Introduction :
India is a mega diversity country with an enormous repository of biological wealth in
terms of flora (45,000 species), fauna (75,000 species) and microorganisms. It is also
endowed with a rich and invaluable, cultural and traditional knowledge, and practice
systems. Our country is well known for its indigenous systems of medicines like
Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, etc. New pharmaceutical products are being identified based
on this and their effects are to be validated. We need to plan to conserve and sustain this
biological wealth for our next generations.
Conservation of this biodiversity through sustainable ecosystem management approaches
is important to humankind for various reasons. Ecosystems are the life supporting
systems. It facilitates mankind with several services like extractive benefits (such as
foodstuff, fibres, timber, biomass fuel, precursors to various industrial and
pharmaceutical products, etc.) and non-extractive benefits (such as water purification,
renewal of soil fertility, climate regulation, pollination, pest control, etc.). In addition, it
also provides intellectual, aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual values. Human health
and well-being is directly proportional to the environmental conditions that prevail in a
particular geographical region.
Human beings have been interested in ecology since the beginning of civilization. Even
our ancient scriptures have included practices and values related with ecological and
environmental conservation. The concept of ecological and environmental conservation “enters into every form of religion…. It rests on the earliest conceptions of the unity of
life in nature, in the sense of communion and fellowship with the divine centre and source
of life…”. The protection of forests as sacred forests and of several tree species as sacred
trees belongs to the religion-based conservation ethos of ancient people all over the
world. Although such practices became extinct in most parts of the world, basically due
to changes in religion, and during recent times due to changes in resource use patterns,
conserving sacred forests continue to be of much importance in religion, culture and
resource use systems in many parts of India. Indian nationalism has grown out of the
amalgamation of scores of nature-based local cultures and practices, evident from the
worship of plants, groves, animals and natural objects like rivers, mountains, ant-hills and
rocks. Ancient Indian scriptures, while advocating conservation of sacred forests, do
highlight the importance of planting trees and groves. For example, the Vriksotsavavidhi
of the Matsyapurana attaches great importance to the planting of trees and even to the
celebration of the tree festival or ‘vana mahostav’. It emphasises the importance of
planting a tree thus: "A son is equal to ten deep reservoirs of water and a tree planted is
equal to ten sons". A tree laden with flowers and fruits saves its dependents (birds,
humans, etc.) from distress, just as a good son saves his family.
One of the most widespread conservation practices in India is the protection given to
trees of the genus Ficus (Ficus religiosa; pipal tree or ashwatta), which dot the
countryside and are often the only large trees in the midst of towns and cities. These trees
have a conspicuous position in the cultural landscape of India for more than 5,000 years.
It was depicted even on Mohenjo Daro artefacts. Buddha had attained enlightenment
under a pipal tree. Ficus sp. are now recognised as keystone resources of tropical forests,
‘fruiting’ often at times when most other species are without fruits. Thus, humans are
inextricably linked to and dependent upon ecosystems for their very survival. However,
enhanced human activities during the recent years have induced stresses on ecosystems,
necessitating the understanding of ecosystems.
The life supporting systems of the planet’s biosphere are being threatened due to
deforestation, destruction of habitats, overuse of energy resources and environmental
pollution1. Changes in the Earth’s climate, decline and deterioration of natural resources,
the accumulation of waste products, soil exhaustion and the destruction of ecosystems,
are already apparent. In the recent past, the anthropogenic activities triggered by the
burgeoning human population, ever expanding industrial and urban growth, changing
values, lifestyles, and many other factors have led to the overuse of natural resources,
accumulation of waste products, pollution, soil exhaustion, deforestation, destruction of
natural habitats, etc. These have altered ecosystem structure in terms of its function and
distribution resulting in the extinction (gone forever or irreversible) of a large number of
plant and animal species, many more are in the verge of extinction, while others are
threatened or vulnerable. Consequent to this, changes in the Earth’s climate has also lead
to global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals,
and increase in the natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc., that have
made everyone aware of the growing environmental concerns. The process of
degradation and species loss could be arrested through an understanding of ecological
processes. It is essential to adopt several different approaches for managing the
ecosystem and biodiversity, in order to bring about conservation of natural resources
through sustainable management approaches. The need for sustainable development is a
key to the future of humankind2,3.
It is even more critical than ever before for the humankind as a whole to have a clear
understanding of environmental concerns and to follow sustainable development
practices now. The degradation of our environment is linked to the continuing problems
of pollution, loss of forest, solid waste disposal, and issues related to economic
productivity and national as well as ecological security. Environmental management has
gained momentum in the recent years with the initiatives focussing on managing
environmental hazards and preventing possible disasters4.
Environmental education focusing on real-world contexts and issues often begins close to
home, encouraging learners to forge connections with and understand their immediate
surroundings. The awareness, knowledge, and skills needed for these local connections
and understandings provide a base for moving out into larger systems, broader issues, and
a more sophisticated comprehension of causes, connections, and consequences. Thus,
environmental education will certainly help us to recognise the importance of
investigating the environment within the context of human influences, incorporating an
examination of economics, culture, political structure, and social equity as well as natural
processes and systems. The ultimate goal of environmental education is to develop an
environmentally literate public. It needs to address the connection between our
conception and practice of education and our relationship as human cultures to lifesustaining
ecological systems. For each environmental issue there are many perspectives
and much uncertainty. Environmental education cultivates the ability to recognise
uncertainty, envision alternative scenarios, and adapt to changing conditions and
information. This knowledge, skill, and mindset translate into a citizenry who is better
equipped to address its common problems and take advantage of opportunities, whether
environmental concerns are involved or not. |