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| Table 1. 2. Basic Data Relating to Pulp | |||||||||||
| Abbrev. | Type | Yield as a % of raw material | Spec. energy consumption (kWh/t pulp) | Rel. chemical use in relation to raw material | Rel. pollutant output after process untreated, | Rel. environmental impact after treatment (a) | |||||
| Wood | Annual plants | Wood | Annual plants | Wood | Annual plants | Wood | Annual plants | Wood | Annual plants | ||
| GW | "mechanical" stock (wood pulp) | 99-100 | -- | 1600-2000 | -- | very low | -- | low | -- | low | -- |
| TMP | Thermo-mech. pulp | 97-98 | -- | 1800-2400 | -- | very low | -- | low | -- | low | -- |
| CTMP | Chem. thermo- mech. pulp | 91-97 | -- | low | -- | medium | -- | low | -- | ||
| CMP | Chem. mech. pulp | 82-96 | (70-80) | min. 930 | min. 600 | medium | (medium) | medium | medium | low | low |
| SCP | Semi- chemical pulp | 62-82 | 50-60 | 800-900 | 500-600 | high | medium | high | high | low | low/very high (c) |
| CP | Chemical pulp | 40-60 | 30-40 | very high | high | very high | very high | low/medium (b) | low/very high (c) | ||
| AP | Waste paper stock | 80-95 | 200-400 | low | low/medium | low | |||||
(a): state-of-the-art emission treatment
(b): noxiousness dependent on the type of bleaching chemicals:
with or without chlorine
(c): dependent on the technical or economic feasibility of
recovery or destruction of spent pulping chemicals
| Table 2.2.1A Aqueous Emissions Pulp and Paper Mills Page 1 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Open water circuits | Large quantity of wastewater | Large treatment plant, high energy and chemical consumption | Closing of internal circuits | To approx. 80% |
| Undissolved substances from various sources/ careless process control | Organic fibre components and inorganic components (dirt), filler remains | Turbidity, color, oxygen
consumption, smell |
Division of process water flows, closing of circuits in mill, improved filtration | Varies depending on production type |
| Dissolved substances from pulp production and recovery | Ligno-sulphonates, other lignin decomposition products, crude tall oil etc., organic sulphur compounds, Na salts | Marked brown coloration, oxygen consumption (in part difficultly degradable), odour nuisance | Optimisation of process stages, leak prevention, recycling of leaked liquid | Up to 90% |
| Pulp bleaching | Decomposition products of lignin and hemicellulose, chlorinated organic compounds, Na and Cl salts | Oxygen consumption (in part difficultly degradable), discoloration, toxicity | Recycling of filtrates in plant, leak prevention, conversion to chlorine-free/ low-chlorine bleaching | Chlorinated compounds up to 100%, others only slightly |
| Condensates | Organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, uncondensed gases) | High oxygen consumption , color, odour nuisance | Liquor stripping in/before condensation, combustion or separate processing of stripper gases | Up to over 90% |
| Table 2.2.1A Aqueous Emissions Pulp and Paper Mills Page 2 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Chemicals from waste paper pro-cessing | Printing ink components (in part containing heavy metals), dyes, processing chemicals, complex salts | Turbidity, oxygen consumption, toxicity (with heavy metals) | Closed circuit management (restricted), toxicity can be reduced indirectly by using printing inks without heavy metal components | Oxygen consumption low, toxicity high |
| Paper manufacture | Remains of chemical additives (dyes, brighteners, anti-foaming agents, retention and cleaning agents, fillers) | Turbidity, oxygen consumption (toxicity, if additive toxic) | As for waste paper | As for waste paper |
| Coating plant | Coating materials (latex, clay, emulsifiers, starch etc.) | Turbidity, oxygen consumption | Careful process management to prevent losses | -- |
| Wastewater from secondary installations | Chemicals from water softening/ demineralisation, clarification salts etc. | Salt content | -- | -- |
| Table 2.2.1A Aqueous Emissions Pulp and Paper Mills Page 3 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Wastewater treatment plant | A) In the
wastewater: oxygen-consuming substances (lignin and
cellulose decomposition), dyes |
Turbidity, discoloration,
oxygen consumption
|
Mechanical (sedimentation,
filtration, flotation), biological (aerobic, anaerobic)
and possibly chemical (precipitation, adsorption with
active carbon etc.) wastewater treatment Sludge |
Colour: 95%, oxygen: up to
around 60%, (pulp) and up to 95% (paper), colouring: up
to 100% Over 90% |
Table 2.2.1 B Examples of Quantitative Emission Values Aqueous emissions, pulp production, untreated
| Table 2.2.1 B Examples of Quantitative Emission Values | ||||||
| Aqueous emissions, pulp production, untreated | ||||||
| Wastewater quantity m³/t | BOD kg/t | COD kg/t | ss kg/t | AOx kg/t | TOX (TEF) | |
| Wood pulp TMP CTMP SC C sulphate C sulphite |
1) 2) 20 8 50 50 225 450 |
1) 2) 10-30 15-28 315) 10-20 40-605) 250-500* 60-200* * |
1) 2) 3xBOD 3xBOD |
1) 2) |
3) 4) 1-2 5 0-0.2 5 |
|
| Aqueous emissions, paper production, untreated | ||||||
| Graphic papers Newsprint MF writing and printing papers Industrial papers Common wrapping papers |
25 80 70 180 0 50 |
1-2 0 3 |
0 - 3 |
10 40 30 80 0 10-30 |
-- |
6) |
* : no chemical recovery
* * : with
chemical recovery
1) with water circuits largely closed in the mill
2) with water circuits largely open
3) with chlorinated bleaches largely avoided
4) with chlorinated bleach
5) value range SSVL (Sweden)
6) printing inks containing heavy metals can yield toxic sludges
TEF Toxicity Emission Factor
Table 2.2.2 A Emissions into the Air Pulp and Paper Mills
| Table 2.2.2 A Emissions into the Air Pulp and Paper Mills Page 1 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in the sector |
Substances emitted | Impacts | Reduction measures (state-of-the-art) in the mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Raw material crushing and cleaning (chopping of wood, straw etc.) | Organic dust | Fire risk constituting health hazard | Extracting of air and cleaning in cyclones (and/or filtering, recycling, burning or dumping of dust) | up to 100% |
| Waste gases from digesters, steaming out of equipment and vessels | Steam, turpentine, other HC compounds, SO2 | Fire risk, odour nuisance, health hazard, acid rain | Condense steam and turpentine, recycle turpentine, burn residue, recycle SO2 in the process, scrub residual gases | 99 + |
| TRS | Odour nuisance | Collect and burn TRS (cannot be condensed) | 99 + | |
| Fumes of spent liquor condensation plant | Steam, terpenses, methanol, TRS | Odour nuisance | Collect and burn gases | 95 + |
| Steam | -- | -- | -- | |
| SO2 | Acid rain | Absorption in alkaline gas scrubbers, recycling in process | 99 + | |
| NO2 | Ozone formation | In development: noncatalytic conversion | 0 | |
| TRS | Odour nuisance process | State-of-the-art process | 99 + | |
| Recovery boiler (waste gases) | CO | Health hazard | Minimise by process | 0 |
| CO2 | Greenhouse effect | Unavoidable, does not pollute global balance | 0 | |
| Dust | Health hazard | Electro-filters, recycling in process | 99 + | |
| Table 2.2.2 A Emissions into the Air Pulp and Paper Mills Page 2 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in the sector | Substances emitted | Impacts | Reduction measures (state-of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Steam | -- | -- | -- | |
| SO2 | Acid rain | Use of S-free fuel oil or natural gas; in development: wood and bark gas | 95 + | |
| CO | Health hazard | Minimise by process management | 0 | |
| Lime kiln (waste gases) | NOx | Ozone formation | Reduction not yet
state-of-the-art (cf. cement sector) |
0 |
| TRS | Odour nuisance | Minimisation possible by good process management | 99 + | |
| Dust | Health hazard | Electric filters and
recycling in process |
99 + | |
| Steam | -- | -- | -- | |
| Steam boiler fired by bark or waste wood | CO2 and CO | Greenhouse effect, health hazard | Unavoidable, but does not affect the global balance, minimisation by process management | |
| (waste gases) | Hydrocarbons | Greenhouse effect, health hazard | Minimisation by process management | as above |
| NOx | Ozone formation | In development: conversion from non-catalytic to catalytic | ||
| Steam | -- | -- | ||
| Furnaces to destroy sludges and residues | CO2 CO |
Greenhouse effect, health hazard | As above , minimisation by process management | as above |
| NOx | Ozone formation | Currently not state-of-the-art | ||
| Dust | Health hazard | Scrubbers, cyclones, dump | ||
| Table 2.2.2A Emissions into the Air Pulp and Paper Mills Page 3 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Fumes of bleaching towers, bleach preparation, chlorine transport | Chlorine Chlorine dioxide SO2 |
Health hazard " " |
Extract fumes and wash in scrubbers, return to process | Up to 100 |
| Waste air from transport equipment for raw materials and products | Motor exhaust NOx, CO, HC, CO2 |
Health hazard, atmospheric effects |
Catalysts, diesel operation with soot filters, use of electric vehicles where possible | Up to 90 |
| Paper dryer, paper machine (ditto coating and laminating machines) | Steam | -- | -- | -- |
| Organic solvents |
Health hazard | Gas scrubbing, carbon filters with recovery, also use of water-soluble auxiliaries | Up to 95 | |
| Processing of additives, waste air from vacuum pumps | Steam | -- | -- | -- |
| Waste air from transport equipment for raw materials and products | Motor exhaust, NOx, CO, HC, CO2 |
Health hazard | Catalysts, diesel with soot filters, use of electric vehicles where possible | Up to 90 |
Table 2.2.2B Emissions into the Air Typical for the Sector, State-of-the-Art, Limit Values
| Table 2.2.2B Emissions into the Air Typical for the Sector, State-of-the-Art, Limit Values | |||
| Emission | Source | State-of-the-art mg/Nm3 |
Typical limit values mg/Nm3 |
| Dust | - Power boiler - Absorption plant, Mg, Ca bisulphite and magnefite process - Lime-burning kiln - Smelt-dissolving tank |
less than 50 less than 50 less than 50 less than 50 |
50 (ÖNorm) 50 (ÖNorm) 50 (ÖNorm) |
| SO2 | - Power boiler - Absorption plant, Mg, Ca bisulphite process - Ditto magnefite process - Lime-burning kiln with TRS burning |
less than 50 less than 250 less than 250 less than 400 |
400 (Önorm) 700 (ÖNorm) 300 (ÖNorm) 400 (ÖNorm) |
| CO | - Power boiler - Lime kiln |
less than 100 less than 250 |
cf. TA-Luft generally: oil-fired: 170 solid fuel: 250 |
| Organic C | - Lime kiln | less than 50 | 150 mg/m3 (TA-Luft) |
| NOx | - Power boiler - Lime burning kiln |
less than 200 less than 900 |
400 mg/m3 HMW (LRV-K, 1989) (1,500 TA-Luft, rotary kiln for lime) |
| TRS | - Power boiler - Lime-burning kiln - Smelt-dissolving tank |
less than 5 ppm V less than 8 ppm V 8.4 g/t BLS |
5 ppm V (EPA) 8 ppm V (EPA) 8.4 g/t BLS (EPA) |
| Inorganic Chlorine/ Chlorides |
- Bleaching plant - Chemical processing |
Cl2 and CL: less than 10 mg/m3 |
Cl2: 5 mg/m3 (TA-Luft Cl: 30 mg/m3 as HCl (TA-Luft) |
| HMW: Mean hourly value LRV: Luftreinhalteverordnung (ordinance on clean air) |
|||
Table 2.2.3 Solid Waste Pulp and Paper Mills
| Table 2.2.3 Solid Waste Pulp and Paper Mills Page 1 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Raw material transport and
preparation: Wood |
Bark Wood shavings |
Space required | Burning for energy generation |
> 95 |
| Straw | Binding wire | " | Collection, compacting, scrap trade |
-- |
| Pulp cleaning | Knots, bundles of fibre, sand |
" " |
Incineration for energy
generation, dumping |
> 95 0 |
| Quality Control | Rejected product | " | Return to process |
> 85 |
| Chemical recovery, removal of foreign ions | Lime sludge* or lime Sulphate soap** |
Ground water pollution Process problems |
Recycling in lime- processing industries, dumping Recycling as raw material for chemical works |
0 - 80 Up to 100 |
| Waste paper treatment | Iron wire, plastic film, string |
Space required | Dumping | -- |
| Waste paper de-inking | Printing ink sludge (may contain heavy metals) |
Ground water contamination |
Incineration or special dump |
Up to 85 |
| * in sulphate and soda pulp mills ** ditto for softwood | ||||
| Table 2.2.3 Solid Waste Pulp and Paper Mills Page 2 | ||||
| Sources/causes typical in sector |
Substances emitted |
Impacts | Reduction measures (state- of-the-art) in mill |
Degree of reduction (%) |
| Water and wastewater treatment | Fibre sludge, inorganic sludge, biological sludge | Space required | Recycle or burn fibre sludge |
Up to 85 |
| Dump inorganic and biological sludge, under certain conditions also use for soil improvement |
-- | |||
| Wear of consumables | Metal, plastic screens, synthetic textiles (felts), lubricants, cleaning agents | Space required | Return to manufacturer for recycling, dump, burn |
-- |
| Mill maintenance | Defective machine parts Packaging material |
Return to manufacturer for recycling, (scrap), burn or dump |
-- | |