ID: 55417
Title: Net primary productivity and transfer dynamics in Kashmir himalayan grasslands
Author: Zafar Reshi, Anzar A Khuroo and G H Dar
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Elevation gradient, grasslands, plant biomass, primary production, system transfer function
Abstract: In view of being an important process in ecosystems and of great significance to ecological studies, net primary productivity, together with accumulation of plant dry matter and its transfer dynamics, was studied in two grasslands occurring at elevations of 1600 m (low elevation grassland) and 1950 m above mean sea level (high elevation grassland). Thirty eight species occurred at the low elevation grassland and 11 species were recorded at the high elevation grassland. Maximum aboveground live plant biomass in low elevation grassland was 422.00 gm-2 and the same in high elevation grassland was 2189.30 gm-2 . Peak values of standing dead material in the two grasslands were 558.6 gm-2 and 2377.2 gm-2 , respectively. The litter mass in the low elevation grassland ranged from a low of 156 gm-2 to a high of 1111 gm-2 while as the corresponding values in the high elevation grassland were 840 gm-2 and 1590 gm-2 , respectively. Belowground drymass was also higher (5016.50 gm-2 ) in high elevation grassland compared to low elevation grassland wherein peak belowground drymass was 1691.50 gm-2 . Aboveground Net Productivity (ANP), Belowground Net productivity (BNP) and Total Net Productivity (TNP) vlaues in the low elevation grassland were 1467.76gm-2 y-1, 1940.00 1467.76gm-2 y-1, and 33408.211467.76gm-2 y-1, respectively. The corresponding values in the high elevation grassland were 3088.69, 6072.50 and 9161.19 1467.76gm-2 y-1. Of the total TNP, 43% and 34% were transferred to ANP in low- and high elevation grasslands, respectively. About 57% and 67% of TNP was transferred to BNP in the two grasslands. The turnover rates of aboveground live biomass and belowground biomass in the low elevation grassland were 3.48 and 1.58, respectively and the corresponding values in the high elevation grassland were 1.41 and 1.21.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55416
Title: Plant species diversity in the Kashmir himalayan grasslands along an elevational gradient
Author: Zafar Reshi, Anzar A Khuroo and G H Dar
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Rarefaction, non-parameteric species richness estimators, SHE analysis, species diversity indices
Abstract: In view of paramount significance of species diversity to community structure and function, the present study was aimed at a comparative assessment of plant species richness, evenness, and aggregate diversity of the Kashmir Himalayan grasslands occurring at different elevations. Rarefaction method that takes into account nonlinearity of species and area combined with a fitting procedure, and non-parametric estimators were used to compute the expected number of species. All the estimators of species richness used in the present study performed reasonably well, but the ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) and Chao 2 were particularly useful even at low sampling effort. Highest number of 26 species was recorded in the valley-plain grassland and lowest number of 17 species was recorded in the alpine grassland. Evenness and Shannon index of diversity, due to dominance of the grass Themeda anathera, in the sub-alpine grassland were lowest compared to the valley-plain and alpine grasslands. SHE analysis clearly indicated variable contribution of richness and evenness components to the aggregate measure of species diversity in these grasslands. Computation of the complementarity of species composition between the grasslands, analysed through use of the different indices, revealed more or less distinct species assemblages in the grasslands. We suggest that a separate but simultaneous measurement of diversity components using standardized sampling protocols and appropriate diversity estimators, as adopted in the present study, are obligatory for clear understanding and better interpretation of the patterns of plant diversity in the natural plant communities, such as grasslands.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55415
Title: Ichthyofaunal diversity, socio-economic status of fisher community, gears used and techniques of fish catch in the Beels of Hajo, Kamrup district, Assam
Author: Anjali Baishya and Sabitry Bordoloi
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Garjan Beel, Fish fauna, depletion, exploitation, livelihood pattern
Abstract: Hajo revenue circle (2605 ' N Latitude and 91032 ' E longitude) of Kamrup district, Assam, abounds in large number of beels. These beels have long been known for their very high fish production. Fishing is the only source of income for 25% of population residing in the villages surrounding the beels. The Garjan beel has 33 component beels. Various aspects of fish and fisheries and the fishing community dependant on it were investigated in detail over a period of four years (2003-2007). Rapid shrinking of beel areas, loss of beels due to siltation, heavy weed infestation and over-exploitation during breeding season were found to be some of the causes for depletion of indigenous fish fauna. The paper documents the ichthyofaunal diversity, use of different gears and two new innovative techniques for capturing different size groups of fishes and records the socio-economic status of the fisher community.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55414
Title: Studies on ethno-medicinal aspects and zoo-therapy in tribal communities in Arunachal Pradesh, India
Author: G S Solanki and Pavitra Chutia
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Ethno-medicine, Faunal therapy, tribal groups-Apatani, Nyishi and Monpa, Arunachal Pradesh
Abstract: Arunachal Pradesh is culturally and biodiversity rich tribal state of India; 26 major tribes inhabits there. Tribes in remote areas depend on the natural resources for treatment of various body ailments. Tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh used 48% mammalian species and 28% avian species as ethno-medicine. 38% carnivores, 21% ungulates, 15% rodents and 13% primates among mammals, and 30% Passeriformes, 24% Ciconoformes constituted their ethno-medicine system. Seven body parts namely meat, bone, fat, gall bladder, alimentary canal, penis and horn of the mammals and five body parts viz, meat, fat, feather, bone and leg of the birds used in traditional medicinal system. Different tribal groups adopted different mode of use of the body parts. It was in the form of raw meat, extract of fat, ash of bones and horns, aqueous extraction of certain dried body organs adn decoction in different body ailments. Threatened category of animals including the tiger, bear, deer, hornbill were the animals used in therapeutic practices. The tribal peoples collected all the resources from forest through capturing, hunting, killing, fishing including manual collection.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55413
Title: Opportunities for alternate land uses in salty and water scarcity areas
Author: J C Dagar
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Alternate land uses, Auger-hole planting technique, sub-surface planting and furrow irrigation, raised and sunken bed technique, saline vertisols, biological reclamation, carbon sequestration
Abstract: Vast tracts of arid and semi-arid areas of the world are salt-affected (nearly 1 billion ha) and remain barren due to salinity or water scarcity. The salt-affected lands (sodic/alkaline and saline) constrain plant growth owing to the osmotic effects of salt, poor physical conditions leading to poor aeration, nutrition imbalances and toxicities. With use of appropriate planting techniques and salt-tolerant species these can be brought under viable vegetation cover. Auger-hole technique on sodic soils and furrow technique of tree plantation on saline soils have been found quite appropriate. Further, in most of the arid and semi-arid regions the ground water aquifers are saline. Usually cultivation of conventional arable crops with saline irrigation has not been sustainable. Concerted research efforts have shown that by applying appropriate planting and other management techniques (e.g sub-surface planting and furrow irrigation), the degraded lands (including calcareous) can be put to alternative uses, where salt-tolerant forest and fruit trees, forage grasses, medicinal and aromatic and other high value crops can be equally remunerative. Such uses have additional environmental benefits including carbon sequestration and biological reclamation. Opportunities for alternate land uses through agroforestry systems on salty and water scarcity areas have been discussed in this paper.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55412
Title: Land use intensification in Indian himalaya: Meaning, measurement and implications
Author: Joylata Laishram, R K Maikhuri, K S Rao and K G Saxena
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Resource inputs, labour inputs, crop productivity, labour productivity, traditional land use practices
Abstract: Land use intensification is a crucial process influencing biodiversity, ecosystem functions and livelihoods. There are multiple ways of defining and measuring intensification. This article presents a review of the meaning, methods of measurement and ecological implications of land use intensification, with special reference to central Himalayan region of India. It is concluded that (i) land use intensity should be evaluated at differetn levels: from crop level through agroecosystem/farm level to village landscape level, (ii) homegardens, which constitute a minor land use in terms of spatial extent, are the most intensive land use system in terms os agricultural input rates, output rates and output to input ratios as well as the most rich one in terms of soil organic carbon and nutrient stocks. (iii) a significant improvement in local farm economy and ecosystem functions can be achieved by increasing the rates of locally available inputs, increasing the efficiency of use of inputs for farm production and matching crop/cultivar combinations with the environmental opportunities and constraints and (iv) land use intensification -biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships would depend on the criteria and spatio-temporal scales chosen for measuring explanatory and response variables.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55411
Title: Towards addressing societal concerns: Moving through genecology and ecosystems to socio-ecological systems
Author: P S Ramakrishnan
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Knowledge Systems, Socio-ecological systems, Traditional ecolgoical knowledge
Abstract: Having been trained in biophysical dimensions of ecology with an ecosystem approach, the move towards a larger interdisciplinary approach with emphasis on socio-ecological systems analysis with implications to related ecological studies to societal concerns was indeed a challenging task. Having had to face with differential paradigms determining natural vs social sciences, it was soon realized that arriving at compromises between these two knowledge streams holds the key for addressing sustainability concerns in the area of natural resource management linked with livelihood/developmental concerns of human societies ranging from the very ' traditional ' to the most ' modern ' . In such an effort, ' knowledge systems ' , particularly ' traditional ecological knowledge ' (TEK) available with local communities through an experimental process was considered the key towards linking the biophysical with the socio-economic-cultural dimensions of the issues under consideration, bringing in text-book based ' formal ecological knowledge ' to the extent required and appropriate depending upon what the socio-ecological situation demands. Very tranditional societies living close to nature and natural resources around them may have to have TEK being brought in to a much larger degree so as to avoid social disruptions setting in, compared to the more modern societies who may need TEK only to be brought in so as to create buffering mechanisms within the socio-ecological system and thus cope up with the ill-effects arising from excessive use of energy - intensive technologies. In other words, community participatory approaches based on a value system that they understand and appreciate and therefore can participate in the process of conservation linked sustainable development is the key to combat environmental uncertainties, arising on one hand from ecological ' global change ' and on the other economic ' globalization ' . This is an emerging area of study in which I have had the privilege of getting involved towards understanding socio-ecological system structure and functions, the inspiration for which came from my teacher, late Professor R Misra who always encouraged me to move away from the trodden path; and to a great measure from very traditional societies who have always valued their closeness to ' nature ' , and which formed the basis of their cultural identity. This paper is a summary of what I have been able to do when I moved into the realm of ' socio-ecological systems analysis ' , in the early 1970s, from an ' ecosystem analysis ' approach which I pursued for the first two decades of my ecological researches.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55410
Title: Of rivers, fish and poison
Author: Madhav Gadgil, Nilesh Heda
Editor: B. Gopal, P S Pathak, A Raman, S Y Lee
Year: 2009
Publisher: National INstitute of Ecology, Vol 35, No 1, 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Fish diversity, People ' s Biodiversity registers, River Kathani, traditional knowledge
Abstract: Every one of the diverse ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent is being degraded to some measure; but it is the freshwater ecosystems that are under the greatest threat. The root causes of this degradation lie in human institutions, in the inequities that plague our society. A significant number of our people depend directly on natural resources for their livelihoods. These "ecosystem people", however, have little control over the resource base. Instead the patterns of natural resource use are dictated by an "Iron triangle" of urban population, industry and large land holders who are the beneficiaries of the supply of a variety of natural resources at highly subsidized rates, the politicians who decide as to who gets what subsidies and the administrators who implement them. Insulated from the effects of resource depletion, these constituents of the iron triangle promote exhaustive patterns of natural resource use whose adverse consequences are felt primarily by the rural landless, small-holders, artisans, herders, tribals, and fisherfolk. It is these ecosystem people who have a far greater stake in a healthy environment, and their empowerment and involvement holds the promise of eventually slowing down a continuing meltdown of our ecosystems.
India ' s Biological Diversity Act is a welcome move towards engaging and empowering these people. The Biodiversity Management Committees that are being established under this act in all panchayat raj institutions and town and city municipalities would be engaged in documenting local ecosystems in the form of "People ' s Biodiversity Registers". Biodiversity Management Committee study groups comprising interested BMC members, students, and teachers from colleges/high schools, volunteers from CBOs, NGOs, and knowledgeable individuals representing different stakeholder groups would carry out this task. This exercise would focus on the documentation of people-natural resource links, landscape/waterscape of the study area, local biodiversity elements, people ' s knowledge associated with biodiversity, and people ' s perspectives on management issues, culminating in the formulation of a management plan to support the functionign of the local Biodiversity Management Committee. A pilot exercise on the preparation of People ' s Biodiversity Registers was conducted in Mendha (Lekha), a primarily tribal village of eastern Maharashtra. This village is notable for many community level initiatives towards sustainable management of natural resources. We report here the components of the People ' s Biodiversity Registers exercise focusing on perhaps the most threatened of our ecosystems, namely the freshwater bodies. The major aquatic habitat of the locality is the Kathani river. It is fished by Dhivars, a community of specialist fisherfolk and Gonds who primarily fish for self consumption, and who participated in this study along with local students, teachers and scientists from the Indian Institute of Science.
The study involved catching and releasing back to the river 1508 individuals through 146 fishing events. This sample comprised 32 species of 24 genera. Gonds reported 43 distinct fish names, while Dhivars reported 63. The total number excepted to comprise the pool of species from which the sample was drawn is 64. About 70% of the fish species are reported to be declining, 5 species including Anguilla bengalensis are reported to have gone locally extinct, while 4 new species, primarily "Invasive Aliens" like Tilapia are reported to have appeared newly.
The study led to an in-depth understanding of the diversity of factors responsible for habitat destruction and fish population depletion, including insights such as the possible impact of ash generated by forest fires. The people already posses a variety of traditional conservation practices such as protection to sacred river stretches and species. To this, prompted by the study, people have added banning of use of all poison, herbal and synthetic, for fishing in Kathani river. This ban is applicable to a cluster or Ilakha of 32 villages including Mendha (Lekha) and has been effectively implemented for the past three years.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55409
Title: An environmental angtropology of the woodland Indians of Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin, USA
Author: Perry M Rossa
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetlands, seasonal round, Pre-Columbian, Subsistence models, Settlement patterns, Ethnobotany
Abstract: Pre-Columbian Woodland Indians of the Upper Midwest region of the United States utilized wetlands to meet a variety of food, fiber and medicinal needs central to a hunting/gathering lifestyle. Ethnobotanical uses multipliled through Archaic and Woodlnad times, with adaptive radiation to an evolving post-glacial landscape culminating with the adoption of gardening after 1200 AD and an increasing reliance on wetland resources which mitigated the impact of an agricultural lifestyle exemplified by the Mississippian tradition. The phenology and location of various wetland and upland resources dictated a seasonal round of activity, with mobile fishing and plant-gathering bands during the growing season and semi-permanent winter hunting camps. Meso-scale attributes of Horicon Marsh and the surrounding vegetation were enhaned by the Indian practice of burning, magnifying the importance of wetlands to local Indians and resulting in a unique concentration of cultural features adn artifacts.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55408
Title: Statistical evaluation of the EMAP-wetlands sampling protocol
Author: T L Ernst and N C Leibowitz
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetlands, sampling monitoring, Classification, regional assessment, EMAP
Abstract: The United States Environmental Protection Agency initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)-Wetlands (Leibowitz et al 1991) to monitor the status and long-term trends in the condition of the nation ' s wetlands. To support this effort, an EMAP-Wetlands classification system was constructed by aggregating subclasses of the U. S . Fish and Wildlife Service ' s National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) classification system (Cowardin et al 1979). Aggregation of the NWI classification system to the EMAP-Wetlands ' classification system was based on dominant vegetation cover, landscape setting, dominant water source, and other relevant information. This study evaluates how well the EMAP sampling design estimates the wetland resource respresented by the US. Fish and Wildlife Service ' s NWI digital welands data for portions of Illinois, Washington, and North and South Dekota. The EMAP sampling design was evaluagted by comparing numbers of wetland polygons, total areas, and common versus rare classes in the EMAP sample to the NWI data base. Summary statistics demonstrate that the EMAP sample estimates compare well to the known population parameters, except for rare wetlands classes. Rare EMAP classes, defined as comprising less than 1% of the total number or total area of wetlands in a region, were estimated with less accuracy adn precision than the more common classes. Rare EMAP classes, in these regions, included saturated palustrine emergents, saturated emergents along rivers and saturated forested/ scrub-shrub wetlands along rivers.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55407
Title: Mapping wetland hydrology and vegetation with synthetic aperture radar
Author: Laura L Hess and John M Melack
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Radar, microwave, remote sensing, floodplain, inundation, flooded forest
Abstract: Remote sensing with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides an alternative to ground measurement for detecting flooding beneath a vegetation canopy. SARs are active sensors operating in the microwave region, and offer a synoptic view of floodplain inundation and vegetation structure, independent of cloud cover or solar illumination. Following a brief review of SAR sensor characteristics, microwave scattering mechanisms are discussed. Double-bounce reflection between vegetation canopy elements and underlying water surfaces cause bright responses from flooded vegetation. The response varies with radar wavelength are scattered by larger branches and trunks. In partly flooded floodplain communities of the Altamaha River, Georgia, percent inundation was found to be correlated with Shuttle Imaging Radar B returns. A tree-based model is being used to develop a rules-based classifier to distinguish herbaceous/woody, flooded/non-flooded categories at the Altamaha site.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55406
Title: Development of a wetland management decision support system for Natal, South Africa
Author: D C Kotze, C M Breen and J Klug
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Wetland model, WETLAND-USE, INFO-COLLECT, Wetland impacts, Land-use assessment, Agro-ecological zones
Abstract: Wetland loss in Natal has been high despite legislation directed at wetland conservation. A wetland management decision support system (WETLAND -USE) is being developed to rationalize land-use allocation decisions within wetlands. The system attempts to ensure that appropriate information concerning the wetland site and its surrounding landscape is collected and the likely impacts of different land-use alternatives on the functional values of wetlands is predicted. This paper presents the conceptual framework of WETLAND-USE and the wetland zonation system developed for the wetlands of Natal.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55405
Title: Impacts of drainage on finnish Peatlands and their vegetation
Author: Pekka Pakarinen
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Bog, forest ecology, mire conservation, plant ecology, succession, vegetation, wetland
Abstract: The paper reviews recent ecological changes taken place in Finnish peatlands (mires) as a result of extensive drainage during the past few decades. Undrained mires in Finland includes several tens of vegetation types indicating variations in wetness, nutrient status and mobility of waters, while old drainage areas are much less variable and have been classified in seven major types. Drainage for forestry has resulted in a general increase of tree-covered peatlands and loss of the landscape heterogeneity and species diversity, especially in southern and central Finland. The latest inventory shows that in the southern half of the country (60-640N) only 25% of the original peatland area has remained undrained, whereas in northern Finland the corresponding figure ranges from 41% (64-660N) to 77% (66-700N). During the 1970s and 1980s, the remaining Finnish mires have been thoroughly surveyed for mire conservation and the projected total area of mires in the national conservation programme is ca. 500, 00 ha.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55404
Title: Management of Monsoonal Wetlands for greylag (Anser anser L) and Barheaded Geese (Anser indicus L) in the Keoladeo National Park, India
Author: Beth A Middleton
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Habitat preference, food preference, subgtropical, tropical , wet/dry wetland, Paspalum distichum
Abstract: This paper explores whether the Paspalum distichum L dominated wetlands in the Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur, India) can be managed as a useful habitat for Anser anser L (Greylag Geese) and Anser indicus L (Barheaded Geese). Food and habitat preference of the two species of geese were studied during 1985 to 1987, on the basis of their expected versus actual mean proportion of usage. Management for any particular plant species is not recommended based on the results of a food preference study. Whereas both Greylag Barheaded Geese preferred to feed on Paspalum distichum over any other plant species (expected versus actual mean proportion of usage for Greylag : 0.795 and 0.932; for Barheaded: 0.795 and 0.971, respectively), geese did not specifically use rather than not use habitats with high cover fo P. distichum (Greylag: 14.1% and 14.0% cover, Barheaded: 13.8% and 14.1% cover, respectively). However, geese do have strong preferences for habitats with certain strucutral qualities including presence fo open water patches (hemi-marsh) and burned sward. Greylag Geese preferred deeper water than Barheaded Geese (61 and 25 cm depths, respectively). Both species of geese did not use areas with mean water depths shallower than 7 cm even in drought years. Greylag Geese avoided trees, in that they used sites rather than not used sites far from trees (49 and 26 m, respectively). Because the Park provides a wide range of plant species, degree of open water, tree presence, and water depth, no modifications in the curxnt conditions present in the Keoladeo National Park are necessary to support these two species of geese.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 55403
Title: Habitat studies at different spatial scales for multiple conservation goals in the Parana river delta (Argentina)
Author: J Merler, R Bo, R. Quintana, and A Malvarez
Editor: P S Ramakrishnan and Brij Gopal
Year: 1994
Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Vol 20, No 1-2, 1994
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Keywords: Avian community, Myocastor coypus, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, Landscape diversity
Abstract: The Parana River Delta has a high avian diversity and abundance of mammal species like the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) and the coypu (Myocastor coypus). Studies of diet associations, habitat selection and habitat structure, were carried out to relate the landscape heterogeneity to key factors that favour the conservation of these species. The main factors affecting their abundance are particular food items for capybara and size and spatial disposition of freshwater marshes for coypu. Avian diversity was closely related to multiple habitat layers, that are related in turn with vegetation starta. In all cases, the landscape ' s spatial heterogeneity plays a very important role in species abundance. We discuss the combined use of habitat studies at different spatial scales for achieving multiple wildlife conservation goals.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None