9. Action Plans

Listed below are a series of action plans for the Biodiversity sector, arrived at through an extensive process of consultations with the general public, NGOs and officials over the last three years. Annexure A further elaborates some of these action plans on the basis of inputs obtained during the consultation process for the Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan preparation through district and state level consultations with officials, experts and NGOs.

SECTOR I. COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Establishment of seabird conservation sites

 

Islands like Netrani and Anjidiv, important habitats for seabirds, are reportedly being affected by naval exercises. The State Government along with the Defense authorities should protect the seabirds and other characteristic island ecosystems of Karnataka coast.

Establishment of protected areas for threatened estuarine fishes

 

To rehabilitate important threatened fishes such as Milkfish -Chanos chanos and Kanae meenu – Silage sahama, captive breeding may be carried out in the Kodi fish farm near Coondapur and the fingerlings produced  may be released in the estuaries.

Promoting sustainable utilization of marine/estuarine fish

 

Strict implementation of uniform “closed season” for marine fishing for the entire west coast, from 10 June to 15 August is expected to protect the brood stock of fishes from exploitation by the mechanized sector.

Mesh regulations of nets necessary to exclude juveniles and non-target species.

Licenses for additions to the fleet of purse-seines and trawlers should be limited to sustainable limits

Soft loans for fisheries sector be limited to traditional fishing communities only so as to safeguard the fish stocks from over-exploitation by outside commercial sector.

No collaborative ventures for the bottom trawling, very destructive to marine ecosystems, be permitted in Indian territorial waters.

 

Use of large trawl nets to be regulated to minimize incidental catches and other damages to the sea bottom ecosystems.

Priority steps to be taken to identify fish breeding grounds and other sensitive areas and such areas be declared as “Marine Protected Areas”. CRZ regulations do state fish breeding areas to be treated as CRZ I. In practice no such areas are identified.

Periodical ban on catch and sale of over-exploited fish species to be implemented

 

Safeguarding the livelihood security of artisanal fisherfolks

 

The near-shore waters, to a specified distance, to be reserved for fishing by artisan fishermen only who use traditional crafts and gear.

The coast guard may be deployed to safeguard the interests of the artisanal fishermen.

Promotion of self-help groups and co-operatives among fisher-women required

 

Pollution control in the prawn farms

The Supreme Court norms for shrimp farmers need to be adhered to strictly.

The stocking levels in the shrimp farms to be monitored and certified periodically.

The shrimps to be grown only by using biodegradable manures and disinfectants.

 

Aghanashini river estuary in Kumta taluk to be considered as Ecologically Sensitive Area without affecting river-based local livelihoods.

 

Aghanashini is by far the richest of the west coast rivers for biodiversity and productivity. It supports the livelihoods of thousands of people- fishermen, shell-fish and shell gatherers, salt makers, farmers, water transporters and so on. The collection and sale of shell-fish (bivalves), an affordable source of protein for the poor, provide livelihoods to hundreds of women. About 14 species of shell-fish exist in the estuary. An independent estimate says that the estuary produces about Rs.40 crore worth of fish and shell fish alone annually, apart from cultured prawns and rice.

An estimated 135 species of birds are associated with the river estuary.

Protection of ecology of sea shores

 

Many sea beaches of the coast are vulnerable to erosion during the rainy season; but building of protective stone walls along such beaches destroys beach ecology.

Priority to be given for protection of beaches by raising vegetation and sand dunes.

Raising economically important plants such as Honne (Calophyllum inophyllum), Honge (Pongamia pinnata), Ketike (Pandanus) and medicinal plants etc. can strengthen livelihoods of coastal poor.

The natural beauty of the sea beaches will be enhanced through raising vegetation, and such beaches can promote tourism.

Beach vegetation also enhances ecosystem value such as shelter for coastal birds, enrichment of inter-tidal fauna, and nutrient supply to the coastal waters, in addition to building up of sand dunes and promotion of ground water conservation

Turtle breeding areas along the Gangoli (Coondapur taluk) and Karwar taluk beaches need to be safeguarded from human disturbances

Seashores nearly in pristine conditions such as the beaches of Mundalli (Bhatkal taluk), Manuguni and Honnebail (Ankola taluk) and the rocky shore of Dhareswar (Kumta taluk) required to be protected from human disturbances through proper adherence to CRZ regulations. Night camping by tourists in such areas need to be prohibited. However ecological conservation works and nature club activities may be promoted.

Promotion of eco-tourism in beaches

The development of eco-tourism and protection of ecology have to go hand in hand. Ecotourism development should benefit local villagers and improve the ecology of beaches. Some of the beaches with tourism potential in Uttara Kannada are Shirali and Bailur (Bhatkal taluk), the beaches of Dhareshwar north, Kumta, Gudeangidi and Gangavali. (Kumta taluk). The activities necessary for promotion of ecotourism are:

Beautification of beaches by raising natural vegetation.

Promotion of sand dunes.

Cleaning of plastic trash.

Assistance to the local bodies for appointment of beach maintenance staff (from local villagers).

Tourism Department may provide assistance for eco-tourism.

Mangrove planting and protection

 

Mangrove swamps are high ranking productive ecosystems. Mangrove areas are rich in fisheries and act as nurseries for juveniles of fish, prawns, shellfish and crabs. The mangroves shelter coastal water birds and enrich the waters with nutrients. Mangroves can protect coastal river banks from erosion, rivers from flooding as well as compensate for the loss of nutrient input into the Western Ghat forests, due to the construction of dams. Yet they have suffered large-scale destruction due to human activities.

 

Coastal panchayats be allowed funds for mangrove planting

Incentives to be given to village Self-Help Groups and other village level organizations for raising and maintaining mangrove forests.

The expertise of traditional estuarine farmers such as the Patgars of Kumta taluk to be used for raising mangrove vegetation.

Traditional fishermen of backwater villages, whose livelihoods have been affected by commercial shrimp farming, may be also used for mangrove regeneration projects.

Forest Department to play important role in raising mangrove vegetation.

Abandoned prawn farms may be planted with mangroves so that their ecology is restored and they are made suitable for natural method of fish farming and raising of salt tolerant rice.

The 1800 acres of gajni lands in Kumta taluk, formerly allotted to the Ballarpur Industries at Binaga for salt production, and subsequently abandoned by the company, may be used for raising mangrove forests. This will have tremendously positive impact on the biodiversity and productivity of the Aghanashini river estuary.

 

SECTOR 2: FRESH WATER ECOSYTEMS

Conservation of sacred water bodies

 

Sacred stretches of rivers and streams and sacred ponds, where fish are protected from exploitation, are found in many parts of the State. Notable are at Shishila in Belthangadi taluk and in the Tunga river at Sringeri. More details are given in Annexure B. An inventory of all such places to be made and such community-centred protection measures to be encouraged.

 

River based conservation of biodiversity

 

A number of Western Ghat rivers including those flowing towards the east are associated with exceptionally rich biodiversity, such as of endemic fishes, water birds, and members of endemic plants such as members of Podostemaceae (see Annexure B). Stretches of rivers need to be conserved as refugia for endemic fishes.

 

Fish congregations are noticed in 12 areas in certain riverine stretches. Of these 3 are declared as ‘Sanctuaries’. The others are also to be declared so. Local people need to be educated with the help of NGOs about the importance these ‘in situ’ conservation sites for fishes.

 

Establishment of lake/tank/reservoir centred biodiversity conservation

 

Threatened endemic fishes of the tanks of  Karnataka, especially belonging to the genera such as Labeo, Puntius, Gonoproktopterus, Mystus, Neotropius, Channa etc. need to be multiplied in suitable fish farms such as at Narayanpur (Bijapur), Shantisagar (Davangere), Markonahalli (Tumkur) and Harangi (Coorg). The fish seed from these farms may be released in other areas.

Twenty tanks are proposed to be developed for in situ conservation of fishes.

Since the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) being cultured in the lakes around the cities of Karnataka poses danger to the native fish species, the culturing of this species is to be strictly regulated.

Catchment areas of tanks need to be re-vegetated using NTFP species such as medicinal plants

The Inland Fisheries Act for the conservation of fisheries in the State is proposed to brought before the Legislature shall have proper power to regulate fisheries activities.

 

SECTOR 3: FORESTS AND WILDLIFE

Management of Protected Areas

Need to establish new protected areas including Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves.

Complete the legal procedures for Final Notification of existing and new protected areas.

Need to encourage voluntary re-location and re-habilitation of people living in the protected areas.

Payment   of compensation   for   Wildlife   Conservation   as   a conservation incentive can be given to the JFPM Committees, Forest Development Agencies and individuals who help in the preservation of wildlife and its Bio - diversity.

Effective methodology for crop compensation and loss of human life from wildlife needs to be worked out.

Protected area Management plans keeping the ecological concerns in view need to be prepared.

Capture and translocation of species, rewards to staff for successful conservation of species need to be worked out.

Degraded habitats out side protected areas must be developed as buffers to withstand the pressures of the peripheral habitations.

Poaching and illegal trade to be prevented by evolving strategies.
Creation of awareness and education about the protected areas by effective dissemination of wildlife biodiversity conservation needs to be formulated.

Limited tourism to promote a positive attitude towards wildlife bio-diversity needs to be done.

The wildlife laws and other environmental laws needs to be used in conjunction, so that the ecologically fragile habitats within and out side protected areas including inlands, coastal fish breeding areas, mangroves and corals to be protected.  

Wildlife Bio-diversity Conservation needs to be dovetailed with other sectoral programmes of the government.

Measures for wildlife protection

 

Formation of ecoclubs/village wildlife protection committees in forest villages to monitor ecosystems and to create awareness.

Local Biodiversity Management Committees and Local Biodiversity Funds (under the the Biological diversity Act, 2002) to play a major role in wildlife conservation.

Fish farming may be promoted in de-silted forest ponds to supply more protein food to the people and to wean them from hunting.

Raising and protection of food plants for wildlife in forest blanks as well as in areas dominated by monocultures to be given due importance.

Creation of wildlife corridors and micro-corridors will facilitate unhindered animal movements and minimise human wildlife conflicts. Landless agricultural encroachers who happen to be along the wildlife corridors may be rehabilitated.

Upgrading Botanical Gardens, Zoos and Safari Parks.

Establishment of supplementary conservation sites in the drier tracts

 

The dry deciduous forests and scrub of Devarayana Durga in Tumkur district are rich in medicinal plants, birds and tree species.

Decentralised network of conservation sites for individual species as well as communities of plants and animals need to be identified in all the dry districts and granted the status of “Heritage Sites”.

Development of ‘Gunduthope’ tree genetic diversity conservation sites.

 

Formation of Sahyadri Ecologically Sensitive Area (SESA)

 

Anshi Ghat in Uttara Kannada is in the process of getting converted into a National Park. This could uproot hundreds of forest dwelling families. Instead it has been suggested that Anshi be part of the proposed SESA, which aims at protecting the Western Ghats area from Anshi to Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary in Kolhapur, including the protected areas of Goa. The services of the local people can be used for conservation and sustainable use programmes.

 

Establishment of conservation sites protecting special habitats

 

The Myristica swamps of southern Uttara Kannada are ancient and endangered habitats of high ecological value. Some of these swamps have hitherto unrecorded tree species Semecarpus kattalekanensis. Whereas the Myristicas once faced threat from plywood industry, the present threat is from forest encroachers who convert such swamps into arecanut gardens, with telling consequences on watershed and biodiversity. For safeguarding these special habitats the Forest Department, JFM committees and Self Help Groups should work together.

 

Relics of primary forests are still present along the Karnataka Western Ghats. Such places are of immense biodiversity and ecological value. These forests, despite their diminished extent, are still important sources of perennial watercourses. All these relics and their surrounding forests need to be identified on the ground, based on their species composition, mapped and conserved as “Heritage Sites”. The Karikallani Gudda-Katlekan-Malemane forests of Siddapur in Uttara Kannada, with the Dipterocarpus, Semecarpus kattalekanensis, Myristica fatua and the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque, is one such potential Heritage Site.

Bhimgad area in Belgaum district is well known for the bats. The endangered Wroughton’s Free Tailed Bat that survives only in the Barapede Cave of Talewadi, amidst the dry deciduous forests. Krishnapur caves, also known for bats, need to be protected.

Establishment of heronaries conservation sites in suitable areas.

Some other Uttara Kannada sites for consideration are Karikanamman forest (Honavar taluk), a sacred forest with good growth of Dipterocarpus indicus and Yana forest (Kumta) for its watershed and cultural values as well as its importance as the refugia for the endemic palm Corypha umbraculifera.

 

More such places of biodiversity importance, all over the State, need to be considered for protection as Heritage Sites. Lists of already identified “Hotspots of Hope” and “Hotspots of Despair” are given in the annexures.

(The Biodiversity Act, 2002, empowers the State Government to notify areas of biodiversity importance as Heritage Sites, in consultation with the Central Government)

 

Riparian forests are extremely important in biodiversity, nutrient inputs into the river for riverine, estuarine and marine ecosystems, protection of rivers from siltation and for proper flow of streams into the river. The forests on the banks of all the rivers need to be protected from developmental pressures, expansion agriculture and from forest monocultures.

 

Adoption of watershed based approach in forest management

 

The Indian peninsula has been passing through one of the most critical periods, having to face the worst of the water crises, of recent history. Among the various reasons are forest fragmentation in the Western Ghats, diversion of streams to cater to the expansion of agriculture, forest monoculture and mining in the catchment areas of rivers.

 

In a watershed based approach, the forest patches may be graded on their watershed value, using remote sensing data, on the basis of their spectral characters. The multi-canopied natural evergreen forests have the highest water conservation values, and therefore should be accorded top priority for conservation.

 

Multi-strata evergreen forests need to be regenerated in all their potential areas, to ensure perenniality of rivers and to conserve endemic flora and fauna.

 

Sacred groves and sacred trees and other traditional conservation

 

Sacred groves and sacred trees of the Western Ghats and the west coast are are excellent instances of community based conservation. This ancient legacy is overall on the decline, more so in the plains of Karnataka. Steps need to be taken to support and strengthen the community efforts to safeguard and even restore the lost groves. Other traditional conservation practices to be documented and encouraged.

Implementation of the JFPM-Devarakadu project in Kodagu district necessary.

Nature of plants to be raised in forest nurseries

 

The species chosen for future forestry may specially include those aimed at (a) NTFP production (b) ecosystem services- water and soil conservation, carbon stocking, protection of local microclimate, rendering fire resistance; (c) food plants for wild life and (d) endemic species.

 

Biodiversity friendly management of privately controlled woodlands

 

Soppinbettas, Kumki and Hadi lands require suitable particiaptory management

 

 

Forests to support livelihoods

 

Forests have been conventionally seen as sources of timber and industrial materials or other commercial products. The potential of forests to sustain millions of livelihoods on a sustainable basis need to be explored more.

Degraded forests and catchment areas of tanks and poor grade plantations may be planted with medicinal plants and NTFP species.

Creation of a system of small scale nurseries to be run by marginal farmers and tribals will lead to greater employment opportunities.

Programmes for sustainable harvesting of medicinal plants from the wild may be implemented

Forests need to be enriched with NTFP plants for supporting rural livelihoods. Such a move, combined with formation of Self Help Groups and JFM Committees etc for sustainable use of NTFPs will replace the contract system, known to be detrimental to regenerative capacity of NTFP species. In fact the Biodiversity Act 1992, paves way for such a transition through the formation of local level biodiversity management committees

Importance given to NTFP and its harvest by local communities can go a long way in preventing the agricultural encroachment of forests

Training required for rural people, especially women, in preparing value added products from NTFP, including production of bases for plant based pharmaceutical products.

Some of the forest based employment opportunities for the local communities are : cane furniture and bamboo products, apiary, biopesticides, natural dyes, food products from the wild, production of gums, resins, spices etc.

Direct linkages should be developed between the NTFP collector and the end market so as to prevent the middleman siphoning of bulk of the profit.

Forest dwellers of tourism areas to be trained in handling eco-tourism

Local people may be employed in creation and maintenance of wildlife corridors

 

Conservation of the wild relatives of cultivated plants

 

Such plants are part of the ‘gene bank’ of crop plants. Forests of Karnataka are rich in the wild relatives of cultivated plants such as mango, jackfruit, Garcinia, gooseberry, nutmeg, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, pepper, turmeric, bitter gourd, snake gourd, pulses, brinjals, grapes, yams, aroids etc. Forests and other wilderness areas which harbour the genepool of such cultivated plants are to be identified and conserved.

 

Decentralised fire management strategy

 

Wildfires can be devastating on the forest ecosystems. To contain or control forest fires village or a landscape need to be chosen for operation of fire management strategy, in consultation with JFM, village panchayat etc.

Fire management has to be in mosaic of patches to prevent forests bursting into flames at one time.

Promotion of semi-evergreen ground vegetation, wherever possible, especially in weed infested forests can play a major role in preventing spread of forest fires.

Fireproof evergreen forests play major role in watershed conservation

Selective removal of dry biomass villagers to be permitted from locally designated areas where fire risk exists.

 

SECTOR 4 : DOMESTICATED BIODIVERSITY

 

Karnataka is very rich in domesticated biodiversity, both of crop plants and livestock. Yet there is no special strategy or action plan to protect the diversity of indigenous varieties. There needs to be primarily a policy and regulatory framework for in situ protection of domesticated biodiversity. The Biodiversity Bill, 2002 describes “in situ conservation” of cultivated species as conservation in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.

Conservation of traditional varieties of crop plants and animals

 

Make farmers, including marginal farmers, partners in conservation of traditional varieties in their natural surroundings.

The Biodiversity Bill 2002 says every local body shall constitute a ‘Biodiversity Management Committee’ for conservation, sustainable use and documentation of biological diversity including preservation of land races, folk varieites and cultivars, domesticated stocks and breeds of animals and microorganisms and chronicling of knowledge related to biodiversity.

The Bill requires the State Government to constitute a Local Biodiversity Fund. “The fund shall be used for conservation and promotion of biodiversity in the areas falling within the jurisdiction of the concerned local body and for the benefit of the community.”

 

Promotion of organic farming

 

The concept of organic farming need to be promoted among the farmers by the concerned Government departments as well as NGOs. Farmers need to be educated regarding the use of biopesticides, compost and vermiculture

Civic bodies to work in close coordination with agriculture department so that organic waste from market places are regularly composeted and made available to the farmers.

Pharmaceuticals to sponsor growing of medicinal plants by farmers using organic methods.

The creation of village fodder farms will promote stall feeding of cattle and make available more quantity of cattle manure.

Organic consumer movement to be promoted by NGOs so that the farmers get better returns for their farm produce

 

Conservation for household food security

 

Small scale conservation of indigenous crops, including tree crops such as mango, jackfruit, kokum, gooseberry, tamarind, drumstick etc. to be promoted for household food security.

Women to play greater role in promotion of home gardensusing indigenous biodiversity. Home gardens provide food security and provide an additional source of income for women. Even very poor could e part of this production system. Home gardens are important genetic resources of cultivated plants, and other folk knowledge related to the plants.

 

Conservation of domesticated animal biodiversity

 

Karnataka has a rich heritage of indigenous livestock, poultry and pet breeds. The State should make arrangements for documentation, monitoring and encouragement through incentives, if necessary, for the in situ conservation, breeding and distribution of this animal diversity.

 

Five important breeds of cattle are Amrithamahal, Hallikar, Khillar, Deoni and Malnadu Gidda.

Four livestock farms, under the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services and one under University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad are already working for their conservation. Their ongoing activities need to be strenghtened

However, a farm needs to be identified for the conservation of Malnadu Gidda, the indigenous cattle of the Western Ghats

The Dharwad breed of buffalo, popular in northern Karnataka, also needs similar attention

Karnataka has four important breeds of sheep viz. Deccani (75% of total sheep population), Hassan, Bellary and Bandur varieties. Bandur is internationally known for quality meat. Its conservation work is already under the care of sheep breeding farm at Dhangur (Malavalli Tq., Mandya district), under the Karnataka Sheep and Sheep products Development Board, Bangalore. However, the Board needs to do more beyond the mere preservation of the breed. The ongoing cross breeding programmes also might lead towards eventual extinction of other three breeds of sheep, unless specific steps are taken to maintain them, both in situ and ex situ.

Karnataka has no claim to its own breed of goat. Nevertheless, the Composite Livestock Farm at Kurikuppe may be invested with the task of preserving the native breeds.

Steps need to be taken for preservation of the Aseel and other local varieties of poultry

An internationally recognized breed of dog viz. Mudhol has its origin in Bagalkote district. A detailed Rs.1.5 crore programme has been drawn up by Zilla Panchayat of Bagalkote.

 

 

SECTOR 5 : BIODIVERSITY INVENTORYING AND MONITORING

Bio-diversity of regions to be fully documented (as a few new species have been recently found in Nagarhole National Park).

Study of endangered species and the action plan for their survival needs to be worked out which should be site specific.

Captive breeding and re-introduction into the wild the endangered species, preventing of inbreeding and maintaining of genetic purity of the wildlife needs to be done.

Creation of a database on diversity of all the crop plants. District NRDMS centres to work in collaboration with departments of Agriculture, Horticulture and NGOs.

Inventorying and monitoring of genetically modified organisms essential.

Creation of community based inventories on conservation and management. Public domain knowledge on the uses of biodiversity to be documented.

Inventorying biodiversity indicators of pollution.

Establishment of herbaria, museum and electronic data bases.

Satellite imagery based mapping of forest and aquatic habitats essential.

Establishment of Geographical Information System for ecological habitats.

Studies to be made on implications of biodiversity loss on livelihoods and health.

Establishment of State and district level biodiversity information systems needed.

Enhancement of quality of Environmental Impact Assessment exercises, and making them more open and participatory.

 

SECTOR 6: CAPACITY BUILDING FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

 

Biodiversity management has tremendous potential to be a huge enterprise with millions of stakeholders, including villagers and forest dwellers. Capacity building for biodiversity management needs to be done at various levels:

v      Decision makers at State, district municipalities and village panchayat levels

v      School and college teachers and students

v      Biodiversity conservation training for local stakeholders

v      Coast Guards for marine biodiversity protection.

v      Private sector

Role of NGOs in biodiversity management to be strengthened.

SECTOR 7:  BIODIVERSITY POLICY

 

Policy to reward prudent use of biological resources and penalties for non-sustainable use.

Creation of a policy and regulatory framework for a. protection of fresh water as well as coastal and marine biodiversity.

Creation of a policy, incentives and regulatory framework for protection of biodiversity on private, community and other non-forest lands and waters.

Joint forest management system to be extended to richer forest areas in all suitable localities, including in protected areas.

Creation of a policy for in-situ conservation of agrobiodiversity.

 

 

Box 8: Elephant Action Plan

 

Arun Venkataraman, Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre, Bangalore

1.     Curbing poaching

 

 

2.     Mitigating elephant-human conflict

 

3.     Habitat Fragmentation

References

 

Map 2: Strategy successfully employed for augmenting the Kaniyanpura Corridor

 

Box 9: Lake Restoration

 

Sl.No.	Scientific Names	English	Kannada
	Minor Carps and weed fishes
1	Puntius dorsalis	Long-snout Barb	Sanna Gende
2	Puntius sarana sarana	Olive Barb	Gende
3	Puntius sophore	Spot-fin swampy Barb	Gud-pakke
4	Puntius ticto	Ticto Barb	Bud-pakke
5	Puntius puckelli	Puckelli Barb	Mooru Pakke
6	Puntius vittatus	Kooli Barb	Karse
7	Rasbora daniconius	Black-line Rasbora	Saslu
8	Amblypharyngodon mola	Mola carplet	Enapu Pakke
9	Salmostoma acinaces	Silver-razor belly minnow	Sampaj
10	Salmostoma clupeoides	Black-razor belly minnow	Orali
11	Chela cachius	Silver Hatchet Chela	Borle Meenu
12	Danio aequipinnatus	Giant Danio	Arshina Patte
	Spiny Eels
1	Mastacembelus armatus	Spiny Eel	Havu Meenu
	Murrels
1	Channa striatus	Stripped Snake-head	Kuchhu
2	Channa orientalis	Asiatic Snake-head	Hole-Korava
3	Channa punctatus	Spotted Snake-head	Bud-pakke
	Minor Catfish
1	Mystus vittatus	Striped dwarf catfish	Girlu
	Molluscs
1	Bellamya bengalensis
2	Lymnaea luteola
3	Lymnaea acuminata
4	Thiara (Thiara) tuberculata
5	Thiara (Melanoides) scabra
6	Gabbia stenothyroides
7	Gyraulus convexiusculus
8	Lamellidens marginalis
9	Lamellidens corianus
10	Corbicula striatella