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ID: 65331
Title: Production Of Compost Using Eichhornia crassipes And Its Nutritive Analysis
Author: Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Sumayya Rehaman*, Kalaiselvi A. and Rajiv P
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 282-286 2021.
Subject: Production Of Compost Using Eichhornia crassipes And Its Nutritive Analysis
Keywords: Eichhornia crassipes, Organic carbon, Total nitrogen, Total phosphorus, Total potassium, Weeds ecological benefit
Abstract: The aquatic weed of monster invasive nature is Eichhornia crassipes (mart) with massively grown in tonnes and occupies various lakes. It takes up the nutrients of the lake water and destroys the habitat environment for the fauna and other flora. To reduce the weed with an alternative method, they were collected, shredded and mixed up with the vegetable waste (4:1) and subjected to composting. After 68 days of composting, the matured compost prepared using the Eichhornia crassipes is subjected to colour, odour and foam were found to be in the acceptable range similar to the commercial compost. The electrical conductivity of both matured compost and commercial compost were analogous to each other. The ratio of carbon was about 15 whereas the nitrogen was one. With the pH of the prepared matured compost was about 7 analogous to the commercial compost, the chemical parameter, such as organic carbon of prepared matured compost and commercial compost with a 1.31% difference. The total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus of the prepared matured compost and commercial compost are similar and within an acceptable range. The total calcium and total magnesium are very low with the maximum acceptable range. The mineral content, such as iron and manganese with a minimal difference, whereas the zinc and copper were within the acceptable limits for both the prepared compost and the commercial compost. In this study, the resource utilization approaches of Eichhornia crassipes by using turn waste into treasure and solve the water hyacinth breeding problem, it could also produce economic and ecological benefits.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: CPCB. 2000. Status of municipal solid waste generation, collection, treatment and disposable in class 1 cities. Central Pollution Control Broad, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. Narayana, T. 2009. Municipal waste management in India: From waste disposal to recovery of resources. Waste Manage., 29: 1163-1166.
Literature cited 2: Enein, A. M.A., et al. 2011. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) solms: From water parasite to potential medicinal remedy. Plant Signaling Behaviour. 6(6): 834-836. Mironga, J. M., J. M. Mathooko and S. M. Onywere. 2012. Effect of water hyacinth infestation on the physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Naivasha. Int. J. Humanities Social Sci., 2(7): 103-113.

ID: 65330
Title: The Effect Of Phytotoxicity Of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles On Oil Seed Crops
Author: Momanyi K. Rachael and P. Rajiv
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 278-281 2021.
Subject: The Effect Of Phytotoxicity Of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles On Oil Seed Crops
Keywords: Phytotoxicity, Iron oxide, Seed germination, Oilseed crops
Abstract: In the present investigation, the iron oxide nanoparticles (TFeONPs) were produced by ferrous chloride and aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens. The properties of as-synthesized TFeONPs were assessed. Moreover, the toxicity effects of TFeONPs on oilseed crops (Sesamum indicum and Arachis hypogaea) were investigated. The toxicity effect of TFeONPs on the germination of seed and formation of root and shoot of oilseed crops was determined using different concentrations of TFeONPs. The results of characterization confirmed that the synthesized TFeONPs were spherical-shaped. The various concentrations of TFeONPs significantly enhanced seed germination and the length of root and shoot of S. indicum and A. hypogaea. The highest concentrations (0.4% and 0.5%) of TFeONPs inhibited seed-germination and shoot and root formation, while the lowest and optimal concentrations (0.1-0.5%) of TFeONPs induced positive effects on seed germination and the length of root and shoot. The lowest concentration of TFeONPs was able to promote plant growth without any toxicity to other plants and the environment.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Parthasarathi, T., 2011. Phytotoxicity of nano-particles in agricultural crops. International Conference on green technology and environmental conservation (GTEC-2011). Proceedings, pp 51-60. Nedecky, B.R., et al. 2017. Nanoparticles based on essential metals and their phytotoxicity. J. Nanobiotech., 15(1): 33.
Literature cited 2: Fernández, D.M., D. Barroso and M. Komárek. 2016. Root water transport of Helianthus annuus L. under iron oxide nanoparticle exposure. Env. Sci. Pol. Res., 23(2): 1732-1741. Fernández, D.M. and M. Komárek. 2016. Comparative effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on root hydraulic conductivity of Solanum lycopersicum L. Env. Experi. Bot., 131: 128-136.

ID: 65329
Title: Eco-friendly Production Of Cellulose Using Different Agro-wastes By Bacillus subtilis
Author: Sankareswaran M., Moorthy M. and Anbalagan S.
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 272-277 2021.
Subject: Eco-friendly Production Of Cellulose Using Different Agro-wastes By Bacillus subtilis
Keywords: Cellulase, Bacillus subtilis, Submerged fermentation, DEAE cellulase
Abstract: Plant biomass waste consists almost entirely of lignocellulose, which is formed by three types of polymers, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of D-glucose linked by b-1,4 glucoside bonds. The cellulose enzyme system usually comprises three cellulolytic enzyme classes which hydrolyze the cellulose: endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91) and cellobiases (EC 3.2.1.21). Celluloses are used in various industries, such as fuel, food, detergent, animal feed, agriculture, wine, beer, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The main objective of the study is to explore an easy and cost effective method to produce the cellulase using various agricultural wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse, sago waste and rice bran as substrates. Cellulase producing bacteria were isolated from forest soil. Among the isolates, three strains show the maximum activity on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. Among the three strains, a strain was showed maximum enzyme activity, which was measured by dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Optimization of the fermentation medium for the production of maximum cellulase was carried out through submerged fermentation (SmF). The highest production of cellulase was obtained as 7.9 U/mL at 3% glucose as a carbon source, 8.1 U/mL at 3% meat extract as a nitrogen source and 7.0 U/mL at 3% sugarcane bagasse at 37°C, 8.2 U/mL at pH 9, 6.9 U/mL at 3.5% inoculum level at 48 hr. Cellulase was purified to centrifugation, ammonium sulphate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulase (DEAE-cellulase) chromatography. By adopting these steps, a fold purification of 18.02 with 86% overall yield was obtained. The purified cellulase with a molecular mass of 22 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. Bacillus subtilis are capable to produce the cellulase for industrial application.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Sheppy, C. 2001. The current feed enzyme market and likely trends. In Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. Ed R. B. Michael and G. Gary. CABI Publishing, Division of CAB International. Kim, N., et al. 2008. Molecular cloning and characterization of a glycosyl hydrolase family 9 cellulase distributed throughout the digestive tract of the cricket Teleogryllus emma. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 150: 368-376.
Literature cited 2: Gupta, P., K. Samant and A. Sahu. 2012. Isolation of cellulose-degrading bacteria and determination of their cellulolytic potential. Int. J. Microbiol. DOI: 10.1155/2012/578925. Balachandrababu, A., et al. 2012. Purification and characterization of a thermophilic cellulose from a novel cellulolytic strain, Paenibacillus barcinonensis. J. Microbiol. Biotech., 22: 1501-1509.

ID: 65328
Title: Evaluation Of Biochemical And Nutritional Factors In Selected Green Leafy Vegetables Cultivated In Organic And Conventional Farming
Author: Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, P. Rajiv, M. Janani and P. Praveenkumar
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 267-271 2021.
Subject: Evaluation Of Biochemical And Nutritional Factors In Selected Green Leafy Vegetables Cultivated In Organic And Conventional Farming
Keywords: Raphanus sativus, Solanum melongena, Organic cultivation, Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Abstract: The present study determined the comparative analysis of the biochemical and nutritional factors present in the vegetables cultivated in the both organic and conventional method of farming. Acid digestion method was used to digest the sample for detection of iron, chromium and zinc by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis and nutritional factors, such as protein, carbohydrate, ascorbic acid and amino acids were estimated in the selected vegetables (Solanum melongena and Raphanus sativus). Elemental analysis shows that the iron content found to be high compared to the zinc in both vegetables in comparison to the organically cultivated vegetables having higher zinc and iron content. The biochemical compositions of Solanum melongena and Raphanus sativus both showed high content of protein (13.465 µg/100 µg), Solanum melongena alone showed high content of amino acid (24.732 µg/500 µg) in the conventional method, Raphanus sativus showed a high level of carbohydrate (328.924 µg/200 µg) in conventional and higher ascorbic acid (724.382 µg/500 µg) in organic cultivation. Finally, results showed that the organically cultivated vegetables contain more biochemical elements compared to the conventional method. Raphanus sativus contain more biochemical and nutritional elements compared to Solanum melongena due to the absorption of plant nutritional factors are high in root compared to fruits. Here we have taken rhizomatous parts of Raphanus sativus for analysis.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Ramesh, H. L. and V. N. Y. Moorthy. 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of Karnataka. Adv. Life Sci. Tech., 6: 40-51. Sobukola, O. P., et al. 2007. Thin layer drying process of some leafy vegetables under open sun. Food Sci. Tech. Int., 13(1): 35-40.
Literature cited 2: Robinson, D. S. 1987. Food – Biochemistry and nutritional value. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K. and John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. pp 554. Hashmi, D. R., S. Ismail and G. H. Shaikh. 2007. Assessment of the level of trace metals in commonly edible vegetables locally available in the markets of Karachi city. Pakistan J. Botany.39(3): 747-751.

ID: 65327
Title: Experimental Study Of Nallaru River For Water Pollution by Dyeing Industries Nearby In Tirupur
Author: N. Balasundaram and K. Arumugam
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 261-266 2021.
Subject: Experimental Study Of Nallaru River For Water Pollution by Dyeing Industries Nearby In Tirupur
Keywords: Effluent, Treatment plant, Nallaru river, Pollution
Abstract: Tirupur district is an important textile industry region; it is the fifth largest collection of urban areas and fourth largest city by its area located in Tamil Nadu. The city of Tirupur is virtually the knitwear capital of India. It is located about 460 km from the state capital Chennai and 50 km from Manchester of South India. The dyeing industries are the backbone of the textile industry present in Tirupur. Toxic compounds are present as liquid waste from the textile industry. The river water becomes unfit for irrigation and drinking due to its contamination by the toxic compounds. Since river water is used for agricultural purposes and as drinking source and also for household activities by the locality people in the city, it is not a good practice to allow this chemical waste into the water body. Suspended solids particles in water may choke the fish gill which leads to their death or reduces their growth rate. It also reduces algae growth and diminishes their ability to produce food and oxygen. So, proper treatment of liquid wastewater and pollution due to this liquid waste must be controlled by the authorised authority by preventing the discharge of textile wastewater into water bodies. The case study was proposed to design the wastewater treatment plant in the city of Tirupur to reduce the industrial pollution caused by the dyeing industries and sewage wastes.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Alam, A. S. M. M., et al. 2009. A study on industrial waste effluents and their management at selected food and beverage industries of Bangladesh. J. Appl. Sci. Env. Manage., 11(4): 5-9. Jesu, A., et al. 2013. Environmental impact of industrial effluent in Vaigai river and the groundwater in and around the river at Anaipatti of Dindigul Distt., Tamil Nadu, India. Int. Res. J. Env. Sci., 2(4): 34-38.
Literature cited 2: Ozturk, E., et al. 2015. Evaluation of integrated pollution prevention control in a textile fiber production and dyeing mill. J. Cleaner Production.88: 116-124. Yadav, A., et al. 2016. Contamination of industrial wastewater in central India. J. Env. Prot., 7(1): 72-81.

ID: 65326
Title: Study On Cheeyappara Waterfalls To Set Up An Environmentally Sustainable Small Hydropower Station
Author: V. John Paul, K. V. Varghese and R. Sindhu
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 257-260 2021.
Subject: Study On Cheeyappara Waterfalls To Set Up An Environmentally Sustainable Small Hydropower Station
Keywords: Small hydropower station, Renewable energy, Cheeyappara waterfalls, Environment friendly
Abstract: Energy has always been a deciding factor in the progress of mankind. Small hydropower stations (SHP) are emerging as a solution for the sustainable, green, environment-friendly and long term, cost-effective source of renewable energy; more advantageous than conventional medium or large hydropower projects. Small hydropower station requires very less flow or head compared to conventional hydropower plants and specially adapted to serve remotely hilly areas on an independent basis to save large investment needed for extending transmission and distribution for low consumption centres from the power grid supplies by harnessing the hydro potential of small rivers and streams. A Cheeyappara waterfall is located in Idukki district of Kerala state along the side of NH 85 (Kochi – Madurai National Highway) and joins the river Deviyar. Using the available head of Cheeyappara waterfalls, a small hydro project is feasible and can be completed within a shorter period without much ecological disturbance. The catchment area is calculated using toposheet of the location and the available head is determined using a handheld GPS survey. By power potential study using available rainfall readings and optimization study for various capacities, it is possible to finalize the capacity of the power station. The selection of the turbine depends on the available head and flow rate. The feasibility study concludes that SHP of 300 kW capacity using two crossflow type turbines of 150 kW each can be envisaged using Cheeyappara waterfalls, enabling clean green energy at a lower cost, if implemented.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Capik, M., et al. 2012. Hydropower for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The small hydropower case of the Eastern Black sea region. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 16: 6160-6172. Sachdev, H. S., et al. 2015. Analysis and evaluation of small hydropower plants: A bibliographical survey. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 51: 1013-1022.
Literature cited 2: Michael, P. A., et al. 2017. Design of 15 kW micro hydropower plant for rural electrification at Valara. Energy Procedia. 117: 163-171. Adhikary, P., P. Roy and A. Mazumdar. 2014. Multi-dimensional feasibility analysis of small hydropower project in India: A case study. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 9.

ID: 65325
Title: Production Of Biopreservative Using Lawsonia inermis And Evaluating Their Toxicity
Author: Jeba Sweetly Dharmadhas, Sumayya Rehaman, Issac Abraham Sybiya Vasantha Packiavathy, Jeyapragash Danaraj and Archana Ganesan
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 250-256 2021.
Subject: Production Of Biopreservative Using Lawsonia inermis And Evaluating Their Toxicity
Keywords: Sodium chloride, Lawsonia inermis, Goat skin, Antimicrobial, Leather processing
Abstract: Salt preservation is the general and old age popular practice. Alternate methods of preservations have been analyzed in order to reduce the pollution load in the soaking process of leather by many researchers. Due to the stringent pollution of total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity in tannery effluents, there is a need to develop and adopt salt-free curing methods suitable for Indian raw material. Chilling is the most commonly employed short term preservation method in many countries and is considered more efficient and cost-effective than biocides based methods. In the current study, plant derived extract from Lawsonia inermis was used as salt-less formulations for curing goat skins, proving an effective alternative to the conventional preservation with NaCl. The physico-chemical properties of all goat skin were tested and the results met the standard requirements. After treatment with plant extract, the pollution loads of soaking liquors were assessed and there was a dramatic reduction in levels of total solids, total suspended solids (TSS), chloride, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) released. From the results, it is clear that the proposed preservation technique is completely comparable with the traditional salt curing approaches, which may be used as viable alternative options for skin preservation in leather processing industries.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Sarker, K. T. 1995. The theory and practice of leather manufacture (2nd edn). Longman Publishers, India. Sivabalan, V. and A. Jayanthi. 2009. A study to reduce salt usage in preservation of skins and hides with alternate use of plant extract. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4(6): 43-48.
Literature cited 2: Slabbert, N. P. 1979. Recycling in the tanning industry. J. Soc. Leather Tech. Chem., 64: 89-92. Franco, J., et al. 2019. A review of eco-friendly preservative and biotannin materials using powdered barks of local plants for the processing of goat skin. Int. Res. J. Sci. Tech., 1: 13-20.

ID: 65324
Title: Phytoremediation Of Phenol Red Dye Using Biomediated Stannous Oxide Nanoparticle And Its Efficiency In Decolourization
Author: Kalaiselvi Aasaithambi, Madhumitha Narayanan Kutty, Jeba Sweetly Dharmadhas, Gunabalan Madhumitha and Ramalingam Chidambaram
Editor: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 243-249 2021.
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (3) March. 21 page 243-249 2021.
Subject: Phytoremediation Of Phenol Red Dye Using Biomediated Stannous Oxide Nanoparticle And Its Efficiency In Decolourization
Keywords: Photocatalytic degradation, C. roseus extract, Stannous oxide, Dye adsorption behaviour
Abstract: Phytoremediation is a promising, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach in the treatment of polluted wastewater and industrial waste effluents. The aim of the study is to understand the potential effects of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract mediated stannous oxide nanoparticles (SnO) formation and its efficiency of dye degradation was investigated. The C. roseus was used for the first time as a reducing agent in the formation of SnO nanoparticles. The secondary metabolites present in plants were evaluated by GC-MS and its bioactive compounds are identified. The synthesized SnO nanoparticles were confirmed and supported by XRD, FTIR, Zeta, DLS, SEM with EDX and TEM with SAED pattern analysis. Photocatalytic activity of SnO nanoparticles efficiency and its synergetic effects against dye degradation was estimated. Thus, C. roseus acts as a reducing agent in the formation of SnO nanoparticles and also helps in maintaining stability. Also, it is an eco-friendly approach with the effect of time in process of dye degradation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Sulaiman, G. M., et al. 2013. Green synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract. Asian Pacific J. Tropical Biomedicine. 3(1): 58-63. Edison, T. J. I. and M. G. Sethuraman. 2012. Instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Terminalia chebula fruit extract and evaluation of their catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue. Process Biochem.,47(9): 1351-1357.
Literature cited 2: Mittal, A. K., C. Yusuf and U. C. Banerjee. 2013. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. Biotech. Adv., 31: 346-356. Makarov, V. V., et al. 2014. ‘Green’ nanotech-nologies: Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Nature. 6(1): 35-44.

ID: 65323
Title: A Report On The Structure And Abundance Of Zooplankton In Muthanathi Pond Virudhunagar District
Author: D.N.P. Sudarmani, S. Jaya Durkga and V. Pushparathinam
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 236-240 2021.
Subject: A Report On The Structure And Abundance Of Zooplankton In Muthanathi Pond Virudhunagar District
Keywords: Plankton diversity, Physico-chemical parameters, Temperature, Alkalinity, Rotifers, Cladocerans
Abstract: Physico-chemical parameters and plankton diversity have been carried out in Muthanathi pond for a period of 6 months from October 2016 to March 2017. The water temperature of the pond during study period ranged from 22 – 25°C. The pH of the pond ranged from 6.7-10.8 and showed alkaline condition throughout study period. The alkalinity of the pond ranged from 36-87 mg/L. The hardness was ranged from 35-46 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen of the pond was ranged from 3.8-5.8 mg/L. A total of 18 species of zooplanktons, 9 species of Rotifers, 2 species of Cladocerans, 2 species of Copepods and 5 species of Ostrocods were recorded.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Hiware, C.J. and B.V. Jadhav. 2001. Biological studies of Manjira river near Kalam, district Osmanabad (M.S.). J. Aqua. Biol., 16(2):11-33. Pulle, J.S. and A.M. Khan. 2001. Study of ionic composition of Isapur dam water, Maharashtra. J. Aqua. Biol., 6(2):33-37.
Literature cited 2: Bagde, U.S. and A.K. Verma. 1985. Physico-chemical characteristics of water of J.N.U. Lake at New Delhi. Indian J. Ecol., 12:251-256. Altaff, K. 2004. A manual of zooplankton. University grants commission, New Delhi. pp 1-155.

ID: 65322
Title: n-Vivo Assessment To Behavioural, Morphological And Melanophoric Alteratations In Response To Exposure To Mercuric Chloride In Freshwater Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch.)
Author: Harmanpreet Kaur Gill and Anish Dua
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 229-235 2021.
Subject: n-Vivo Assessment To Behavioural, Morphological And Melanophoric Alteratations In Response To Exposure To Mercuric Chloride In Freshwater Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch.)
Keywords: Mercuric chloride, Channa punctatus, Behaviour, Morphology, Melanophores, Punctate, Punctostellate, Stellate, Reticulostellate, Reticulate
Abstract: The present research focused on the acute and chronic toxicity of mercuric chloride to freshwater fish, Channa punctatus, understanding the behavioural, morphological changes and variations in melanophores. The static non-renewal acute toxicity assay was conducted by exposing the fishes to four test concentrations of mercuric chloride and 96 hr LC50 value alongwith 95% confidence limits were found to be 1.38 mg/L. The physico-chemical analysis of water was done using standard methods. The behavioural and morphological abnormalities were recorded with 8 hr observation per day during the period of 96 hr for control and exposed groups. The results showed the altered behaviour and morphological changes such as opaque eyes, erratic swimming, loosening of scales, mucous secretion and coloration changes was observed in exposed group of fishes. Three sub-lethal doses on the basis of LC50 value for chronic assay were selected (0.138 mg/L, 0.276 mg/L and 0.414 mg/L). The scales were harvested from control and exposed groups for melanophores studies by using compound microscope. The duration and concentration dependent significant variations (p £ 0.05) in the different forms of melanophores were observed and frequency of melanophores were calculated as mean ± S.E. The 5 different forms named punctate (P), punctostellate (PS), stellate (S), reticulostellate (RS) and Reticulate (R) were observed and there occurs decrease in dispersal forms of melanophores (reticulate and reticullostellate) and increase in aggregated forms of melanophores (punctate, punctostellate).
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Pereira, P., et al. 2014. Fish eyes and brain as primary targets for mercury accumulation- A new insight on environmental risk assessment. Sci. Total Env., 494-495: 290-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2014.07.008. Macirella, R., et al. 2016. Effects of two sublethal concentrations of mercury chloride on the morphology and metallothionein activity in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int. j. molecular sci., 17:1-16. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030361.
Literature cited 2: Amiri, M.H. and H. M. Shaheen. 2012. Chromatophores and colour revelation in the blue variant of the stamese fighting fish (Betta splenders). Micro., 43:159-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.07. 002. Biswas, S.P., A. G. Jadhao and N. V. Palande. 2014. Role of catecholamines and nitric oxide on pigment displacement of the chromatophores of freshwater snakehead teleost fish, Channa punctatus. Fish physiol. Biochem., 40: 457-467. DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9857-8.

ID: 65321
Title: Intervention Of Artificial Intelligence In Agriculture: Role, Application And Status
Author: Pratyush Mathur and Ajey Kumar Pathak
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 224-228 2021.
Subject: Intervention Of Artificial Intelligence In Agriculture: Role, Application And Status
Keywords: Agriculture, Artificial intelligence, Crop, Soft computing agriculture
Abstract: Agriculture is nearly a $3 trillion industry and the issues, like increasing population trend, climate change, area reduction in cultivation, food security have propelled agriculturists for searching for innovative approaches to protect and improve crop yield in order to mitigate poverty and hunger. The interventions of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing applications have transformed the whole agriculture into soft computing agriculture, which has opened the prospects of yielding healthier crops, control pests, monitor soil and growing conditions, organize data for farmers, assist in the workload and improve a wide range of agriculture-related tasks in the entire food supply chain. Currently, applications of artificial intelligence are becoming policy issues as it provides an understanding of current and emerging trends in agriculture to the business leaders and now playing an imperative role in cutting the agriculture cost with guaranteed efficiency. The present article provides glimpses on the role and application of AI in agriculture with special reference to crop science.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-gdp-sector-composition.php. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_ in_2050.pdf.
Literature cited 2: https://lpelc.org/sources-of-agricultural-greenhouse-gases/. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/Issues_papers/HLEF2050_Global_ Agriculture.pdf.

ID: 65320
Title: Biodegradation Of White Chicken Feather Waste Pollutants By Bacteria
Author: Niraj Kumar and Shardendu
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 218-223 2021.
Subject: Biodegradation Of White Chicken Feather Waste Pollutants By Bacteria
Keywords: Bacillus licheniformis DAS-2-NKR6, SDS-PAGE, chicken feathers, Biodegradation
Abstract: Biodegradation of white chicken feather by isolated keratinolytic bacteria, like NKR1-NKR9 was most effective. The bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis DAS-2-NKR6 was more effective for degradation of chicken feathers. The other identified bacterial strain NKR1 grew very well till 550C but its keratinolytic activity was restricted to 460C. NKR6 bacterial strain was also grew well but it produces peptidase only between 20-450C. The keratinase enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The highest purification factor of our strain was 3.7-fold for strain NKR-6 and the final yield was 17.6%. Specific activity of enzyme had 34.02 U/mg where feather keratin act as substrate. SDS-PAGE was used for the determination of molecular weight of purified enzyme. Purified enzyme showed single band with molecular wt. of 43 kDa whereas crude enzyme showed multiple bands, compared with the protein marker range 14-80 kDa.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Mebrouk, M.E.M. 2008. Feather degradation by new keratinolytic Streptomyces sp. MS-2. World J. Microbiol. Biotech., 24:2331-2338. Ichida, J.M. and E.H. Brutt. 2001. Bacteria useful for degrading keratin. United States patent no. 6, 214,576 B1. pp 7.
Literature cited 2: Tapia, D.M.T. and J. Contiero. 2004. Production and partial characterization of keratinase produced by a microorganism isolated from poultry processing plant wastewater. African J. Biotech., 7(3):296-300. Scott, J.A. and W.A. Untereiner. 2004. Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure. Medical Mycol., 42:239-246.

ID: 65319
Title: Measurement Of Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions From The Industrial City Of Sahab In Jordan
Author: Sana’a Odat
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 213-217 2021.
Subject: Measurement Of Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions From The Industrial City Of Sahab In Jordan
Keywords: Nitrogen dioxide, Air pollution, Statistical analysis, Sahab industrial estate, Meteorological parameter
Abstract: The average emission rates of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been measured in the city of Sahab, southeast of Amman, Jordan. Sahab is a famous city for its industrial estate. Data obtained from the Ministry of Environment for 6 years for pollutant emissions and meteorological conditions (February 2010-December 2016). The results from the monitoring showed that the average annual NO2 concentration was 19.8066 ppb, compared to the monthly average of 17.34 ppb. The most recent monthly average was 1.358 ppb in July 2015 also the highest average of all months in all years in April, it was 23.638 ppb. The findings of the statistical review indicate that the annual NO2 average does not surpass the Jordanian ambient air quality limits allowed by the guidelines. The forecasted variability in the season shows that the level of NO2 was typically higher in winter than in summer, due to low temperatures, high average moisture and increasing NO2 sources which increase NO2 emissions. In order to understand the high NO2 concentrations at the residential site, environmental data have been analyzed (mainly wind and wind directions). The research has shown that the winds hit calm and south. This ensures that such winds do not disperse or minimize pollution but increase the concentration of pollutants. More than 77% of the wind is blowing at 0-5 m\s level. This wind blow contributes to the accumulation of its concentrations. There has been a negative association (r =-0.5217, p<0.001) between NO2 concentrations and wind speed. This situation shows that air pollution dilutes with dispersion when the wind speed is high. The negatively correlated between NO2 and wind direction (r= -0.6932, p<0.001) is also found. It may be clarified that the most commonly occurring wind path at the measurement site increases air pollution mitigation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Jeff, G. and P. Hans. 2004. Assessment of environmental impact of the Holcim Cement–Dundee plant. Ecology Centre. Available at: http://www. wbsed.org/web/project/cement/tfs/holcmm.htm. Satsangi, G.S., et al. 2004. Seasonal and diurnal variation of surface ozone and a preliminary analysis of exceedance of its critical levels at a semi-arid site in India. J. Atmos. Chem., 47:271-286.
Literature cited 2: U.S. EPA. 1999a. Environment fact sheet: Management standards proposed for cement kiln dust waste. Retrieved on October 10, 2003. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/fed.gstr/EPA-AIR/199/Some/Day-14/ a12893.htm. U.S. EPA. 1999b. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for source categories, cement manufacturing industries federal register: 64,113. Retrieved on October 10, 2003. Available at: http://www. epa.gov/ fed.gstr/EPA-AIR/199/Some/Day-14/a12893.htm.

ID: 65318
Title: Potential Of Biochar Derived From Crop Residues In Soil Remediation And Controlling Air Pollution Due To Stubble Burning
Author: Mahendra Pratap Choudhary, H. D. Charan and B. Acharya
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 207-212 2021.
Subject: Potential Of Biochar Derived From Crop Residues In Soil Remediation And Controlling Air Pollution Due To Stubble Burning
Keywords: Biochar, Crop residues, Soil properties, Greenhouse gas, Climate change
Abstract: The burning of agricultural waste (stubble) in open fields (locally known as Parali) by the Indian farmers in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and other nearby states during last four-five years has drawn attention of the Central and State Governments, Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and the National Green Tribunal (NGT) alongwith the common public because it is alleged to be one of the reasons for creating exceptionally high air pollution and smog in Delhi during months of September to November every year. One of the novel and feasible solutions to this problem may be converting the agro-waste into a useful product, biochar, which can be applied back to the fields for remediation of contaminated soil, improvement in soil properties as well as for reducing the entry of harmful gases into the environment. A novel method of producing biochar has been developed by the authors wherein the crop residues can be converted into biochar by an individual farmer on field itself without much investment and technical skills. Many researchers have studied the factors involved in the production and use of biochar for soil amendment; but in India, not much work has been carried out yet, as it is relatively a new concept in terms of using crop residues for biochar production. Therefore, in this paper, it has been tried to summarize the research done so far alongwith a critical assessment of various studies and their findings to help decide upon the future course of research and action, especially in Indian context where agricultural waste is produced in large quantities and its disposal creates environmental air pollution when burnt in open fields. There is a need to create awareness among the farmers about this novel approach of biochar production and application.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: NPMCR. 2014. National policy for management of crop residues. Available online: http://agricoop. nic.in/sites/default/files/NPMCR_1.pdf. ETB. 2017. Odd-even plan for five days in Delhi from monday. Economics Times Bureau. Available: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/odd-even-plan-for-five-days-in-delhi-from-monday/articleshow/61575418.cms.
Literature cited 2: NAAQS. 2009. National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/notification/Recved%20national.pdf. Reynolds, L. 2013. Agriculture and livestock remain major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Available: http://www.worldwatch.org/agriculture-and-livestock-remain-major-sources-greenhouse-gas emissions-0.

ID: 65317
Title: Comparison Of Effect Of Backwashing Methods On Overall Performance Of Rapid Sand Filter
Author: Manoj H. Mota and P. S. Patil
Editor: Dr. Jyoti Verma
Year: 2021
Publisher: Kalpana Corporation
Source: ENVIS, CES & EWRG, CES
Reference: Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Vol 41 (2) February. 21 page 202-206 2021.
Subject: Comparison Of Effect Of Backwashing Methods On Overall Performance Of Rapid Sand Filter
Keywords: Partial backwashing, Filter resting, Extended terminal sub-fluidized wash, Ripening period, Filter run length, Performance indicator
Abstract: Almost all water treatment plants in India use sand filter to purify water. Air scouring followed by conventional back-washing of filter media is a common process followed. Recently, a huge amount of research is done across the world in the field of back-washing and its significance on the overall performance on a sand filter. As a part of performance optimization, investigation of the effect of various back-washing techniques on overall filtration cycle is of great significance. The objective of the research explained in this paper is to compare few recently developed backwashing methods, like partial backwashing, filter resting and extended terminal sub-fluidized wash with the conventional method of backwashing. The comparison is based on the parameters, like water requirement for backwashing, the effect on ripening period and succeeding length of filter run. This study was carried out in association with Ichalkaranji Municipal Council by installing a pilot scale model at Ichalkaranji municipal water treatment plant having a total capacity of 108 MLD (millions of litre per day). As it is very difficult to judge one particular method out of these four as every method has certain advantages and certain limitations, one common performance indicator is derived based on various factors of comparison. This performance indicator is quite easy to apply, flexible enough to modify as per need and age of water treatment plant.
Location: T E 15 New Biology building
Literature cited 1: Nick, Pizzi. 2000. Optimizing your plant’s filter performance. J. American Water Works Assoc., 26(6):37-38. Shakera, A., et al. 2010. Practical means of solving mud ball problems in sand filter media. WISA 2010 conference.
Literature cited 2: Amburgey, J.E. and A. Amritharajah. 2005. Stragtegic filter backwashing techniques and resulting particle passage. J. Env. Eng., 131(4):535-547. Denver O’ Leary, K.C., J.D. Eisnor and G.A. Gagnon. 2003. Examination of plant performance and filter ripening with particle counters at full-scale water treatment plants. Env. Tech., 24(1):1-9.