ID: 51442
Title: Use of aquatic insects in biomonitoring
Author: David M.Rosenberg and Vincent H. Resh
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: Biological monitoring/biomonitoring, toxicity,reference conditions, fish, algae, protozoans, macroinvertebrate, photographs
Abstract: Biological monitoring, or biomonitoring, is the systematic use of living organisms or their responses to determine the quality of the aquatic environment. Biomonitoring can be seperated into two main types: (1) surveys before and after an impact (e.g., a project is built or a potential toxicant is released) to determine effects of the activity or action (e.g., Van Urk et al. 1993); and (2) regular sampling or toxicity testing to measure compliance with legally mandated water quality standards (e.g. Humphrey and Dostine 1994). Recent programs launched by U.S. government agencies are attempting another type fo biomonitoring - the use of surbveys to determine "reference conditions" that could apply to fresh waters over large geographical areas (e.g. Hughes et al. 1986). Of the above approaches, surveys before and after an impact are the most commonly used biomonitoring approach involving aquatic insects. In this chapter, we present an overview of the use of aquatic insects for biomonitoring in North America; for a more detailed treatment of the topics discussed here, consult the recent text of Rosenberg and Resh (1993a). Other chapters in this book also present topics of relevance to biomonitoring: sampling, physiological processes and ecology. Fish, algae, protozoans, and other groups of organisms have been recommended for use in water quality assessment but macroinvertebrates, which oftentimes consist mainly of aquatic insects, are the group most frequently used (Hellawell 1986). Rosenberg and Resh (1993b) concluded that this was because: (1) they are ubiquitous and , consequently, are affected by perturbations in many different aquatic habitats; (2) the large number of species exhibit a range of responses to environmetal stress; (3) their sedentary nature, relative to other aquatic organisms such as fish, permits effective determination of the spatial extent of perturbations; and (4) their long life cycles, relative to most other groups of organisms, allow temporal changes in characteristics such as abundance and age structure to be examined. However, some characteristics of aquatic insects can hinder their effective use in biomonitoring activities and require special consideration: (1) they do not respond directly to all types of impacts (e.g., herbicides; see Hawkes 1979); (2) their distribution and abundance can be affected by factors other than water quality (e.g. current velocity, type of substrate); (3) their abundance and distribution vary seasonally; and (4) dispersal abilities may carry aquatic insects into and out of areas in which they normally do not occur. Moreover, some groups of aquatic insects lack identificaion keys. Biomonitoring differs from the traditional physical and chemical approaches that also are used in water quality assessment. Physical and chemical measurements are analogous to photographs; they are instantaneous and describe conditions that exist when the sample is collected. In contrast, the reliance on organisms present, which is the basis for biomonitoring, is more like using a movie or a video; a temporal component is added to the still photograph because organisms such as aquatic insects are exposed to past conditions as well. However, physical/ chemical measurements and biomonitoring are not mutually exclusive; an optimal water quality monitoring program involves both approaches (Rosenberg and Resh 1993b).
Location: 241
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ID: 51441
Title: Ecology and distribution of aquatic insects
Author: Kenneth W.Cummins, Richard W.Merritt
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: Macroinvertebrates, fish, water quality
Abstract: As described in the Introduction to this book, aquatic insects have been a major focus of many ecological studies in aquatic habitats. A major reason for this is that aquatic insects, together with other freshwater macroinvertebrates (Cummins 1975; Thorp and Covich 1991), are the major food items of important commercial and sport fish species. They serve as the link between their food (i.e. detritus plus microorganisms, algae, vascular aquatic plants) and fish, as well as other higher trophic level vertebrates. Furthermore, the distribution of aquatic insects is ubiquitous and they are normally abundant, easy to collect, and of sufficient size to be observed with the unaided eye. Thus, it is not surprising that they have been used widely to evaluate water quality and the food support base for fisheries (Hilsenhoff 1987; Waters 1988; Yount and Niemi 1990; karr 1991; Rosenberg and Resh 1993). The perpetually imperfect state of our knowledge of aquatic insect species taxonomy, together with pressing environmental and intriguing theoretical problems, continue to provide incentives for understanding aquatic systems by utilizing insect specimens identified to different levels of taxonomic resolution. Although the species may be the appropriate basic unit for many types of ecological questions (eg.Mayr 1969), such resolution may not always be required in order to achieve significant insights in ecological work, particularly in process-oriented studies. Taxonomic separations ranging from orders to genera, and species in cases requiring a detailed level of taxonomic resolution, can be matched with the requirements of a given study. Stated in this fashion, the goal in each investigation is to maximize ecological information and insight per unit of taxonomic effort. The ecological tables at the end of each taxonomically defined chapter are designed to facilitate this process (the table entries are based on the methods of analysis summarized in Tables 6A-6C). The major topics covered in this chapter are: (1) organization and functional relationships of aquatic insects with respect to habitat and nutritional resources, and (2) various aspects of the distribution, abundance, and production of aquatic insects. To summarize a large amount of information on the ecology and geographical distribution of aquatic insects, and to better indicate the numerous gaps in our knowledge, a generalized scheme was developed that catergorizes aquatic habitats (Table 6A), modes of existence (e.g. habit, locomotion, attachment, concealment; Table 6B), and functional feeding groups (i.e., modes of food acquisition; Table 6C). As indicated above, a designation from each of these three categories is assigned to each genus in the ecological tables at the end of each taxonomic chapter and the definitions of the categories used in these tables appear in Tables 6A-6C. The habitat, habit and food acquisition classifications are based on our own research (Cummins 1962, 1964, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980a, 1980b, 1993; Merritt et al. 1978, 1982, 1984, 1992; Cummins and Klug 1979; Merritt and Lawson 1979, 1992; Wallace and Merritt 1980; Merritt and Wallace 1981; Cummins and Wilzbach 1985; Merritt and Cummins 1996), a combination of systems proposed by others (Usinger 1956a; Edmondson 1959; Klots 1966; Pennak 1978), critical reviews of the methods (Simberloff and Dayan 1991; Hawkins and MacMahon 1989), and three decades of teaching aquatic insect-related courses.
Location: 241
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ID: 51440
Title: Habitat, life history, and behavioral adaptations of aquatic insects
Author: J.Bruce Wallace, N.H.Anderson
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: Aquatic insects, diversity, aquatic habitats, osmoregulation, oxygen acquisition,lentic habitats , lotic habitats, bridging habitats
Abstract: Aquatic insects have received considerable attention within the last decade. Book-length coverage of the subject matter in this chapter is found in: Resh and Rosenberg (eds.) 1984, The Ecology of Aquatic Insects; Ward 1992, Aquatic Insect Ecology; and Williams and Feltmate 1992. Aquatic Insects. Since 1985 the Annual Review of Entomology has averaged about an article per year on the ecology or behavior of aquatic insects and the Journal of the North American Benthological Society began publication in 1986 and many of the papers pertain to aquatic insects.Insects are very successful in the freshwater environment. This is demonstrated by their diversity and abundance, broad distribution, and their ability to exploit most types of aquatic habitats. In this chapter, the adaptations that contribute to their success are considered. Examples are given of how some species have adapted to very restricted environments and the life cycle is used to provide a framework for describing different ways that insects cope with the challenges presented by aquatic habitats. Factors that influence utilization of a particular habitat can be grouped into four broad categories: (1) physiological constraints (e.g. oxygen acquisition, osmoregulation, temperature effects); (2) tropic considerations (e.g. food acquisition); (3) physical constraints (e.g., coping with habitat or habit as given in the ecological tables); and (4) biotic interactions (e.g., predation, competition). However, these categories are so interrelated that detailed analysis of each factor is not appropriate. Respiration is included here because activities related to obtaining oxygen are central to behavioral and morphological features associated with most other activities. The traditional division of freshwater systems into standing (lentic) and running (lotic) waters is useful for indicating physical and biological differences. Most insects are adapted to either a lentic or a lotic habitat, but overlaps are common such as in the floodplains of large rivers. For example, insects inhabiting pools in streams have "lentic" respiratory adaptations, whereas those on wave-swept shores of lakes are similar to stream riffle inhabitants in both oxygen requirements and in clinging adaptations (clingers in ecological tables). Despite their success in exploiting most types of aquatic environments, insects are only incompletely or secondarily adapted for aquatic life. With very few exceptions, aquatic insects are directly dependent on the terrestrial environment for part of the life cycle. Even Hemiptera and Coleoptera with aquatic adults require access to surface air for respiration. This dependence on the terrestrial environment probably contributes to the prevalence of insects in shallow ponds and streams as compared with deep rivers or lakes and , in part, to their virtual absence from the open sea. Williams and Feltmate (1992) stated that, "One of the most fascinating questions concerning the distribution of insects is: given the unparalleled success of insects in both terrestrial and freshwater environments, why are they so poorly represented in the sea?" While there are over 30,000 species in fresh water, there are only several hundred that can be called marine. Cheng (1985) records 14 orders and 1400 species of insects in brackish and marine habitats, but only the genus Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in the open seas. One of the most widely accepted theories is that successful resident marine invertebrates evolved long before aquatic insects and occupy many of the same niches as do insects in fresh waters; thus, marine invertebrates have barred many insects from marine habitats by competitive exclusion (e.g. Hynes 1984). Williams and Feltmate offer an interesting alternative view-point that since most marine insects are found in "bridging habitats" (e.g., estuaries, salt marshes, the intertidal zone, mangrove swamps), perhaps ".....we are currently looking not at the end of an evolutionary pathway leading freshwater insects into marine habitats, but at early steps in the journey." However, this view indicates an extremely slow journey in the last several hundred million years, and the fact remains that the only taxon reported for the open seas, Halobates, occurs in a habitat (surface film) occupied by few, if any, marine macroinvertebrates. Some Porifera, Cnidaria, and Polychaetes, which are typically considered to be marine, have representatives that have also successfully colonized freshwater habitats (Thorp and Covich 1991).
Location: 241
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ID: 51439
Title: Aquatic insect respiration
Author: Clyde H. Eriksen, Gary A.Lamberti and Vincent H.Resh
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: oxygen, Metabolism, Anaerobic, Cellular respiration
Abstract: A major challenge for any aquatic insect is to obtain sufficient quantities of oxygen (O2 ) for its metabolic needs. Aquatic habitats contain much less O2 than terrestrial environments even under the most favorable conditions. In addition, the aquatic O2 supply is often highly variable and in some habitats oxygen may be totally lacking, a condition referred to as anaerobic. Insects originally evolved on land where they developed a gas-filled (tracheal) respiratory system ; as some insects adapted to a water environment, this air-filled tracheal system had to serve as the structural plan for their aquatic repiratory system as well. A number of options exist for obtaining O2 with a tracheal system even though the habitat is water and, as might be expected, insects have been very successful in taking advantage of those options. Whatever the aquatic habitat or the O2 supply, insects are normally present. Why is O2 so important for aquatic insects? Oxygen is used in cellular respiration where it is the final electron acceptor in a series of mitochondrial reactions that release energy form organic molecules obtained from digested food. This energy is used to do all bodily work. Cellular respiration that used O2 releases 19 times more energy than respiration that occurs in its absence. Because the energy needs of most multicellular and all highly active organisms are greater than the energy made available by anaerobic respiration, obtaining O2 from the environment is absolutely essential.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
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ID: 51438
Title: Design of aquatic insect studies: Collecting, Sampling and Rearing Procedures
Author: Richard W.Merritt, Kenneth W.Cummins and Vincent H. Resh
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51437
Title: General morphology of aquatic insects
Author: Kenneth W.Cummins and Richard W.Merritt
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51436
Title: Introduction
Author: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Editor: Richard W.Merritt and Kenneth W.Cummins
Year: 1996
Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Third Edition, 1996
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: An Introduction to the Aquatic insects of North America
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51435
Title: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - On the Megainvertebrate fauna (Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata) of Cenozoic and Mesozoic of kachchh, Gujarat and their stratigraphic implications
Author: T.K.Pal, S.K.Ray, B.Talukder and A.K.Jaitly
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2006
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, April 2006
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - On the Megainvertebrate fauna (Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata) of Cenozoic and Mesozoic of kachchh, Gujarat and their stratigraphic implications
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51434
Title: Manual on identification of schedule molluscs from India
Author: Ramakrishna and A.Dey
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2003
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, February 2003
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Manual on identification of schedule molluscs from India
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51433
Title: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs (Part - IV) Family TELLINIDAE
Author: A.Dey
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2006
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, August 2006
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs (Part - IV) Family TELLINIDAE
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51432
Title: Mangroves and their faunal associates in Kerala
Author: C.Radhakrishnan, K.G.Gopi, Muhamed Jafer Palot
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2006
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, April 2006
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Mangroves and their faunal associates in Kerala
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51431
Title: Comparative Limnology of few man-made lakes in and around Hyderabad, India
Author: S.Z.Siddiqi, R.A.khan
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2002
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, December 2002
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Comparative Limnology of few man-made lakes in and around Hyderabad, India
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
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ID: 51430
Title: Handbook on Mangrove Associate Molluscs of Sundarbans
Author: Anirudha Dey
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 2006
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, May 2006
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Handbook on Mangrove Associate Molluscs of Sundarbans
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51429
Title: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - Land Molluses of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Author: N.V.Subba Rao, S.C.Mitra
Editor: Director, Zoological Survey of India
Year: 1991
Publisher: Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, June, 1991
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Records of the Zoological Survey of India - Land Molluses of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51428
Title: A general account of the Mangrove fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Author: A.K.Das and M.K.Dev Roy
Editor: Mohammad Shamim Jairajpuri
Year: 1989
Publisher: Director, Zoological Survey of India, September, 1989
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: A general account of the Mangrove fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Keywords: None
Abstract: None
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None