ID: 50512
Title: PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL HEMP ( ' BHANG ' ) FIBRE AND ITS FUTURE POTENTIAL IN TEXTILE/CORDAGE INDUSTRY
Author: ABHAY BAHUGUNA, NISHA TRIPATHI, ANSHUL CHANDRA AND S. T. S. LEPCHA
Editor: DR. V. R. R. SINGH, I F S
Year: 2008
Publisher: THE FORESTER VOL. 134 DECEMBER 2008 NO. 12
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: FORESTRY
Keywords: Industrial Hemp ( ' Bhang ' ), Fibre, Production and processing, Textile/cordage industry.
Abstract: Indusrial Hemp, common known as ' Bhang ' is an underutilized biomass found in Uttarakhand. Its stem shows fibre properties i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Samples ' A ' and ' B ' of Industrial Hemp fibre(Bhang) were made and sample ' A ' was chemically treated with washing soda and ' B ' with Boric acid. Thses chemically treated samples were carded and spun in Nandprayag (weaving cluster developed by Uttaranchal Bamboo and Fiber Development Board - UBFDB). The spun fibre showed less breaking percentage and its appearence was white hence it can be used in textile/cordage at cottage entrepreneurship level. However due to lack of awareness, development of processing methods for fibre, Industrial Hemp and its use in textile/cordage industry these remain undeveloped and unexplored in Uttarkhand. Hence, UBFDB is undertaking continuous efforts to establish this Industrial Hemp fibre at commercial level to provide employment to local people of Uttarkhand.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50511
Title: CLONAL EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS IN INDIA
Author: PIARE LAL
Editor: DR. V. R. R. SINGH, I F S
Year: 2008
Publisher: THE FORESTER VOL. 134 DECEMBER 2008 NO. 12
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: FORESTRY
Keywords: Eucalyptus, Clonal plantations, India, Agroforestry, Extension, Productivity.
Abstract: Large scale Eucalyptus plantations have been raised on degraded forest and marginal farm lands and along road/canal strips in India. Most of these past plantations have low productivity ranging from 4-10 m3ha-1yr-1 and large genetic variation because of poor genetic quality of seed used. Productivity and profitability of eucalypt plantations has been revolutionized with the development of genetically improved, fast growing and high yielding clonal planting stock of eucalypts by ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Limited from 1989 onwards. Average productivity of commercial Eucalyptus clones is around 20 to 25 m3 ha-1yr-1 and many farmers have achieved record growth rates of 50 m3ha-1yr-1 making clonal farm forestry an economically attractive land use option. Significant improvement in quality of produce and reduction in per unit production costs have also been possible with the use of true to type, uniform and genetically improved clonal planting stock. A series of successful demonstration plots, high quality of technical extension services, buy back arrangements combined with bumper yields and high economic returns have been the key factors leading to the success story of technology based clonal eucalypt plantations in many states of India.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50510
Title: Processed cashew shell waste as fuel supplement for heat generation
Author: A G Mohod, Y P Khandetod, and A G Powar
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: Cashew shell waste, briquetting, proximate analysis, fuel properties, energy density
Abstract: None
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50509
Title: Energy access in urban and peri-urban Buenos Aires.
Author: Gonzalo Bravo, Roberto Kozulji, and Raul Landaveri
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: energy and poverty; basic energy needs; useful energy analysis; household energy consumption patterns, sources and uses.
Abstract: This article describes the results of a study on the living conditions and the energy access of the urban poor in Argentina. The study is based on primary data collection among poor inhabitants of Villa Fiorito and Budge, in southern Greater Buenos Aires. These data are complemented by qualitative information. We found a notable absence of appropriate and comprehensive policies both for providing access to clean energy for securing its affordability. Specifically and going beyond energy aspects, the roots of poverty are related to two unaddressed structural structural issues: land tenure and the availability of regular employment. Although modern energy sources (LPG and electricity) are broadly used by poor households in Greater Buenos Aires, LPG availability and affordability is found to be a key issue. Compounding fuel avilability, another barrier to access can be the high upfront cost of LPG cylinders. Often it is replaced by charcoal and kerosene by poor slum families, and these fuels are dirtier and less efficient, thus increasing energy consumption and possibly even fuel expenditure for cooking. The study attempts to quantify unmet basic energy needs, finding that cooling, lighting, and space-heating have the smallest satisfaction levels. The study found that 54% of the total surveyed energy expenditure is on cooking fuels. The study revealed some desirable actions and possible subsitution between fuels. LPG should replace charcoal for cooking as much as possible, since the former is a cleaner fuel and substantially more energy-efficient. In the longer run, natural gas network connection and safe and affordable electricity service be available. Facilitating access to LPG and natural gas through subsidized tarifs and efficient equipment would also trigger a positive impact on the environment, on the quality of life of poor people, and their perception of social inclusion.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50508
Title: Access to clean energy services for the urban and peri-urban poor: a case-study of Delhi, India.
Author: Chhavi Dhingra, Shikha Gandhi, Akanksha Chaurey, and P. K. Agarwal.
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: clean energy access, slums, Delhi, urban poor, basic urban services, poverty alleviation.
Abstract: Indian cities are rapidly growing. Their growth has been accompanied by the growth of urban slums and subsequent challenges to access basic urban services like water, sanitation, claen energy, and transport for the urban poor. Despite its importance for basic survival, and from an economic and health (both personal and environmental) perspective, clean energy supply is not recognised as a basic urban service, as a result of which the poverty alleviation and basic infrastructure provision programmes in India have not addressed it completely. The situation is also aggravated by the existence of disorted energy markets in India, which have resulted in the true benefits of energy subsidies not reaching the poor and therefore hindering their access to cleaner fuels. Data on the status of physical access of households in India to different energy sources, whether house holds have access to different energy markets, whether energy is affordable to them, quality of energy supply, etc. is meagre. On the basis of a stakeholder interaction approach, following a set of logically sequenced questions to assess availability, accessibility, affordability, reliability and continuity of usage of clean fuels, this study assesses the current levels of access to clean forms of energy for cooking, lighting and productive/economic purposes, for the urban and peri-urban poor in Delhi, the capital of India, and identifies challenges and policy measures to improve clean energy access.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50507
Title: Energy access among the urban poor in Kenya
Author: Stephen Karekezi, John Kimani, and Oscar Onguru
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: urban poor, energy access, Kenya, Africa, Kerosene, electricity, biomass, LPG, households, SMEs.
Abstract: The primary objective of the study is to carry out an assessment of the current status of modern energy supply among the urban and peri-urban poor in Kenya and to identify viable policy options that can assist in providing cleaner and more sustainable energy services to the rapidly growing urban population in Kenya. The study also assesses prevailing energy policies that address the challenges associated with supply of modern energy services to the urban poor. The study focuses on the example of energy consumption patterns of urban poor households in Kibera - often said to be Africa ' s largest slum - and the trends in energy use among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the area, providing an empirical basis for key finding of the study. The findings of the household survey clearly demonstrate the role that kerosene, electricity, biomass and LPG can play in cooking and lighting in low-income areas such as Kibera, Nairobi, According to the survey findings, kerosene is the most important modern energy option for the poor for both lighting and cooking. Electricity also appears to be a relatively important energy option. Biomass in the form of charcoal and LPG appear to be consumed by a relatively small segment of the urban poor in the selected area. The results of this survey largely reflect the situation at the national level. The study concludes by presenting central issues related to identified key energy options for the poor in Kibera (kerosene, electricity, biomass and LPG) and present measures that could enhance modern energy services among the urban poor.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50506
Title: Modern energy access in peri-urban areas of West Africa: the case of Dakar, Senegal.
Author: Abdoulaye Fall, Secou Sarr, Touria Dafrallah, and Abdou Ndour
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: Peri-urban, energy access, LPG subsidy, illegal connections, energy policy, Senegal
Abstract: This article focuses on the status of peri-urban zones of Dakar, Senegal with respect to access to clean energy services for house hold use and also for productive purpose. To explore this issue we have conducted surveys covering 280 households and 70 businesses from 7 peri-urban areas of Dakar. We also relied on secondary data collection and stakeholder interviews to obtain informations. Our results indicate that the main barriers to modern energy access in peri-urban Dakar are: the lack of a proper understanding of the characteristics of peri-urban areas, creating an institutional gap and an energy policy vacuum; land tenancy issues; the prohibitive connection policy for households located far from the grid (more than 30 m ) and finally the progressive withdrawal of the governmental subsidy on LPG for the peri-urban poor.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50505
Title: The supply of clean energy services to the urban and peri-urban poor in South Africa
Author: Eugene Visagie
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: urban, access, cleaaan fuels, electrification, micro-enterprises.
Abstract: South Africa compared to many other developing countries, enjoys a number of advantages which favour national electrification and the extension of benefits to the poor. These include the economic capacity to carry out a subsidised national electrification programme, a fairly favourable policy environment, free basic electricity to assist the poor and a reliable (until recently) low-cost electricity generation capacity. This paper assesses the household energy situation in the rapidly growing poor urban and peri-urban areas of South Africa in general and analyses in greater depth a primary household energy survey conducted in Imizamo Yethu in Hout Bay. The key objective of the study is to identity variable and proven policy options that can assist in providing clean, affordable and more sustainable energy options for the urban and peri-urban poor. Access to electricity is not the main problem of the majority of the urban and peri-urban poor, but rather the ability to afford the service. People living in settlements not approved for housing by local government experience the gravest forms of energy poverty. Some make use of extension cords, with the reported attendant problems of less security of supply, danger, theft of wires of higher costs than metered customers. Access to paraffin (kerosene) is very good because of the infrastructure network, and paraffin appliances are generally cheap compared to electric and LPG appliances. Access to LPG is regarded as not good because of a poor network, distance to retail outlets, and the high cost of gas and appliances, Access to electricity does not automatically lead to higher levels of productivity and income generation. Most of the small businesses at household level are of a retail nature. The problem the urban poor experience is broader than electricity supply. It is rooted in the housing shortage, land issues and government ' s inability to deal with in-migration to urban areas.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50504
Title: Modern energy use by the urban poor in Thailand: a study of slum households in two cities.
Author: Ram M Shrestha, S. Kumar, Samuel Martin, and Arjun Dhakal
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: International Energy Initiative, Volume XII No. 4 . December 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Energy for Sustainable Development - The journal of the International energy initiative
Keywords: energy access, urban slums, urban poor, Bangkok, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Abstract: Access to modern forms of energy has been recognized as a prerequisite to achieve sustainable development and overall improvement in the quality of life. In the literature, there exist very few studies that are focussed on access to and use modern forms of energy by the urban poor in developing countries. The aim of this study is to examine the energy use pattern of slum-dwellers in two cities of Thailand, Bangkok and Khon Kaen, the energy expenditures, and the key factors for the high access to electricity and other modern forms of energy. This study finds that almost 100% of the households in the slums of Bangkok and Khon kaen have electricity connections. Also, a very high percentage of slum-dwellers (about 87% in Bangkok and 86% in Khon Kaen) use LPG for cooking. Slum-dwellers spend about 16% of their monthly income on energy in Bangkok and about 26% in Khon Kaen. Cooking energy is found to represent a relatively small share in the total household income of the slum households. The factors behind the high access of the urban poor to modern forms of energy in Thailand were the successful electrification program, price subsidies and the low monthly electricity service charge for the poor households, and reliable supply and ready availability of LPG.
Location: 232
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50503
Title: Model for the development of competition in the natural gas industry in Brazil
Author: Paulo Henrique de Mello Sant Ana , Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi, and Sergio Valdir Bajay
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: na tural gas, liberalization, deregulation.
Abstract: For the last 20 years, several countries have been carrying out structural reforms in the natural gas industry, trying to achieve efficiency and economic rationality with the introduction of competition. This paper presents a model that seeks to stimulate competition in Brazil ' s natural gas industry on the basis of a market protection to 2011, on the international experience and on the characteristttics of the country ' s market, infrastructure and regulatory framework. Possible impacts of this model are also provided. According to the market projection carried out in this paper, in 2011 there will be possible surplus of natural gas in the country. This surplus, allied to trade liberalization in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, can stimulate the development of competition, if some changes are in the current regulation. The model proposed herein seeks to stimulate non-discriminatory open access through regulation focussed on information transparency and tariff regulation to help the development of competition. This would possibly reduce the prices to the end-user through the improvement of economic efficiency and provide additional supply and demand flexibility mechanisms.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50502
Title: Role of energy efficiency in sustainable development of small - scale industry clusters: an empirical study.
Author: N. Nagesha
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: energy efficiency, textile dyeing, production fuction, returns to scale.
Abstract: Small-scale industry (SSI) is a crucial component of the Indian economy with strategic importance. SSIs exist mostly in geographical clusters and many of them are highly energy-intensive. Their survival and growth needs efficient use of energy, a key input in their operations. Empirical studies on energy use and related like environment impact, energy conservation potential, and the consequences of higher energy efficiency on SSIs are rare. This paper analyses energy consumption and associated issues in the textile dyeing cluster of Tirupur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The energy consumption pattern showed dominance of biomass. Air pollution and CO2 emissions were estimated using standard, international emission factors by fuel and technology used. The importance of energy among the inputs was established by estimating the Cobb-Douglas production Function which indicated energy as the second most important input. There was a statistically significant association of energy efficiency with all the economic performance indicators adopted in the study. Overall, it appears that energy-efficient firms are also likely to perform better on the economic front and hence experience higher returns to scale. The outcome of this study underscores the value of enhancing energy efficiency in SSI clusters, providing multiple benefits and ultimately contributing to sustainable development.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50501
Title: Rural electrification in Bhutan and a methodology for evaluation of distributed generation system as an alternative option for rural electrification.
Author: Tshewang Lhendup
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: distributed generation, weighted score, rural electrification, energy cost analysis.
Abstract: Electrification is key to the development of rural areas. The benefits of rural electrification are immense but many developing countries are not able to afford it due to high cost and scarce resources. In general, the extension of the national electricity grid into the rural area in developing countries is uneconomic. Distributed generation (DG) is an alternative approach to rural electrification. This study looks at a methodology for evaluation of DG as an alternative path to rural electrification in Bhutan. An algorithm based on a set of criteria is proposed to evaluate different DG options. The levelised energy cost can then be used to select the cheapest option from the most feasible options obtained from the evaluation.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50500
Title: Laboratory study of the effects of moisture content on heat transfer and combustion efficiency of three biomass cook stoves.
Author: Ernestine A. T. Yuntenwi, Nordica MacCarty,Dean Still, and Jurgen Ertel
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: Moisture content, biomass cook stoves, emission factors, combustion efficiency, heat transfer efficiency
Abstract: The effect of wood moisture content on the performance and emisions of biomass-fired stoves was assessed using the laboratory-based water boiling test. This test yielded a number of performance indicators (time to boil water, specific fuel consumption and energy efficiency) when the stove was operated at both high and low power. When combined with emission measurements, combustion efficiency was investigated as well. This paper present an integrated efficiency evaluation of the traditional open fire, an Aprovecho rocket stove from China and a "skirt" stove which were all tested each at 5%, 15% and 30% moisture content (wet basis) of wood. Result showed that an increase in moisture content efficiency up to a point. Extremely dry or over-wet fuel inhibited combustion efficiency. Overall, the type of stove exhibited a stronger effect on the total emissions than did the moisture level in the fuel.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50499
Title: A laboratory comparison of the global warming of five major types of biomass cooking stoves.
Author: Nordica maccarty, Damon Ogle, Dean Still, Tami Bond and Christoph Roden
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: improved cookstoves, global warming, carbon dioxide, methane, soot, black carbon, products of incomplete combustion, sustainable harvesting, biomass.
Abstract: With over 2 billion of the world ' s population living in families using biomass to cook every day, the possibility of improved stoves helping to mitigate climate change is generating increasing attention. With their emissions of CO2 methane, and black carbon, among other substances, is there a cleaner, practical option to provide to the families that will need to continue to use biomass for cooking? This study served to help quantity the relative emissions from five common types of biomass combustion in order to investigate if there are cleaner options. The laboratory results showed that for situations of sustainable harvesting where CO2 emissions are considered neutral, some improved stoves with rocket-type combustion or fan assistance can reduce overall warming impact from the stoves with rocket-type combination or fan assistance can reduce overall warming impact from the products of incomplete combustion (PICs) by as much as 50-95%. In non- sustainable situations where fuel and CO2 savings are of greater importance, three types of types combustion methods were shown to potentially reduce by 40-60%. Charcoal-burning may emit less CO2 than traditional wood-burning, but the PIC emissions are significantly are significant greater.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 50498
Title: Dynamic modeling and fuzzy augmented PI control of a high-rise building hot water heating system.
Author: L. Lianzhong and M. Zaheeruddin
Editor: Gautam S. Dutt, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Year: 2008
Publisher: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume XII No. 2 . June 2008, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES,Bangalore
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: ENERGY
Keywords: hot water system, dynamic modeling, operating strategy, energy consumption simulation.
Abstract: Energy consumption of hot water heating (HWH) systems in high-rise buildings is a topic of considereable economic interest. In this study a dynamic model of a HWH system was developed and an intelligent fuzzy logic operating strategy was designed to improve energy efficiency of the system. Dynamic responses of temperature and water mass flow rate in the system were studied. Two types of boiler temperature set-point strategies, one based on average outdoor air temperature method and the other using a fuzzy augmented system, were explored and their performance was compared. From the simulation results it is shown that the strategy based on the fuzzy inference system saved boiler fuel consumption by about 10%.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None