ID: 58447
Title: Evaluation of water quality index of Damodar River for drinking purpose using computer programming
Author: Ravindra Kumar Verma, Shankar Murthy, Rajani Kant Tiwary and Sangeeta Verma
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2013
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of water, environment and pollution
Keywords: Damodar river, water quality index, sensitivity index, water quality managment
Abstract: The objective of the study is to evaluate and compare the water quality of river Damodar for drinking purposes using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Sensitivity Index (SI) respectively. WQI gives information about spatial and seasonal variations of pollution load and to classify river water into five classes: Excellent, Acceptable, Slightly polluted, Polluted and Heavily polluted for drinkign purposes. However, SI gives an idea about whether quality of water is increasing or decreasing at same point during subsequent monitoring. Both were estimated using two separate computer programs; written in C language based on the eleven water quality parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, TDS, TSS, Cl-, NO3--N, SO42-, THARD, T-alkalinity, and T-coliform. A total 76 water samples were collected from 19 sampling points of a stretch D/S Tenughat dam to D/S Barakar river in mid-upper Damodar Valley to estimate spatial and seasonal variations in water quality for the year 2010. The values of WQI were found in the range of 66.2-75.6 in summer, while it was 55-76.0 in winter, affected mainly due to high values of total coliform, TSS and pH, exceeded the tolerable limits of IS:10:500 (1993) at almost all the sampling points. The results indicate that all sampling points were falling in the Acceptable (C2) to Slightly polluted (C3) range, except at Garga nalla [Polluted (C4) category]. This study demonstrates the application of WQI using computer programming tool for quick assessment of water quality of any water body and also can be used for effective water quality management.
Location: TE15, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58446
Title: Analysis of the wetland degradation around the vicinity of Dhaka city in Bangladesh
Author: A K M Khusrul Amin, M Aminul Haque and Mohammad Alamgir
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2013
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of water, environment and pollution
Keywords: Wetland, images, degradation, drainage
Abstract: Degradation of wetland creates adverse impact on natural environment, ecosystem and on drainage congestion. The situation is more alarming in case of urban areas especially Dhaka and its adjacent areas. The objectives of the study are to determine the status of wetland reduction around Dhaka city in terms of extent of area and causes responsible for degradation. Satellite images of 1967, 1977, 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2010 have been used for preparing permanent wetland maps while satellite images of 1996 and 2009 have been used for preparing seasonal wetland status. Analysis showed that extends of permanent wetlands have been reduced in all the study areas during 1996-2009. Wetland degradation was found to be worse in eastern Dhaka followed by western Dhaka and Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) areas. In case of Seasonal Wetlands, western Dhaka showed almost two-time more degradation than that of eastern Dhaka in caseof areal extension, when the same period of 1996-2009 is considered. Extensive increase of population and commercially productive use of land within the city are mainly responsible for this degradation. Demand driven urban growth that has profound adverse effects on the water resources and the wetland system in Dhaka have caused adverse impacts on the drainage systems. Unplanned urbanization has hampered the natural state of drainage, and hence caused suddent inundation and water-logging. Another major reason for seasonal wetland degrdation is loss of the connectivity of floodplains within the study area.
Location: TE15, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58445
Title: Arresting ' Development ' as environmental governance: An empirical assessment
Author: S Mohammed Irshad
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2013
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of water, environment and pollution
Keywords: Ecology, natural resource goverance, individual rights, collective capacity, Kole wetland, development, arresting development
Abstract: Valuing ecology on the basis of its contributions to environment protection is getting less social acceptance in contemporary development governance. Although, there are multiple models and approaches to tackle the question of ecology, the development governance still prefers to put economic value on ecology. The use value of ecology is becoming an administrative instrument, which often undermines the environment. The impact of this changing perception of ecology is well reflected in natural resource governance. It has become an issue of statisfying individual needs rather than sustainable utilization of resources. This goverannace is heading towards the project of arresting development; indeed it is becoming an unacceptable solution.
Location: TE15, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58444
Title: Copper-cobalt mixed oxide matrix: A better adsorbent for the treatment of textile dye
Author: Yusuf Jamal Ferdosi, Al-Nakib Chowdhury and M Mufazaal Hossain
Editor: Prof V Subramanian
Year: 2013
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of water, environment and pollution
Keywords: Dye removal, adsorption, pH, Cu-Co mixed oxide, procion red, methylene blue
Abstract: Recently, mixed metal oxide (MMO) appears be a promising material for the removal of textile dyes. In our previous investigation with nickel-cobalt mixed oxide, anionic dye was removed (~70%) by the matrix. In the extension of our study, copper-cobalt mixed oxide is studied to search for a superior adsorbent. Results demonstrated copper-cobalt mixed oxide as a better option to other oxide adsorbents.
A simple chemical route was followed to prepare MMO matrix by precipitating the corresponding metal carbonates and heating the mixture of carbonates at 6500C under ambient atmosphere. IR, SEM and XRD methods were used to inspect the prepared MMO, while composition was studied by EDX analysis. UV-Vis was carried out for the adsorption studies. An anionic dye and a cationic dye were used to study the oxide matrix as adsorbent. It has been shown that anionic dyes can be removed completely at low pH with the MMO matrix.
Location: TE15, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58443
Title: Comparison of MODIS -based models for retrieving suspended particulate matter concentrations in Poyang Lake, China
Author: Guofeng Wu, LIjuan Cui, Junjun He, Hongtao Duan, Teng Fei, Yaolin Liu
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Water quality, spatiotemporal information, semi-empirical model, atmospheric correction
Abstract: Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key parameter describing water quality, and developing the retrieval model of SPM concentration (CSPM) is fundamental for obtaining the spatiotemporal information of CSPM and further for understanding, managing and protecting aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to compare moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based CSPM retrieval models in order to find the optimal model for improving the CSPM estimation in Poyang Lake. The CSPM measurments on 27 September 2007 and their coincident MODIS Terra image were used to calibrate retrieval models with the least -squares technique. The CSPM measurements on 31 August 2012 and the MODIS Terra image on 30 August 2012 were applied to validate the calibrated models, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the measured and estimated CSPM values, the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of estimation as well as the model bias evaluation result were compared to determine the optimal model for estimating the CSPM values of Poyang Lake from MODIS images. Model calibration showed that, after two samples were removed, the exponential models of blue, green and red band, the linear model of infrared band, the cubic model of red band as well as the exponential model of red minus infrared band explained about 92%, 88%, 90%, 89%, 90% and 76% of the variation of CSPM, respectively; while model validation indicated that, after removing two samples, the exponential model of blue and green band got biased CSPM estimations, the agreement between the measured and estimated CSPM values was not very high (r=,0.8) for the models with single red and infrared band, and the exponential model of red minus infrared band got the best result among all calibrated models (r =0.87, RMSE = 22.1 mg/l, RRMSE = 52.8%). We concluded that the exponential model of red minus infrared band obtained stable CSPM estimation and was the optimal model for CSPM estimation in this study, and more independent datasets should be obtained to further validate our finding for improving the CSPM estimation in Poyang Lake.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58442
Title: Differentiation of plant age in grasses using remote sensing
Author: Nichola M Knox, Andrew K Skidmore, Harald M A van der Werff, Thomas A Groen, Willen F de Boer, Herbert H T Prins, Edward Kohi, Mike Peel
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Plant age, Savanna, grassland, phenology, hyperspectral, spectro-radiometry, SWIR, VNIR
Abstract: Phenological or plant age classification across a landscape allows for examination of micro-topographical effects on plant growth, improvement in the accuracy of species discrimination, and will improve our understanding of the spatial variation in plant growth. In this paper six vegetation indices used in phenological studies (including the newly proposed PhIX index) were analysed for their ability to statistically differentiate grasses of different ages in the sequence of their development. Spectra of grasses of different ages were collected from a greenhouse study. These were used to determine if NDVI, NDWI, CAI, EVI, EVI2 and the newly propsoed PhIX index could sequentially discriminate grasses of different ages, and subsequently classify grasses into their respective age category. The PhIX index was defined as :( AnVNIR + log (AnSWIR2 ))/(AnVNIR -log (AnSWIR2 )), where AnVNIR and AnSWIR2 are the respective normalised areas under the continuum removed reflectance curve within the VNIR (500-800 nm) and SWIR2 (2000-2210nm ) regions. The PhIX index was found to produce the highest phenological classification accuracy (Overall Accuracy: 79%, and Kappa Accuracy: 75%) and similar to the NDVI, EVI and EVI2 indices it statistically sequentially separates out the developmental age classes. Discrimination between seedling and dormant age classes and the adult and flowering classes was problematic for most of the tested indices. Combining information from the visible near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared region (SWIR) region into a single phenological index captures the phenological changes associated with plant pigments and the ligno-cellulose absorption feature, providing a robust method to discriminate the age classes of grasses. This work provides a valuable contribution into mapping spatial variation and monitoring plant growth across savanna and grassland ecosystems.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58441
Title: Relationship of local incidence angle with satellite radar backscatter for different surface conditions
Author: Damien O ' Grady, Marc Leblanc, David Gillieson
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Satellite remote sensing, Envisat ASAR, Global Monitoring Mode, Local incidence angle, Normalisation, water classification, flood mapping, image classification, Queensland, Great Salt Lake
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship of C-band radar backscatter from the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar on board the ENVISAT satellite with the local angle of incidence, whose influence on the received signal is significant, particularly in the modes of sensor operation that use the full swath of the orbit track. Linear regression is carried out for each pixel throughout a large time series of radar data over the whole of the state of Queensland, Australia, and at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. In the first case, the resultant coefficients are analysed for correlation against various parameters, with regolith showing the highest correlation. Class separability analysis shows the potential to use the resultant coefficients as a supplement to absolute threshold values in order to distingusih between classes of vegetation and/or geology, where cloud cover may preclude the use of optical data. It is observed that the separability between water and land is greatly higher using the slope coefficient B than using backscatter ?0, which may be of great benefit in the remote sensing of water where cloud cover is present (from which radar is largely independent). This is especially the case when considering the observed overlapping of backscatter values from water, with values from aeolian sand and lacustrine and alluvial sediments, rendering the use of backscatter alone problematic. In order to test the potential use of B to map water extents, the study over the Great Salt Lake compares the classification accuracy of B agaisnt that of ?0. It is found that the ?0classification misrepresents desert, salt flat and dry lake basin areas where the B classification differentiates these regions accurately. The resultant classification achieves a kappa statistic around 0.9, which shows very high conformance. An accurate and novel method to classify water is therefore demonstrated, which awaits the launch of anticipated improved synthetic aperture radar instruments on satellite missions in the coming few years.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58440
Title: Hyperspectral reflectance of leaves and flowers of an outbreak species discriminates season and successional stage of vegetation
Author: Sabrina Carvalho, Martin Schlerf, Wim H van der Putten, Andrew K Skidmore
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Jacobaea vulgaris, Senecio jacobaea, Old field succession, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Plant chemical defence, nitrogen, chlorophyll
Abstract: Spectral reflectance can be used to assess large-scale performances of plants in the field based on plant nutrient balance as well as composition of defence compounds. However, plant chemical composition is known to vary with season-due to its phenology-and it may even depend on the succession stage of its habitat. Here we investigate (i) how spectral reflectance could be used to discriminate successional and phenological stages of Jacobaea vulgaris in both leaf and flower organs and (ii) if chemical content estimation by reflectance is flower or leaf dependent.
We used J. vulgaris, which is a natural outbreak plant species on abandoned arable fields in north-western Europe adn studied this species in a chronosequence representing successional development during time since abandonment. The chemical content and reflectance between 400 and 2500 nm wavelengths of flowers and leaves were measured throughout the season in fields of different successional ages. The data were analyzed with multivariate statistics for temporal discrimination and estimation of chemical contents in both leaf and flower organs.
Two main effects were revealed by spectral reflectance measurements : (i) both flower and leaf spectra show successional and seasonal changes, but the pattern is complex and organ specific (ii) flower head pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are involved in plant defence against herbivores, can be detected through hyperspectral reflectance. We conclude that spectral reflectance of both leaves and flowers can provide information on plant performance during season and successional stages. As a result, remote sensing studies of plant performance in complex field situations will benefit from considering hyperspectral reflecgtance of different plant organs. This approach may enable more detailed studies on the link between spectral information and plant defence dynamics both aboveground and belowground.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58439
Title: Detecting long-duration cloud contamination in hyper-temporal NDVI imagery
Author: Amjad Ali, C A J M de Bie, A K Skidmore
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Cloud, contamination, MODIS, NDVI, Hyper-temporal, mapping
Abstract: Cloud contamination impact on the quality of hyper -temporal NDVI imagery and its subsequent interpretation. Short-duration cloud impacts are easily removed by using quality flags and an upper envelope filter, but long-duration cloud contamination of NDVI imagery remains. In this paper, an approach that goes beyond the use of quality flags and upper envelope filtering is tested to detect when and where long-duration clouds are responsible for unreliable NDVI readings, so that a user can flag those data as missing. The study is based on MODIS Terra and the combined Terra-Aqua 16-day NDVI product for the south of Ghana, where persistent cloud cover occurs throughout the year. The combined product could be assumed to have less cloud contamination, since it is based on two images per day. Short-duration cloud effects were removed from the two products through using the adaptive Savitzky-Golay filter. Then for each ' cleaned ' product an unsupervised classified map was prepared using the ISODATA algorithm, and, by class, plots werer prepared to depict changes over time of the means and the standard deviations in NDVI values. By comparing plots of similar classes, long-duration cloud contamination appeared to display a decline in mean NDVI below the lower limit 95% confidence interval with a coinciding increase in standard deviation above the upper limit 95% confidence interval with a coinciding increase in standard deviation above the upper limit 95% confidence interval. Regression analysis was carried out per NDVI class in two randomly selected groups in order to statistically test standard deviation values related to long-duration cloud contamination. A decline in seasonal NDVI values (growing season) were below the lower limit of 95% confidence interval as well as a concurrent increase in standard deviation values above the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval were noted in 34 NDVI classes. The regression analysis results showed that differences in NDVI class values between the Terra and the Terra-Aqua imagery were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the corresponding standard deviation values of the Terra imagery in case of all NDVI groups. The method successfully detects long-duration cloud contamination that results in unreliable NDVI values. The approach offers scientists interested in time series analysis a method of masking by area (class) the periods when pre-cleaned NDVI values remain affected by clouds. The approach requires no additional data for execution purposes but involves unsupervised classification of the imagery to carry out the evaluation of class-specific mean NDVI and standard deviation values over time.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58438
Title: The effect of atmospheric and topographic correction methods on land cover classification accuracy
Author: Steven Vanonckelen, Stefan Lhermitte, Anton Van Rompaey
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Land cover mapping, classification accuracy assessment, atmospheric correction, topographic correction, landsat, mountain araes, Bi-temporal
Abstract: Mapping of vegetation in mountain areas based on remote sensing is obstructed by atmospheric and topographic distortions. A variety of atmsopheric and topographic correction methods has been proposed to minimize atmospheric and topographic effects and should in principle lead to a better land cover classification. Only a limited number of atmospheric and topographic combinations has been tested and the effect on class accuracy and on different illumination conditions is not yet researched extensively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupled correction methods on land cover classification accuarcy. Therefore, all combinations of three atmsopheric (no atmospheric correction, dark object subtraction and correction based on transmittance functions) and five topographic corrections (no topographic correction, band ratioing, cosine correction, pixel-based Minnaert and pixel-based C-correction) were applied on two acquisitions (2009 and 2010) of a Landsat image in the Romanian Carpathian mountains. The accuracies of the fifteen resulting land cover maps were evaluated statistically based on two validation sets: a random validation set and a validation subset containing pixels present in the difference area between the uncorrected classification and one of the fourteen corrected classifications. New insights into the differences in classification accuracy were obtained. First, results showed that all corrected images resulted in higher overall classification accuracies than the uncorrected images. The highest accuracy for the full validation set was achieved after combination of an atmospheric correction based on transmittance functions and a pixel-based Minnaert topographic correction. Secondly, class accuracies of especially the coniferous and mixed forest classes were enhanced after correction. There was only a minor improvement for the other land cover classes (broadleaved forest, bare soil, grass and water). This was explained by the position of different land cover types in the landscape. Finally, coupled correction methods showed most efficient on weakly illuminated slopes. After correction, accuracies in the low illumination zoen (cos? < 0.65) were improved more than in the moderate and high illumination zones. Considering all results, best overall classification results were achieved after combination of the transmittance function correction with pixel -based Minnaert or pixel-based C-topographic correction. Furthermore, results of this bi-temporal study indicated that the topographic component had a higher influence on classification accuracy than the atmospheric component and that it is worthwhile to invest in both atmospheric and topographic corrections in a multi-temporal study.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58437
Title: Estimating the Leaf Area Index, height and biomass of maize using HJ-1 and RADASAT-2
Author: Shuai Gao, Zheng Niu, Nu Huang, Xuehui Hou
Editor: F. van der Meer
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 24, October 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Keywords: Leaf Area Index, height, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs), HJ-1, RADASAT-2
Abstract: New optical and microwave integrated vegetation indices (VIs) were designed based on observations from both field experiments and satellite (HJ-1 and RADARSAT-2) data. It was found that these VIs perform better in estimating the structure parameters of maize, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), height and biomass, than the original ones. This investigation focused on the difference of interaction between the multispectral reflectance and microwave backscattering signatures with the maize growth variables. Because the maize was near the heading stage with large vegetation coverage in the experiment, the reflectance of the near-infrared band of HJ-1 was much less sensitive to the structure variables than that of the visible-light band. Thus, the optical VIs formulated using those bands were saturated to estimate the structure parameters. With respect to the RADASAT-2 data, there was a relatively strong relationship between the HV cross-polarization and the voluem scattering of the maize, which was mostly determined by the crown structure. The modified VIs were designed using both the VIs of HJ-1 and the HV cross-polarization of RADARSAT-2 to overcome the saturation limitation. The validation showed that this integrated method of determining VIs is a good alternative to that using only the optical or microwave observation.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58436
Title: An assessment of wind power prospects in the Brazilian hydrothermal systems
Author: Juliana F Chade Ricosti, Ildo L Sauer
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Hydro, wind power, thermal power plant, learning curve
Abstract: Despite the need to reduce greenhouse gases, thermoelectric power plants were the main winners in electricity auctions held until 2009. This study evalutes the possibility of improving the prospects of increasing the clean and renewable energy mix. The new official energy plan for 2030, prepared for the Brazilian Government by the Energy Research Company (EPC1), forecasts a relative increase in thermal generation using natural gas, coal and nuclear energy. In contrast to this plan, this study considers wind generation as a complement to hydropower rather than fossil and nuclear energy. Previously, the analysis of seasonal complementarities in Brazil between average inflow hydraulic energy (ANAh) and average inflow wind energy (ANAw) has been generally focused on an intra-annual period. However, in this study, an initial effort is made to analyze the multiannual complementarities of the two sources. The wind technology learning curve in Brazil and worldwide was investigated, and the results show the potential of competitiveness of wind power compared with other sources, such as nuclear power, gas and coal. The replacement of thermal-based expansion by wind power was simulated by a comparative anlaysis of the net present value (NPV) of fuel, operation, maintenance and capital costs, including the potential learning time, of both scenarios. The NPV results indicate that the total costs of wind generation represent 57% of the total thermal costs, showing its potential attractiveness and that it facilitates the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases. Taking into account the population and the stabilization of energy in the 2040s, the possibility of meeting the energy demand of Brazil through renewable and sustainable energy sources, mainly hydropower and wind power, is demonstrated.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58435
Title: Energy recovery from wastewaters with high-rate anaerobic digesters
Author: S M Tauseef, Tasneem Abbasi, S A Abbasi
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, energy, methane, wastewater, global warming
Abstract: Biodegradable wastewaters contribute as much as 6% of all anthropogenic methane emissions. High-rate anaerobic digesters have the potential to treat such wastewaters efficiently as well as enable capture of methane for use as a relatively clean energy sources.
This paper traces the evolution of high-rate anaerobic digester technology and provides an overview of its present capabilities. It also makes out a case for an accelerated shift from energy-intesive aerobic processes to anaerobic processes which are not only more energy-efficient but enable global warming control by methane capture.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58434
Title: Addressing the technical and market challenges to high wind power integration in Ireland
Author: A M Foley, B P O Gallachoir, E J McKeogh, D Milborrow, P G Leahy
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Power systems, Interconnection, Electricity markets, Electric vehicles, wind, wind forecasting, smart grid
Abstract: Over the last decade there has been a rapid global increase in wind power stimulated by energy and climate policies. However, as wind power is inherently variable and stochastic over a range of time scales, additional system balancing is required to ensure system reliability and stability. This paper reviews the technical, policy and market challenges to achieving ambitious wind power penetration target in Ireland ' s All-Island Grid and examine a number of measures proposed to address these challenges. Current government policy in Ireland is to address these challenges with additional grid reinforcement, interconnection and open-cycle gas plant. More recently smart grid combined with demand side managemetn and electric vehicles have also been presented as options to mitigate the variability of wind power. In addition, the transmission system operators have developed wind farm specific grid codes requiring improved turbine controls and wind power forecasting techniques.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 58433
Title: The Brazilian energy matrix: From a materials science and engineering perspective
Author: D Pottmaier, C R Melo, M N Sartor, S Kuester, T M Amadio, C A H Fernandes, D Marinha, O E Alarcon
Editor: Lawrence L Kazmerski
Year: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier, Vol 19, March 2013
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: None
Subject: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Keywords: Brazil, Energy matrix, Governmental program, National plan, hydropower, pre-salt, materials science and engineering
Abstract: An overview of the availability and affordability of energy sources and generation potential in Brazil is given in the present manuscript. Most of the information given here up-to-now was only accessible to Portuguese speakers, such as found in governmental plans for the energy sector. Brazilian public strategy for the following years concentrates on the promotion of more efficient energy utilization in different sectors of the society and also on diversifying its energy matrix. A perspective of programs, projects and technologies available in the country is also given. It is known that the Brazilian energy matrix is largely dominated by hydroelectric power, which relies on a consolidated infrastructure. However, recently discovered pre-salt layer of oil and natural gas presents new technological and scientific challenges for the professionals in the sector. National development and solidification of technologies for harnessing energy from the abundanthly available biomass is yet another challenging task for Brazil. This manuscript not only presents the current Brazilian energy scenario and perspectives but also intends to identify some opportunities for investment and research, especially in the areas of materials science and engineering. A vision for what is expected for the Brazilian energy matrix based on current governmental actions and future technology is given in this perspective, while maitaining a critical overview on how to achieve optimum results with a balanced economic and environmental approach.
Location: TE12, New Biological Sciences, IISc
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None