Conclusion

GeoMod was applied to the model and simulate the processes of urban development of a Bangalore considering a 10 km buffer. The expansion of urban impervious areas contributed to changes in other land use categories within the metropolitan area. This situation was exhibited by urban growth from 2008 to 2012, with additional patches of the urban area coming up in the peri-urban and buffer zones. This analysis helps the planners and institution enforcers of Bangalore to plan and develop the city and maintain the balance of all land use necessary in the system. Advantages for modelling urban development with help of GIS layers that was introduced by various authors were effectively utilised in this study improved the prediction capability of Geomod. The application of GeoMod produced land use maps with intermittent of time change of 2 years from 2008 to 2020 showed unprecedented growth of urban extent and points out the challenge to the planners and managers to effectively tackle the menace. Landscape metrics quantified also made the argument stronger for effective planning, with all metrics indicating the clumped and a simply shaped growth. The loss in of all other categories of land use for development of urban needs may have unfavourable penalties. The results from this study encourage and policymakers to explore various spatial models as effective tools for planning further developments.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to
(1) Science and Engineering Research Board, India
(2) the Sponsored Research Cell Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
(3) Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and West Bengal for the financial support to carryout research
(4) Indian Institute of Science for infrastructural support.