References
References
- Bellandi, M. “External economies and local public goods in clusters and industrial districts: Some views”, 6th International EUNIP CONFERENCE, Turku, Finland, 5–7 December, 2002.
- Ittyerah, A. C, Evaluation Study of Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme. Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi, 2009.
- Ketels, C. H. M. The Development of the cluster concept – present experiences and further developments. NRW conference on clusters, Duisburg, Germany, 5 Dec 2003, 2003.
- Oxford Research A.S. Cluster Policy in Europe. A brief summary of cluster policies in 31 European countries. Kristiansand, Norway, 2008.
- Porter, M. E. “Location, competition and economic development: local clusters in a global economy”, Economic Development Quarterly 14(1), 15–34, 2000.
- Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Panel. Prepared by Gadgil M et al. and submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, 2011.
- Schmitz, H, Collective efficiency and increasing returns. IDS Working Paper 50, 1997.
- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). Cluster Development for Pro-poor Growth. Business, Investment and Technology Services Branch Technical Paper Series. Programme Development and Technical Cooperation Division, UNIDO, Vienna, 2010.
Figure 1: Cluster-based developmental approaches for Uttara Kannada district
Figure 2.1: Clusters for taluks in the Coastal agro-climatic zone
Agro-climatic Zone: Coast |
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ANKOLA |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Biopesticides, food products, gem and jewellery, readymade garments; training centre for fashion technology; watermelon cultivation; fish products; home stays; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping and bee-nurseries; VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, home for elderly; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; watermelon cultivation; mango pulp; mango nursery; incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; VFC-managed health tourism; Motigudda home stays and tree houses; mango pulp; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, rewards and/or incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; sericulture |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; nursery for forestry, avenue trees; herbal toilet soaps; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, rewards and/or incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; sericulture |
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Bhatkal |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, home for elderly; vegetable dyes, readymade garments; jasmine cultivation, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; biopesticides and bio-fertilizers; VFC/individuals managed home stay tourism, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; medicinal plants cultivation and processing; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping and bee nurseries; livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; herbal toilet soaps, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; VFC-managed home stay tourism |
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imagesKumta |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Vegetable dyes; Coconut products (virgin coconut oil; purified oil; spray-dried coconut milk powder, desiccated coconut, coconut vinegar), hand-made paper; cloth and paper bags; wood carving; metal inlaid wood carving; training centre for handicrafts; jewellery development and training centre; organic lime industry; Alvekodi onion expansion and storage, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Dry fish, marine algae products; coastal home stay tourism; training in tourism management; training in making palm-bamboo cottages; training in stone carving; Pandanus leaf products; Integrated, participatory planning and management of Aghanashini estuary; bio-shielding and turtle conservation programmes; bivalve processing and canning; Aghanashini Biodiversity Heritage site management; bivalve shell mining to be reviewed; sand mining to sustainable limits, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Vegetable dyes; home stay tourism; iodized salt, confectionery, bakery; bakery training centre for women; beekeeping; training centre for beekeeping; arts and handicrafts museum and trade centre; sale of organic products; certified organic eateries, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, home for elderly; cloth and paper carry bags; mangrove study tourism, bird watching and sport fishing; estuary interpretation centre, VFC-run estuarine holiday home; fish breeding area cum mangrove conservation (VFC-managed); mangrove diversity area (various mangrove species and associates to be grown); estuarine crab fattening area; integrated, participatory planning and management of Aghanashini estuary; sand mining to sustainable limits, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; sericulture |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; poultry, poultry feed, powdered eggs, vegetable dyes, kokum products, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; sericulture |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, vegetable dyes, medicinal plants cultivation and processing; pickles from wild berries etc; cane and palm leaf products; VFC-managed holiday home palm houses; Yana trekking and bird watching; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Honnavar |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; organic products certification; honey testing lab; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; organic coconut hair oil; coconut oil natural soap; Calophyllum inophyllum cultivation and biodiesel; wood carving; metal inlaid wood crafts, incentives to certified organic farmers; tour operators |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, dry fish, home stay tourism; academy for Yakshagana and performing arts; Calophyllum inophyllum cultivation, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; cloth and paper bags |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; cattle feed; coir products; training centre for coir products; backwater tours in native crafts; river front home stays, incentives for rare traditional cultivars; incentives for certified organic farmers |
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Coastal home stay tourism; training in making palm-bamboo cottages; Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; Calophyllum inophyllum cultivation, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers; |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; woodland holiday homes of bamboo and palms; trekking trail to Govardhanagiri (Kanur fort) and bird watching; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers; areca-spathe products |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; cane and palm leaf products; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; medicinal plants cultivation & processing, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers |
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Karwar images |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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IT-related development; vegetable dyes; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; gems and jewellery, ornament designing centre, Tulsi cultivation and extracts; integrated participatory management of Kali estuary; tour operators |
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Dry fish; coastal home stay tourism; training in making palm cottages; medicinal plants cultivation; Noni cultivation; Tulsi cultivation and extracts; integrated participatory management of Kali estuary; cloth and paper bags; turtle conservation |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, home for elderly; coir products; backwater tours in native crafts; river front home stays; integrated participatory management of Kali estuary, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; coir products; hospital services; integrated participatory management of Kali estuary, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers; sericulture |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers; areca-spathe products; sericulture |
Figure 2.2: Clusters for taluks in the hilly agro-climatic zone
Siddapur |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture, home for elderly; organic products certification; microwave assisted hot air and vacuum drying of food & spices, ayurvedic medicines; sun-dried fruits and vegetables; training centre for beekeeping and honey testing lab, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping and bee nurseries; livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; palm sugar; aromatic plants and essential oil distillation; orchids and cut flowers, indoor plants, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; cloth and paper bags |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; handmade paper products; palm sugar; aromatic plants and essential oil distillation; wild mango pickles; orchids and cut flowers, indoor plants; home-made organic chocolates; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; VFC/individual managed home stay tourism |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; fruits and vegetables preservation; wild mango pickles; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; indoor plants and orchids; medicinal plants cultivation and processing; organic village home stay tourism; handmade paper products; palm sugar; wild mango pickles; home-made organic chocolates; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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images Supa (Joida) |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Beekeeping, Fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; handmade paper; cloth and paper bags; sports goods-making; leather products; computer training centre; weaving with palm leaves, cane and bamboo works; training in making bamboo products; Pandanus leaf products; trekking and bird watching to Sintheri Rocks and Kavala caves, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping, organic and forest honey sales, medicinal plants cultivation and processing; VFC-managed home stay tourism; wildlife tourism Anshi National park; Ulavi pilgrimage; tourist cottages in Ulavi; training in tourism management; VFC-managed holiday home bamboo cottages; pickles from wild berries; Tulsi cultivation and extracts; bamboo mat painting; incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; water-sports training; VFC-managed home stay tourism in forest villages; holiday home bamboo cottages; monsoon trail to Dudhsagar Falls; aromatic plants and essential oil distillation; orchids and cut flowers; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; nursery for forestry and avenue trees; bamboo products; orchids and cut flowers; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; VFC/individual managed holiday homes |
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Yellapur |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Beekeeping, training centre for beekeeping; forest honey; honey testing lab; livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, home for elderly; handloom units; VFC/individual run home stay tourism; holiday home bamboo-palm cottages; training in making bamboo-palm cottages; Pongamia plantations and biodiesel unit, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; bamboo products; Pongamia plantations; aromatic plants and essential oil distillation, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; cloth and paper bags |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; Pongamia plantations; desiccated banana, jackfruit, papaya etc., incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping and honey certification; livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; home stay tourism; orchids and cut flowers; home-made organic chocolates; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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images Sirsi |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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IT-related activities, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, fish farming, home for elderly; vegetable dyes, food products; entrepreneur development institutes; incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; mulberry nursery; sericulture training institutes; home stay tourism; hybrid seeds, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; hybrid seeds, incentives for rare traditional cultivars; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; aromatic plants and essential oil distillation; medicinal plants and processing units; home-made organic chocolates, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers, incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; cloth and paper bags |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; medicinal plant cultivation and processing; holiday home woodland cottages; orchids and cut flowers; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations; vegetable dyes; orchids and cut flowers; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; areca products |
Figure 2.3: Clusters for taluks in the plains agro-climatic zone
imagesHaliiyal |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Beekeeping, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, sericulture, home for elderly; vegetable dyes; medicinal plants cultivation and processing; bamboo products; Tulsi cultivation and extracts; hybrid seeds, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, sericulture; vegetable dyes; handmade paper products; home stay tourism; bamboo products; Pongamia plantations, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; VFC/individual managed home-stay tourism; training in making bamboo cottages |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, sericulture; Pongamia and neem plantations; biodiesel and bio-pesticides; tamarind plantations and products; poultry; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, sericulture; mulberry nursery; Pongamia and neem plantations; bio-pesticides and biodiesel; purified neem oil; hybrid seeds; poultry, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, sericulture; poultry feed; Pongamia and neem plantations; biodiesel and bio-pesticides; bio-fertilizers; purified neem oil; hybrid seeds; poultry and powdered eggs; tamarind products, tamarind nursery, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; tour operators |
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imagesMundgod |
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Clusters |
Activities |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; CFTRI-based ragi products; organic tomato sauce, poultry, powdered eggs; training institute for handloom and wool-weaving; mango pulp; home stay (linked to mainly Tibetan colony visits), incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture, poultry, tamarind farms and tamarind products (concentrates etc.); mango pulp, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; training in making bamboo cottages |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; tamarind farms and tamarind products (concentrates etc.), incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition; cloth and paper bags |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; vegetable dyes; mint cultivation & encapsulation; hybrid seeds, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives to certified organic farmers; incentives for community/private sacred groves in good condition |
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Beekeeping, fish farming, livestock and dairying, gobar gas, VFC/panchayat FHM plantations, sericulture; medicinal plants cultivation & processing; hybrid seeds; hospital services, incentives for rare traditional cultivars, incentives for certified organic farmers |