirts of the Boreal and Boreo-nemoral regions. Towards the north and especially in the Arctic, the rate of peat formation is much lower and peat deposits tend to be very shallow. In cold continental areas permafrost has a great influence.
There are about 500 million hectares of peatland in the world. Since most of the area is in the north, the mean peat depth can hardly be much more than one metre, and the dry weight of the peat would be some 600 x 109 tons, including about 300 x 109 tons of carbon which in the post-glacial time of about 10,000 years has been withdrawn from the CO2 of the earth ' s atmosphere. This is about 40% of the present CO2 - carbon content of the atmosphere. However, the withdrawal has been so gradual that teh atmosphere would have been able to replace the losses through the equilibrium with the much greater amounts of hydrocarbonate in the sea.
A release of a fraction of the peat carbon by human action in the future is likely to constitute only a small factor as compared to the addition of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels and the increase in the rate of decay of organic material in forests and agricultural soils.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None