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ID: 61005
Title: Sub-footprint analysis to uncover tree height variation using ICESat/GLAS.
Author: Jinyan Tian, Le Wang, Xiaojuan Li.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 284-293 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: GLAS, Tree height, Sub-footprint analysis, Levenberg-Marquardt, Guassian decomposition.
Abstract: Detailed forest height data are an indispensable prerequisite for many forestry and earth science applications Existing research of using Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) data mainly focuses on driving average or maximum tree heights within a GLAS footprint, i.e.an ellipse with a diameter of 65 m. However, in most forests, it is likely that the tree heights within such ellipse are heterogeneous. Therefore, it is desired to uncover detailed tree height variation within a GLAS footprint. To the best of our knowledge, no such methods have been reported as of now. In this study, we aim to characterize tree heights ' variation within a GLAS footprint as different layers, each of which corresponds to trees with similar heights. As such, we developed a new method that embraces two steps: first, a refined Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is proposed to decompose raw GLAS waveform into multiple Guassian signals, within which it is hypothesized that each vegetation signal corresponds to a particular tree height layer. Second, for each layer, three parameters were first defined: Canopy Top Height (CTH), Crown Length (CL) and Cover Proportion (CP). Then we extracted the three parameters from each Guassian signal through a defined model. In order to test our developed method, we set up a study site in Ejina, China where the dominant species is Populus euphratica. Both simulated and field tree height data were adopted. With regard to the simulati0n data, results presented a very high agreement for the three predefined parameters between our results and simulation data. When our methods were applied to the field data, the respective R2 become 0.78 (CTH), CL (R2= 0.76), CP (R2= 0.74). Overall, our studies revealed that large footprint GLAS waveform data have the potentials for obtaining detailed forest height variation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Anderson, J.E., Plourde, L.C., Martin, M.E., Braswell, B.H., Smith, M.L., Dubayah, R.O., et al., 2008. Integrating waveform lidar with hyperspectral imagery for inventory for a northern temperate forest. Remote Sens. Environ.112, 1856-1870. Boudreau, J., Nelson, R., Margolis, H., Beaudoin, A., Guindon, L., Kimes, D., 2008. Regional aboveground forest biomass using airborne and spaceborne LiDAR in Quebec.Remote Sens.Environ.112 (10), 3876-3890.
Literature cited 2: Ballhorn, U., Jubanski, J., Siegert, F., 2011. ICESat/GLAS data as a measurement tool for Peatland topography and peat swamp forest biomass in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Remote Sens. 3 (9), 1957-1982. Chen, Q., 2010a. Assessment of terrain elevation derived from satellite laser altimetry over mountainous forest areas using airborne lidar data.ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens. 3 (9), 1957-1982.

ID: 61004
Title: Combination of multi-sensor remote sensing data for drought monitoring over southwest China.
Author: Cui Hao, Jiahua Zhang, Fengmei Yao.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 270-283 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Optimized meterological drought index (OMDI), Optimized vegetation drought index (OVDI), Standardized precipitation, evapotranspiration index (SPEI) Multi-source satellite data, Southwest China.
Abstract: Drought is one of the most frequent climate-related disasters occurring in South west China. Where the occurrence of drought is complex because of the varied landforms, climates and vegetation types. To monitor the comprehensive information of drought from meterological to vegetation aspects, this paper intended to propose the optimized meteorological drought index (OMDI) and the optimized vegetation drought index (OVDI) from multi-source satellite data to monitor drought in three bio-climate regions of Southwest China. The OMDI and OVDI were integrated with parameters such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and vegetation information, which were derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature (MODIS LST), AMSR-E-Soil Moisture (AMSR-E SM), the soil moisture product of China Land Soil Moisture Assimilation System (CLSMAS), and MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS NDVI), respectively. Different sources of satellite data for one parameter were compared with insitu drought indices in order to select the best data source to derive the OMDI and OVDI. The Constrained Optimization method was adopted to determine the optimal weights of each satellite-based index generating combined drought indices. The result showed that the highest positive correlation and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) between the OMDI and 1-month standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI-3), and had similar trend with soil relative water content (RWC) in temporal scale, suggesting it a potential indicator of agricultural drought. The spatial patterns of OMDI and OVDI along with the comparisons of SPEI-1 and SPEI-3 for different months in one year or one month in different years showed significantly varied drought locations and areas, demonstrating regional and seasonal fluctuations, and suggesting that drought in southwest China should be monitored in seasonal and regional level, and more fine distinctions of seasons and regions need to be considered in the future studies of this area.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Abdi, H., Williams, L.J., 2010. Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.Comput.Stat.2, 433-459. Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A., 1972. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 55.Tenth Printing.
Literature cited 2: Almazroui, M., 2011. Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia during 1998-2009.Atmos.Res.99, 400-414. Bhuiyan, C., Singh, R., Kogan, F., 2006. Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data.Int.J.Appl.Earth Observ.geoinf.8, 289-302.

ID: 61003
Title: Landsat 8 VS Landsat 5: A comparison based on urban and peri-urban land cover mapping.
Author: Dimitris Poursanidis, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Zina Mitraka.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 259-269 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Landsat 8, SVM, GEOBIA, Peri-urban, Classification.
Abstract: An image dataset from the Landsat OLI spaceborne sensor is compared with the Landsat TM in order to evaluate the excellence of the new imagery in urban landcover classification. Widely known pixel-based and object-based image analysis methods have been implemented in this work like Maximum Likelihood, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Feature Analyst and Sub-pixel. Classification results from Landsat OLI provide more accurate results comparing to the Landsat TM. Object-based classifications produced a more uniform result, but suffer from the absorption of small rare classes into large homogenous areas, as consequence of the segmentation, merging and the spatial parameters in the spatial resolution (30m) of Landsat images. Based exclusively on the overall accuracy reports, the SVM pixel-based classification from Landsat 8 proved to be the most accurate for the purpose of mapping urban land cover, using medium spatial resolution imagery.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Blaschke, T., 2010.Object based image analysis for remote sensing.ISPRS 65 (1), 2-16. Chrysoulakis, N., Abrams, M., Feidas, H., Korei, A., 2010. Comparison of atmospheric correction methods using ASTERdata for the area of Crete, Greece, Int.J.Remote Sens.31, 6347-6385.
Literature cited 2: Chrysoulakis, N., Mitraka, Z., Stathopoulou, M., Cartalis, C., 2013. A comparative analysis of the urban web of the greater Athens agglomeration for the last 20 years period on the basis of Landsat imagery. Fresenius E nviron.Bull.22, 2139-2144. Collins, M.J.,Dymond, C., Johnson,E.A., 2004.Mapping subalpine forest types using networks of nearest neighbor classifiers.Int.J.Remote Sens.25, 1701-1721.

ID: 61002
Title: A Gestalt rules and graph-cut-based simplification framework for urban building models.
Author: Yuebin Wang, Liqiang Zhang, P.Takis Mathiopoulos, Hao Deng.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 247-258 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Urban buildings, Gestalt principles, Optimization, Scene Tree.
Abstract: To visualize large urban models efficiently, this paper presents a framework for generalizing urban building footprints and fa?ade textures by using multiple Gestalt rules and a graph-cut-based energy function. First, an urban scene is divided into different blocks by main road networks. In each block, the building footprints are portioned into potential Gestalt groups. A footprint may satisfy several Gestalt groups. A footprint may satisfy several Gestalt principles. We employ the graph-cut-based optimization function to obtain a consistent segmentation of the buildings into optimal Gestalt groups with minimal energy. The building footprints in each Gestalt group are aggregated in to different levels of detail (LODs). Buildings fa?ade textures are also abstracted and simplified into multiple LODs using the same approach as the building footptrint simplification. An effective data structure termed Scene Tree is introduced to manage these aggregated building footprints and fa?ade textures. Combined with the parallelization scheme, the rendering efficiency of large-scale urban buildings is improved. Compared with other methods, our presented method can be efficiently visualize large urban models and maintain the city ' s image.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Ali, S., Ye, Razdan, A., Wonka, P., 2009. Compressed fa?ade displacement maps. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput.Graph. 15, 262-273. Andujar, C., Boo, J., Brunet, P., Fairen, M., Navazo, I, Vazquez, P., Vinacua, A., 2007. Omni-directional Relief Impostors, Computer Graphics Forum. Wiley online Library, pp. 553-560
Literature cited 2: Andujar, C., Brunet, P., Chica, A.Navazo, I., 2010. Visualization of large-scale urban models through multi-level relief impostors. Comput.Graph.Forum, 2456-2468. Andujar, C., Diaz, J, Brunet, P., 2008. Relief impostor selection for large scale urban rendering. In: IEEE Virtual reality Workshop on Virtual Citiscapes: Key Research Issues in Modelling Large-Scale Immersive Urban Environments.

ID: 61001
Title: Detecting forest damage after a low-severity fire using remote sensing at multiple scales.
Author: John T.T.R.Arnett, Nicholas C.Coops, Lori D. Daniels, Robert W. Falls.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 239-246 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Fire, Disturbance, Canopy damage, High-spatial resolution, RapidEye, Biomass.
Abstract: Remote sensing technologies are an ideal platform to examine the extent and impact of fire on the land-scape. In this study we assess that capacity of the RapidEye constellation and Landsat (Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager to map fine-scale burn attributes for a small, low severity prescribed fire in a dry Western Canadian forest. Estimates of burn severity from field data were collated into a simple burn index and correlated with a selected suite of common spectral vegetation indices. Burn severity classes were then derived to map fire impacts and estimate consumed woody surface fuels (diameter ? 2.6 cm). All correlations between the simple burn index and vegetation indices produced significant results (p< 0.01), but varied substantially in their overall accuracy. Although the Landsat Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index provided the best regression fit (R2 =0.56), results suggested that RapidEye provided much more spatially detailed estimates of tree damage (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.51). Consumption estimates of woody surface fuels ranged from 3.38 ? 1.03 Mg ha-1 to 11.73 ?1.84 Mg ha-1, across four derived severity classes with uncertainties likely a result of changing foliage moisture between the before and after fire images. While not containing spectral information in the short wave infrared, the spatial variability provided by the RapidEye imagery has potential for mapping and monitoring fine scale forest attributes, as well as the potential to resolve fire damage at the individual tree level.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Adams, M.A., 2013. Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. For.Ecol.Manage.294, 250-261. Allen, C.D., Savge, M., Falk, D.A., Suckling, K.F., Swetnam, T.W., Schulke, T., Klingel, J.T., 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol.Appl.12, 1418-1433.
Literature cited 2: Arroyo, LA., Pascual, C., Manzanera, J.A., 2008. Fire models and methods to map fuel types: the role of remote sensing. For.Ecol.Manage.256, 1239-1252. Bolton, D.K., Coops, N.C., Wulder, M.A., 2013. Measuring forest structure along productivity gradients in the Canadian boreal with small-footprint Lidar.Environ.Monit.Assess.185, 6617-6634.

ID: 61000
Title: Behavior-based aggregation of land categories for temporal change analysis.
Author: Safaa Zakaria Aldwaik, Jeffrey A. Onsted, Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 229-238 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Aggregation, Category, Change, Land, Map, Transition.
Abstract: Comparison between two time points of the same categorical variable for the same study extent can reveal changes among categories over time, such as transitions among land categories. If many categories exist, then analysis can be difficult to interpret. Category aggregation is the procedure that combines two or more categories to create a single broader category. Aggregation can simplify interpretation, and can also influence the sizes and types of changes. Some classification have an a priori hierarchy to facilitate aggregation, but an a priori aggregation might make researchers blind to important category dynamics. We created an algorithm to aggregate categories in a sequence of steps based on the categories ' behaviors in terms of gross losses and gross gains. The behavior-based algorithm aggregates net gaining categories with net gaining categories and aggregates net losing categories with net losing categories, but never aggregates a net gaining category with a net losing category. The behavior-based algorithm at each step in the sequence maintains net change and maximizes swap change. We present a case study where data from 2001 and 2006 for 64 land categories indicate change on 17 % of the study extent. The behavior-based algorithm reduces a set of 10 categories while reducing the change to 9 %. We offer a free computer program to perform the behavior-based aggregation.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Ahlqvist, O., Shortridge, A., 2010. Spatial and semantic dimensions of landscape heterogeneity.Landsc. Ecol. 25, 573-590. Aldwaik, S.Z., Pontius Jr., R.G., 2012. Intensity analysis to unify measurements of size and stationarity of land changes by interval, category and transition.Landsc. Urban Plan. 106, 103-114.
Literature cited 2: Aldwaik, S.Z., Pontius Jr., R.G., 2013. Map error that could account for deviations from a uniform intensity of land change.Int.J.Geogr.Inf.Sci 27 (9), 1717-1739. Anderson, J.R., Hardy, J.E.E., Roach, J.T., Witmer, R.E., 1976. A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Vol.964. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

ID: 60999
Title: Remote sensing and GIS analysis for mapping spatio-temporal changes of erosion and deposition of two Mediterranean river deltas: The case of the Axios and Aliakmonas rivers, Greece.
Author: George P. Petropoulos, Dionissios P. Kalivas, Hywel M. Griffiths, Paraskevi P.Dimou.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 217-228 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Remote sensing, GIS, Landsat TM, Coastline mapping, Photo-interpretation, Support vector machines.
Abstract: Wetlands are among Earth ' s most dynamic, diverse and varied habitats as the balance between land and water surfaces provide shelter to a unique mixture of plant and animal species. This study explores the changes n two Mediterranean wetland delta environments formed by the Axios and Aliakmonas rivers located in Greece, over a 25-year period (1984-2009). Direct photo-interpretation of four Landsat TM images acquired during the study period was performed. Furthermore, a sophisticated, semi-automatic image classification method based on support vector machines (SVMs) was developed to streamline the mapping process. Deposition and erosion magnitude at different temporal scales during the study period were quantified using both approaches based on coastline surface area changes. Analysis using both methods was conducted in a geographical information systems (GIS) environment. Direct photo-interpretation, which formed our reference dataset, showed noticeable changes in the coastline deltas of both study areas, with erosion occurring mostly in the earlier periods (1990-2003) in both river deltas followed by deposition in more recent years (2003-2009), but at different magnitudes. Spatial patterns of coastline changes predicted from the SVMs showed similar trends. In absolute terms SVMs predictions of sediment erosion and deposition in the studied area were different in the order of 5-20 % in comparison to photo-interpretation, evidencing the potential capability of this method in coastline changes monitoring. One of the main contributions of our work lies to the use of the SVMs classifier in coastal mapping of changes, since to our knowledge use of this technique has been under-explored in this application domain. Furthermore, this study provides important contribution to the understanding of Mediterranean river delta dynamics and their behaviours, and corroborates the usefulness of EO technology and GIS as an effective tool in policy decision making and successful landscape management. The latter is of considerable scientific and practical value to the wider community of interested users, given the continued open access to observations from this satellite radiometer globally.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Amarnath, G., Murthy, M.S.R., Britto, S.J., S.J., Rajashekhar, G., Dutt, C.B.S., 2003. Dignostic analysis of conservation zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats-an ecological hotspot, Tamil Nadu, India.Biodivers.Conserv. 12 (12), 2331-2359. Athanasiou, H., (M.Sc. Dissertatio) 1990. Wetland Habitat Loss in Thessaloniki Plain, Greece. Univrsity College, London.
Literature cited 2: Bausmith, J.M., Leinhardth, G., 1997. Middle school students ' map construction: understanding complex spatial displays.J.Geogr.97, 93-107. Boser, B.E., Guyon, I.M., Vapnik, V.N., 1992. A training Algorithm For Optimal Margin Classifiers. In: Proc. Annu.Workshop Comput.Learn.Theory, pp. 144-152.

ID: 60998
Title: Wavelet-based detection of bush encroachment in a Savanna using multi-temporal aerial photographs and satellite imagery.
Author: Munyaradzi D.Shekede, Amon Murwira, Mhosisi Masocha.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 209-216 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Dominant scale, Intensity, Wavelet transform, Bush encroachment, Savanna, Remote sensing.
Abstract: Although increased woody plant abundance has been reported in tropical savannas worldwide, techniques for detecting the direction and magnitude of change are mostly based on visual interpretation of historical aerial photography or textural analysis of multi-temporal satellite images. These techniques are prone to human error and do not permit integration f remotely sensed data from diverse sources. Here, we integrate aerial photographs with high spatial resolution satellite imagery and use a discrete wavelet transform to objectively detect the dynamics in bush encroachment at two protected Zimbabwean savanna sites. Based on the recently introduced intensity-dominant scale approach, we test the hypotheses that: (1) the encroachment of woody patches in to surrounding grassland matrix causes a shift in the dominant scale. This shift in the dominant scale can be detected using a discrete wavelet transform regardless of whether aerial photography and satellite data are used ; and (2) as the woody patch size stabilizes , woody cover tends to increase thereby triggering changes in intensity. The results show that at the first site where tree patches were already established (Lake Chivero Game Reserve), between 1972 and 1984 and 2012 while the intensity fluctuated during the same period. In contrast, at the second site which was formely grass-dominated site (Kyle Game Reserve), we observed an unclear dominant scale (1972) which later becomes distinct in 1985, 1996 and 2012. Over the same period, the intensity increased. Our results imply that using our approach we can detect and quantify woody bush patch dynamics in savanna landscapes.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Angassa, A., Oba, G., 2007. Effects of management and time on mechanisms of bush encroachment in southern Ethiopia.Afr.J.Ecol.46, 186-196. Ansley, R.J., Wu, X.B., Kramp, B.A., 2001. Observation: Long-term increases in mesquite canopy cover in a North Texas savanna.J.Range Manage. 54 (2), 171-176.
Literature cited 2: Archer, S., 1990. Development and stability of grass/woody mosaics in subtropical savanna Parkland, Texas, U.S.A.J.Biogeog.17 (4/5), 453-462. Archer, 1994.Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. In: Vavra, M., Laycock, W.A., Pieper, R.D. (Eds), Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the west. Society for Range Management, Denver, pp. 13-68.

ID: 60997
Title: Multitemporal settlement and population mapping from Landsat using Google Earth Engine.
Author: Nirav N.Patel, Emanuele Angiuli, Paolo Gamba, Andrea Gaughan, Gianni Lisini, Forrest R. Stevens, Andrew J. Tatem, Giovanna Trianni.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 199-208 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Landsat, Multitemporal, Population mapping, Google Earth Engine, Settlement mapping, Urbanization, Spatial demography.
Abstract: As countries become increasingly urbanized, understanding how urban areas are changing within the landscape becomes increasingly important. Urbanized areas are often the strongest indicators of human interaction with the environment, and understanding how urban areas develop through remotely sensed data allows for more sustainable practices. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) leverages cloud computing services to provide analysis capabilities on over 40 years of Landsat data. As a remote sensing platform, its ability to analyze global data rapidly lends itself to being an invaluable tool for studying the growth of urban areas. Here we present (i) An approach for the automated extraction of urban areas from Land-sat imagery using GEE, validated using higher resolution images, (ii) a novel method of validation of the extracted urban extents using changes in the statistical performance of a high resolution population mapping method. Temporally distinct urban extractions were classified from the GEE catalog of Landsat 5 and 7 data over the Indonesia island of Java by using a Normalized Difference Spectral Vector (NDSV) method. Statistical evaluation of all of the tests was performed, and the value of population mapping methods in validating these urban extents was also examined. Results showed that automated classification from GEE produced accurate urban extent maps, and that the integration of GEE-derived urban extents also improved the quality of the population mapping outputs.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Alberti, M., Weeks, R., Coe, S., 2004. Urban land cover change analysis in central Puget sound. Photogramm.Eng.Remote Sens. 70 (9), 1043-1052, http:dx.doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.9.1043. Angel, S., Sheppard, S.C., Civco, D.L., Buckley, R., Chabaeva, A., Gitlin, L., Kraley, A., Parent, J., Perlin, M., 2005. The dynamics of global urban expansion.WorldBank, Transport and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C.
Literature cited 2: Angiuli, E., Trianni, G., 2014. Urban mapping in Landsat images based on Normalized Difference Spectral Vector.IEEE Geosci.Remote Sens. 11 (3), 661-665, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2274327. Bagan, H., Yamagata, Y., 2012. Landsat analysis of urban growth: how Tokyo became the world ' s largest megacity during the last 40 years. Remote Sens. Environ. 127, 210-222, http: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.09.011.

ID: 60996
Title: Spatiotemporal variability of urban growth factors: A global and local perspective on the megacity of Mumbai.
Author: Hossein Shafizadeh-Moghadam, Marco Helbich.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 187-198 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Urban growth, Logistic regression, Autologistic regression, Geographically weighted logistic regression, GIS.
Abstract: The rapid growth of megacities requires special attention among urban planners worldwide, and particularly in Mumbai, India, where growth is very pronounced. To cope with the planning challenges this will bring, developing a retrospective understanding of urban land-use dynamics and the underlying driving -forces behind urban growth is a key prerequisite. This research uses regression-based land-use change models-and in particular non-spatial logistic regression models (LR) and auto-logistic regression models (ALR)-for the Mumbai region over the period 1973-2010, in order to determine the drivers behind spatiotemporal urban expansion. Both global models are complemented by a local, spatial model, the so called geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) model, one that explicitly permits variations in driving-forces behind urban growth over time, revealing that LRs and ALRs result in estimated coefficients with comparable magnitudes. Second, all the local coefficients show distinctive temporal and spatial variations. It is therefore concluded that GWLR aids our understanding of urban growth processes, and so can assist context-related planning and policymaking activities when seeking to secure a sustainable urban future.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Aljoufie, M., Zuidgeest, M., Brussel, M., van Vliet, J., van Maarseveen, M., 2013. A cellular automata-based land use and transport interaction model applied to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Landsc.Urban Plan.112, 89-99. Anselin, L., 2009. Spatial regression. In: Fotheringham, S., Rogerson, P. (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Spatial Analysis, Los Angeles. Sage Publications Inc, pp. 255-276.
Literature cited 2: Atkinson., P, German, S., Sear, D., Clark, M., 2003. Exploring the relations between riverbank erosion and geomorphological controls using geographically weighted logistic regression. Geogr.Anal.35, 58-82. Augustin, N., Mugglestone, M., Buckland, S., 1996. An autologistic model for the spatial distribution of wildlife.j.Appl.Ecol., 339-347.

ID: 60995
Title: Dynamic simulation of vegetation abundance in a reservoir riparian zone using a sub-pixel Markov model.
Author: Zhaning Gong, Tianxing Cui, Ruiliang Pu, Chuan Lin, Yuzhu Chen.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 175-186 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Vegetation abundance, LSMA, Sub-pixel Markov, Reservoir riparian zone.
Abstract: Vegetation abundance is a significant indicator for measuring the coverage of plant community. It is also a fundamental data for the evaluation of a reservoir riparian zone eco-environment. In this study, a sub-pixel Markov model was introduced and applied to simulate dynamics of vegetation abundance in the Guanting Reservoir Riparian zone based on Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus /Operationl Land Imager data acquired between 2001 and 2013. Our study extended Markov model ' s application from a traditional regional scale to a sub-pixel scale. Firstly, Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) was used to obtain fractional images with a five-endmember model consisting of terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, high albedo, low albedo, and bare soil. Then, a sub-pixel transitive probability matrix was calculated. Based on the matrix, we stimulated statuses of vegetation abundance in 2010 and 2013, which were compared with the results created by LSMA. Validations showed that there were only slight differences between the LSMA derived results and the simulated terrestrial plants fractional images for both 2010 and 2013, while obvious differences existed for aquatic plants fractional images, which might be attributed to a dramatically diversity of water level and water discharge between 2001 and 2013. Moreover, the sub-pixel Markov could lead to an RMSE (Root mean square Error) of 0.105 and an R2 of 0.808 for terrestrial plants, and an RMSE of 0.044 and an R2 of 0.784 for aquatic plants in 2010. For the simulated results with the 2013 image, an RMSE of 0.086 and an R2 of 0.779 could be yielded for aquatic plants. These results suggested that the sub-pixel Markov model could yield a reasonable result in a short period. Additionally, an analysis of dynamics of vegetation abundance from 2001 to 2020 indicated that there existed an increasing trend for the average fractional value of terrestrial plants and a decreasing trend for aquatic plants.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Aaviskoo, K., 1995.Simulating vegetation dynamics and land use in a mire landscape using a Markov model. Landsc.Urban plan. 31 (1), 129-142, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046 (94) 01045-A. Adams, J.B., Sabol, D.E., Kapos, V., et al., 1995.Classification of multispectral images based on fractions of endmembers: application to land-cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sens. Environ. 52 (2), 137 -154, change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sens.Environ.52 (2), 137-154,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257 (94) 00098-8
Literature cited 2: Alex, O.O., Blackburn, G.A., 2011. Forest transition in an ecologically important region: patterns and causes for landscape dynamics in the Niger Delta.Ecol.Indic.11 (5), 1437-1446,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.03.017. Asis, A.M.D., Omasa, K., Oki, K., Shinizu, Y., 2008. Accuracy and applicability of linear spectral unmixing in delineating potential erosion areas in tropical watersheds.Int.J.Remote Sens.29 (14), 4151-4171, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160701874579.

ID: 60994
Title: Drivers of land cover and land use changes in St.Louis metropolitan area over the past 40 years characterized by remote sensing and census population data.
Author: Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang, Abduwasit Ghulam, J.S. Onesimo Sandoval, Matthew Maimaitiyiming.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 161-174 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Urban growth, Land cover and land use, Geographically weighted regression.
Abstract: In this study, we explored the spatial and temporal patterns of land cover and land use (LCLU) and population change dynamics in the St.Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. The goal of this paper was to quantify the drivers of LCLU using long-term Landsat data from 1972 to 2010. First, we produced LCLU maps by using Landsat images from 1972, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Next, tract level population data of 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 were converted to 1-km square grid cells. Then, the LCLU maps were integrated with basic grid cell data to represent the proportion of each land cover category within a grid cell area. Finally, the proportional land cover maps and population census data were combined to investigate the relationship between land cover and population change based on grid cells using Pearson ' s correlation coefficient, ordinary least square (OLS), and local level geographically weighted regression (GWR). Land cover changes in terms of the percentage of area affected and rates of change were compared with population census data with a focus on the analysis of the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban growth patterns. The correlation coefficients of land cover categories and population changes were calculated for two decadal intervals between 1970 and 2010. Our results showed a causal relationship between LCLU changes and population dynamics over the last 40 years. Urban sprawl was positively correlated with population change. However, the relationship was not linear over space and time. Spatial heterogeneity and variations in the relationship demonstrate that urban sprawl was positively correlated with population changes in suburban area and negatively correlated in urban core and inner suburban area of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. These results suggest that the imagery reflects processes of urban growth, inner-city decline, population migration, and social spatial inequality. The implications provide guidance for sustainable urban planning and development. We also demonstrate that grid cells allow robust synthesis of remote sensing and socioeconomic data to advance our knowledge of urban growth dynamics from both spatial and temporal scales and its association with population change.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Akaike, H., 1974.Anew look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Autom.Control 19, 716-723. Alperovich, G., Deutsch, J., 1992. Population-density gradients and urbanization measurement. Urban Stud.29, 1323-1328.
Literature cited 2: Anderson, J.R., 1976. Aland use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. US Govrnment Printing Office. Arnfield, A.J., 2003. Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island.Int.J.Climatol.23, 1-26.

ID: 60993
Title: Automated metric characterization of urban structure using building decomposition from very high resolution imagery.
Author: Johannes Heinzel, Thomas Kemper.
Editor: F.D.van der Meer
Year: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION. Vol. 35 (B) 151-160 (2015).
Subject: APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION.
Keywords: Urban characterization, Built-up metrics Mathematical morphology, Very high resolution imagery, South Africa.
Abstract: Classification approaches for urban areas are mostly of qualitative and semantic nature. They produce interpreted classes similar to those from land cover and land use classifications. As a complement to those classes, quantitative measures directly derived from the image could lead to a metric characterization of the urban area. While these metrics lack of qualitative interpretation they are able to provide objective measure of the urban structures. Such quantitative measures are especially important in rapidly growing cities since, beside of the growth in area, they can provide structural information for specific areas and detect changes. Rustenburg, which serves as test area for the present study, is amongst the fastest growing cities in South Africa. It reveals a heterogeneous face of housing and building structures reflecting social and/or economic differences often linked to the spatial distribution of industrial and local mining sites. Up to date coverage with aerial photographs s provided by aerial surveys in regular intervals. Also recent satellite systems provide imagery with suitable resolution. Using such set of very high resolution images a fully automated algorithm has been developed which outputs metric classes by systematically combining important measures of building structure. The measurements are gained by decomposition of buildings directly from the imagery and by using methods from mathematical morphology. The decomposed building objects serve as basis for the computation of grid statistics. Finally a systematic combination of the single features leads to combined metrical classes.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Baraldi, A., Parmiggiani, F., 1990. Urban area classification by multispectral SPOT images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.28, 674-680. Barnsley, M., Barr, S., 1996. Inferring urban land use from satellite sensor images using kernel-based spatial reclassification. Photogra.Eng.Remote Sens.62, 949-958.
Literature cited 2: Baud, I., Kuffer, M., Pfeffer, K., R., Karuppannan, S., 2010. Understanding heterogeneity in metropolitan India: the added value of remote sensing data for analyzing sub-standard residential areas. Int.J.Appl.Earth Observ.Geoinform.12, 359-374. Dell ' Acqua, F., Gamba, P., Lisini, G., 2003. Improvements to urban area characterization using multitemporal and multiangle SAR images.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.41, 1996-2004.

ID: 60992
Title: Geospatial assessment of erosional behaviour of a watershed in Angara block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand.
Author: Prasanta Kumar Bez and Akhouri Pramod Krishna
Editor: Dr.O.P. Chaturvedi
Year: 2014
Publisher: Indian Association of Soil & Water Conservationists
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Indian journal of soil conservation Vol.42 (1). 107-113 (2014)
Subject: Soil Conservation
Keywords: Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULC), Remote sensing, Soil erosion, Watershed management.
Abstract: Soil erosion assessment was carried out in Dumar Kocha water shed of Ranchi district in Jharkhand state to understand the erosional behavior geospatially using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It was observed that average annual soil erosion for the watershed ranged from slight (<5 t ha-1 yr-1) to very severe (>80 t ha-1yr-1). This was further observed that the watershed areas covered by slight, moderate, high, very high, severe and very severe erosion potential zones were 67, 12.42, 10.98, 3.82, 5.14 and 1.21 % of the watershed, respectively. Spatial analysis using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) indicated high soil erosion rates in central portion of the watershed, which could be attributed to the severe terrain modifications, inappropriate agricultural practices and forest degradations. Since the areas which are sensitive to soil loss could be demarcated, outcome of the study has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for better land management. Geoinformatics based analysis of erosion behavior in this region at watershed level can help manage natural resources better. Results thus obtained should further help in assessment of appropriate indicators to work upon for conserving water and soil through watershed management and land use planning.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Chatterjee, S., Krishna, A.P.and Sharma, A.P. 2013. Geospatial assessment of soil erosion vulnerability at watershed level in some sections of the Upper Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand, India, Environ. Earth Sci., (online first: DOI: 10.1007/s 12665-013-2439-3). Dabral, P.P., Baithuri, N. and Pandey, A. 2008. Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of north eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing, Water Resour.Manage, 22: 1783-1798.
Literature cited 2: Gonzalez, A.M.R. 2004. Soil erosion calculation using remote sensing and GIS in Rio Grande de Arecibo Watershed, Puerto Rico, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Purto Rico at Mayaguez, http/gers.uprm.edu/geo/6225/pdfs/a_rojas.pdf(accessed June 2012). Joshi, V. and Krishna, A.P. 2000. Control measures for checking soil erosion, landslides and debris flow in Hindu-Kush Himalayan belt of PR of China, Ind. J. Soil Cons., 28: 1-6.

ID: 60991
Title: Impact analysis of participatory integrated watershed management programme in semi-arid region of Tamil Nadu, India.
Author: A.K.Sikka, M.Madhu, Subhash Chand, D.V. Singh, V.Selvi, P.Sundarambal, K. Jeevarathnam and M.Murgaih.
Editor: Dr.O.P. Chaturvedi
Year: 2014
Publisher: Indian Association of Soil & Water Conservationists
Source: Centre for Ecological Sciences
Reference: Indian journal of soil conservation Vol.42 (1). 98-106 (2014)
Subject: Soil Conservation
Keywords: Bio-physical impacts, Impact assessment, Participatory, Socio-economics impacts, Watershed management.
Abstract: Watershed management aimed to containing the deterioration of natural resources for maintaining the ecological balance and sustainable economic development. This paper presents the impacts of the participatory watershed development. The runoff varied from 27 mm to 43.2 mm, which was 4.5 to 7.2 % of the total rainfall. A total of 266 ha-cm additional surface water storage capacity was created through water resource development and increased wells recuperation rate by 10 to 15 %. Influence zone of percolation ponds showed increased irrigated area from 13.7 ha to 25.1 ha (84 %) with crop diversification. The average survival percent of fruit plants varied between 51 and 98.66 %.The yield of dry land crops was increase by 11 to 14 %. Cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI) increased by 0.13 (47 days) in dry land and by 0.04 (15 days) in irrigated condition. Overall Crop productivity Index (CPI) increased from 0.547 to 0.613 with an increase of 12 % in productivity level of crops. Overall Crop Fertilization Index (CFI) increased from 0.69 to 0.75, registering an increase of 8 % in rate of nutrients application. The overall Watershed Productivity (WP) increased 17.2 % of horse gram. The overall People ' s Participation Index (PPI) was 62 % indicating that the stake holders ' overall participation was high. A total of 10105 mandays employment was generated due to various interventions. Average milk production has increased by 59 liters per family per year and consumption increased from 0.91 to 1.03 liters family-1 day-1.
Location: T E 15 New Biology Building.
Literature cited 1: Chuang, F.T. 1973.An Analysis of Change of Taiwan ' s cultivated land utilization for recent years. Rural Economic Division JCRR Rep. 21, Taipei, Taiwan. Despande, R.S. and Ratna Reddy, V. 1991. Differential impact of watershed based technology: Some analytical issues. Indian J. Agri.Econ; 46 (3): 261-269.
Literature cited 2: Fan, S. and Hazell, P. 2000. Should developing countries invest more in less favoured areas? An empirical analysis of rural India.Economic and political weekly, 35 (17): 1455-1464. Gittinger, J.P. 2004. Economic Analysis of Agricultural projects. Economic Development Institute. The World Bank. http/www.stanford.ed/goup/FRI/Indonesia/document/gittinger/output/title.htm.21 1984-2004.