ID: 51517
Title: Assessment of nutrients and organic carbon content in the sediments of Meenachil River
Author: Aneyamma Varughese, Cincy George and Sunny Kuriakose
Editor: Dr.R.K.Trivedy
Year: 2009
Publisher: Enviro Media, Vol 28 (2) : 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Nutrients, Organic carbon content, Meenachil River, Kerala
Abstract: This paper presents the result of some chemical characteristics of the sediments of Meenachil River, Kerala. The analysis was carried out at selected geologically important sites for a period of one year in 3 seasons, (Pre Monsoon, Monsoon and Post Monsoon). The analysis gives results showing the systematic variation in the nutrient and carbon content at various selected sites. The phosphorous content varies from 0.03 to 0.105 mg/g, nitrogen from 0.028 to 0.168 mg/g and organic C from 0.1790 to 0.3442 mg/g.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51516
Title: Assessment of fuel characteristics and emissions of biodiesel from Jatropha
Author: T.Banerjee, T.K.Bhattacharya and R.K.Gupta
Editor: Dr.R.K.Trivedy
Year: 2009
Publisher: Enviro Media, Vol 28 (2) : 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Biodiesel, Jatropha, Transesterification, Fuel characteristics, Emissions
Abstract: As an alternative fuel biodiesel produced from jatropha by transesterification has the potential to overcome the energy crisis, to meet the strict environmental emission regulations due to its technical feasibility, economic effeciency and for environmental safeguard. Pursuing the present experiment, ethanol is used for the transesterification considering its renewable nature over toxic methanol. In this experiment ethanol and methanol esters are produced to procure blends with diesel for the evaluation and characterisation of biodiesel in respect of fuel characteristics and then comparisons were made with standard diesel and raw oil. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of fuel values and twenty percent blending of esters can be recomended for the use in transportation sector. Two hour engine testing was also conducted for the determination of emission potential of the blends and comparison over diesel revealed that emission of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon reduced in case of biodiesel possibly due to its higher oxygen contents. NOx emission increased slightly in case of blends over diesel and therefore necessary engine modifications is recomended befor of its commercial release.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51515
Title: Performance evaluation of anaerobic treatability at various organic loading rate for dairy effluent
Author: A.Shoba, J.Abbas Mohaideen and P.Thamarai
Editor: Dr.R.K.Trivedy
Year: 2009
Publisher: Enviro Media, Vol 28 (2) : 2009
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Pollution Research
Keywords: Anaerobic treatment, Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Organic loading rate, COD Removal, Dairy Effluent
Abstract: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the performance efficiency of the ABR (anaerobic baffled reactor) in treating effluent of dairy factories under anaerobic condition. The laboratory model of ABR of 12 liters capacity was fabricated by acrylic sheet material provided with gas space partition, was used to study the anaerobic treatability of dairy effluent. The raw dairy effluent with different organic loading rate was fed into the ABR and the effluent was analyzed for COD removal and biogas production. The maximum COD removal of 91% along with 0.82 L/d biogas was observed during the experiment.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51514
Title: Assessment of Water Pollution through Its Electrical Conductivity and pH Measurement
Author: Ramesh Chandra Tiwari
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Water pollution, electrical conductivity, pH value
Abstract: The studies related to water pollution assessment has rarely been done for Mizoram, the remotest north-eastern state of India. In this hilly state, only 60% people of the state have the access to safe drinking water, in spite of high annual rainfall. The main sources of drinking water for the people in Mizoram are through streams, tap water, rain water and river water. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to assess the pollution of water obtained from different sources for thirty samples. The electrical conductivity and pH values of the collected samples have been measured at room temperature and analyzed. It has been found that the amount of pollution is higest in the stream water which is located in the vicinity of the drainage and garbage disposal point, while the fresh rain water has been found to be more polluted than stored rain water and the quality of tap water is even better than stored rain water. The measured pH values of various water samples also provide information about the acidic or basic character of water samples.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51513
Title: Treatment of Slaughterhouse Waste by an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor
Author: I.H.Farooqi, Asifuzzaman and Farrukh Basheer
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Anaerobic, hybrid reactor, slaughterhouse waste
Abstract: The study was carried out to assess the feasibility of using an anaerobic hybrid reactor for the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater. The reactor, consisting of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) at the bottom and an anaerobic filter at the top, was seeded with the digested sewage sludge and was initially fed with neutralized acetic acid for the activation of methanogens. Subsequently slaughterhouse waste was fed to the reactor. The experiments were conducted in five different phases by varying the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 24 hours to 18, 12, 8 and 4 hours. Influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 760 mg/L to a maximum of 4200 mg/L. The organic loading was progressively increased from a low of 0.76 kg COD/m3d-1 to a maximum of 20.24 kg COD/m3d-1 . In the first phase of the study the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased from 0.76 kg COD/m3d-1 to 2.88 kg COD/m3d-1 and an HRT of 24 hours was maintained. The COD removal efficiency increased from 47.3% to 96% when the reactor achieved steady state conditions. For the next three phases the OLR was increased from 2.24 kg COD/m3d-1 to 12.6 kg COD/m3d-1 by decreasing the HRT to 18, 12 and 8 hours. The COD removal efficiency dropped for few days but regained within a short time and was around 95% for each loading rate. However, as OLR was increased to 20.24 kg COD/m3d-1 and HRT was decreased to four hours, the COD removal efficiency decreased (64%). It is seen that the reactor performed well over a wide range of OLR and a COD and BOD removal efficiency of 95% was achieved till an HRT of eight hours. The solids removal efficiency was 73%. It is concluded that higher organic loadings can be applied to the reactor up to an HRT of eight hours and slaughterhouse waste can be successfully treated using anaerobic hybrid reactor. However additional units in series are required to bring the BOD level to permissible values.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51512
Title: Consequences of Natural Disaster
Author: Shaik Iftikhar Ahmed
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Flood, Patiala, ecosystem
Abstract: The phenomena of flood, a normal part of river ' s life cycle, is always considered to be an extreme event because its after-effects are misery, deaths, damages and destruction. The intensity of any disaster is weighed in terms of the quantum of damages done to the society. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consequences of flood disaster in Patiala district. The intensity and magnitude of flood damages has also been explained. The present study is based on the secondary data culled from the publications of Government of Punjab in the post-independence era. Both the socio-economic and ecological consequences of the natural disaster are conferred. During this period Patiala district experienced the most severe flood in its history in the year 1993. A case study of the impacts of 1993 flood has also been discussed to highlight the severity of the disaster. It is evident from the study of floods in Patiala district that floods are causing mass scale destructions to the property and infrastructure of the district. The frequently occurring disaster is also threatening human lives apart from damaging the ecological web in the district. The social and economic benefits of inhabiting flood plains are outweighed by the severe consequences of the floods.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51511
Title: Managing River Water Quality Index: A Malaysian Case Study
Author: Z.Ismail and R.Sulaiman
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Clean-up, Penchala river, proposal, polluted, water quality index
Abstract: The past few years have seen several issues that have led to the widespread concerns for the river environment in Malaysia. There has been inadequate supply of water in the big cities, unexpected floods threatening human lives and property, and the image of the country has been affected because of this recurring problem. This paper will discuss on the proposal to clean-up Penchala river in Kuala Lumpur. Penchala river is a tributary of the Klang River and passes through several important townships. Water Quality Index derived from parameters measured by the Department of Environment of Malaysia will be the bench-mark used to assess the severity of pollution condition in Penchala river. Proposed clean-up methods include public participation, engineering and river works and strict regulation by government. It is hoped that efforts from stakeholders can be harnessed to strive for a healthier Penchala River in the future.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51510
Title: A Holistic GIS-based Approach for Thematic Extraction of the Soil Erosion Estimates Using Predictors as a Function of Climate, Land Cover, Relief, Soil and Topography
Author: P.S.Senthil Kumar and S. Aruna Geetha
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Soil erosion, Geographical Information System (GIS), spatial modelling, data mining, digital soil mapping
Abstract: Present claim for update of existing soil information has taken a heavy toll to fit the needs of the current environmental modelling data demands. The information derived from the age old data of 1960 ' s and 1970 ' s that are being used in most cases at present situation are losing its relevance to represent the reality of now existing soil status. Due to various transformations that have undergone in the land use, crop management practices, intensive cultivation integrated with unscrupulous fertilization (imbalanced fertilization), certain fertile soils of the past have reached a status of degraded lands or unproductive lands. Henceforth, present focus is visualized on developing modelling approaches through exploitation of the new GIS and remote sensing techniques as a feasible option and to cut down the cost factor that would be a certain unaffordable demand through conventional approaches. In this study, "SEIMS network" (Soil and Enviornment based Mapping System) approach was adopted to update information on the soil loss due to water erosion. Conceptually, this approach is based on the principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (KDD) method. The spatial relationships among the independent variable related to the soil erosion process (predictors) are accounted to estimate soil erosion through spatial modelling. In this study, about four climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and rainfall seasonality), one for land cover (derived from MODIS spectral bands), three variables for soil attributes (soil crusting, soil erodibility, top soil organic carbon content) and two terrain parameters (altitude and slope) were chosen as preditors for modelling soil erosion process. The reclassified soil erosion map derived through SEIMS network scheme exhibited a better correlation (r2 = 0.891) with the published class-based soil erosion map of Tamil Nadu (NBSS & LUP, 1997). Thereby, holistic GIS-based approach was found to be efficient in transforming the useful sujective, qualitive and categorical information into objective and quantitative informaton serving the present demands of soil information update.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51509
Title: Food Industry Effluent Treatment: An Advance Anaerobic Method
Author: Jyotsana Pathak and R.K.Srivastava
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Anaerobic treatment, slime, inoculums, food industry effluent, up flow reactor
Abstract: In present study a food industry effluent was studied to find out its pollutants concentrations and to suggest a modified anaerobic treatment method which has a low cost technology for treatment of effluent. The performance of this modified method was compared with conventional anaerobic treatment method. Various experiments have been performed to find out suitability of this modified technology which was named as Up flow anaerobic sludge filter reactor (UFASFR). It was found that removal efficiency of pollutants was higher with UFASFR as compared with Conventional anaerobic reactor (CAR). It was also envisaged that hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hrs was best suited for the treatment of food industry effluent by UFASFR treatment method.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51508
Title: Evaluating Externally Funded Water Supply Projects in Nigeria
Author: P.A. Okereke and E.C. Onyenechere
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Evaluating, externally, funded, Nigeria, projects, water
Abstract: Hitherto, most policy issues in connection with water supply were usually without any detailed financial and economic feasibility studies. This has been so because of the popularly held misconception that water is a social commodity, which should be provided free of charge by government. With the now common resort to external loans to fund water project, the issue of project evaluation has become a precondition by foreign creditors such as the World Bank and the African Devlopement Bank. This paper examines the necessity for evaluating externally funded water supply projects in Nigeria using the National Water Rehabilitation Project (NWRP) in some States as a case study. It examines some popular methods used in evaluating projects, noting that these methods are not suitable for water projects because SWAs in Nigeria have no investment options than in water supply for now. The paper suggests the adoption of the "priority index ' approach.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51507
Title: Dissolved Heavy Metals and Water Quality in the Surface Waters of Rivers and Drainages of the West Peninsular Malaysia
Author: C.K.Yap, M.S. Fairuz, K.L. Yeow, M.Y.Hatta, A. Ismail, A. Rahim Ismail and S.G.Tan
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Water quality, dissolved heavy metals, rivers and drainages, west Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract: The dissolved concentrations of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe and Zn), temperature, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity and conductivity were determined in the surface waters of 24 geographical sampling sites including city and urban drainages and rivers, from the west Peninsular Malaysia, collected in January to April 2005. From these sampling sites, the ranges (min-max) of dissolved metal concentrations (mg/L) were Cd: 0.001- 0.055, Cu: 0.001-0.1773, Pb : 0.001-1.523, Ni: 0.001-0.246, Fe: 0.001-35.67 and Zn: 0.0001-0.609 while for the water quality are pH: 4.96-9.81, dissolved oxygen (0.39-7.26 mg/L), total dissolved solids (0.002-10.02 mg/L), salinity (0.00-8.93 ppt), conductivity (3.33-17423 ?S/cm) and temperature (27.8- 35.3oC). Some sites with elevated dissolved concentrations of heavy metals and poor water quality indicated the anthropogenic inputs of industrial and urban wastes. Regular monitoring of water quality in all drainage waters is recommended.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51506
Title: Invasion of Alien Species in Wetlands of Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India
Author: C.Sudhakar Reddy, M.Rangaswamy, Chiranjibi Pattanaik and C.S. Jha
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Wetland, invasion, flora, Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract: The expansion of invasive alien plants in wetlands leads to loss of native plant diversity. Invasive weeds are also responsible for shrinking of water bodies and becoming a severe environmental problem. In this context, plant diversity of wetlands in Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, was surveyed. 149 species of higher plants have been listed to which 108 were dicots followed by 40 monocots, and one pteridophyte.Species are distributed in 129 genera and belongs to 60 families. Poaceae is the dominant family with 28 species followed by Euphorbiaceae (9), Papilionaceae (8), Asteraceae (7) and Mimosaceae (7). Various members have been categorized into nine morpho-ecological groups. Out of all species, planted species (48), dry bank species (46) and wetland hydrophytes (38) contribute to the high diversity. Of the 101 natural species, alien plants represent 41.6% of the flora. Habit-wise analysis of natural flora shows that herbs are occupying higher proportion (86.1%) with 87 species followed by shrubs (6.9%) and climbers (4%). Among the 48 planted species, 25 are alien ones. The presence of Eichhornia crassipes, Typha angustata, Prosopis juliflora and Ipomoea carnea are considered as one of the most serious threat to the Samaspur wetlands. Effective steps are to be taken for conserving these wetlands.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51505
Title: Tannery Effluents Quality Evaluation Using Principal Component Analysis for Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano, Nigeria
Author: J.Yisa, E.B.Agbaji and E.M.Okonkwo
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Tannery effluents, Principal component analysis (PCA), Pollution,
Abstract: Physical and chemical parameters monitored at eight locations in Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the factors associated with the tannery effluents pollution variability and to obtain the spatial and temporal changes in the effluent quality. Temperature, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, chloride, sulphide, alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demands and chemical oxygen demands were the main patterns extracted. The spatial analysis isolated six sampling sites showing a possible point source of pollution. Six of the properties (temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sulphide, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) exceed apparent standard limit for industrial effluent discharge in Nigeria for most of the tanneries. Treatments of these effluents are also recommended before discharge.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51504
Title: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Potable Water Production: An Analysis of Green House Gases Emission from Chemicals and Electricity Usage in Water Treatment in Malaysia
Author: Amir Hamzah Sharaai, Noor Zalina Mahmood and Abdul Halim Sulaiman
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Sustainable development, climate change, green house gases, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), electricity generation
Abstract: It is undeniable that we cannot live without water. Safe and clean water supply is crucial to human life activities. It is estimated that 80 percent of all diseases and more than a third of death in this world is caused by using contaminted water. Constant effort that started in the 1980s has brought water services and sanitation to hundreds of millions of the poor population of the world. Among the efforts are the launch of Sanitation Century and International Drinking Water supply in 1981 resulting in the Mar del Plata Action plan used by the United Nations. But do we know that to produce clean drinking water, chemicals and electricity are needed? Life cycle assessment (LCA) has found that the chemicals and electricity generation in the drinking water production has the potential of releasing green house gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and dinitrogen monoxide. Thus raising the dilemma between basic necessity and the issue of saving the world from the impact of climate change. The use of LCA as a tool to achieve sustainable development could detect weakness in any system studied. Analysis has shown that the electricity generation using natural gas fuel emits the highest green house gases such as carbon dioxide (95.26%) and methane (4.47%) while PAC contributes the lowest. This situation should be solved by using electricity generated from alternative sources such as photovoltaic and hydroelectric that emits less green house gases.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None
ID: 51503
Title: Evaluation of Water Quality along the Bank of River Hoogly (Kolkata Metropolitan Area) Using the Physico-Chemical Parameter and Water Quality Index
Author: Diptendu Datta, Prasanta Kumar Banerjee and Siddhartha Datta
Editor: V.Subramanian
Year: 2009
Publisher: Capital Publishing Company, July 2009, Vol 6, No 3
Source: Centre for Ecological Science,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
Reference: None
Subject: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Keywords: Gangetic delta, Water Quality Index (WQI), physico-chemical parameter, heavy metal, urban waste water, high tide, low tide
Abstract: The Hoogly River in the Gangetic delta plays a fundamental role in local society, as a source of irrigation and drinking water and as a sink for urban waste water. In order to analyze spatial and temporal variability of the overall water quality of the watershed Water Quality Index (WQI) by aggregative and multiplicative methods were calculated from eight physico-chemical parameter taking water samples from six different locations in and around Kolkata throughout a year during both high tide and low tide conditions. Seasonally, it was found that water quality decreases from winter to summer but it improves during monsoon. Depending on the location, different parameters like BOD, COD, DO, Conductivity etc. were responsible for the episodic fluctuation of water quality. The study reveals that the tributaries like Damodar, Roopnaryan and urban waste water discharge jointly contribute to the appreciable content of toxic metal in the bottom sediment of Hoogly River.
Location: 241
Literature cited 1: None
Literature cited 2: None