Biodiversity is the variety of all living organisms on Earth, including species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity within and between species. It is essential to maintain the health of our planet for the survival of all species, including microbes and humans (Heywood et al., 1995). Globally, 2.3 million species have been recorded, including 1,293,685 plant species and 1,821,314 recorded animal species. (GBIF, 2023)

Fauna diversity refers to the variety of animal species in a particular region or ecosystem. It includes all animals, from tiny insects to large mammals, that inhabit the earth. Fauna diversity varies from place to place based on climatic conditions, geographical factors, resource abundance, etc. Fauna diversity shows greater stability under favorable ecological conditions (Klopfer et al., 1960). Fauna diversity is an essential component of biodiversity, and it plays a critical role in maintaining and functioning ecosystems. Some faunal species are habitat-specific. They prefer to live in specific climatic conditions and ecosystems. Understanding the composition of fauna diversity with the habitat selection and ecological behavior required for adopting strategies is necessary.

India is considered one of the most mega-diverse countries in the world, with 1,03,258 fauna species, which is 6.1% of world fauna diversity (ZSI, 2021). The Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot, provides habitats for diverse flora and fauna.
Goa State, located on the western coast of India, is rich in biodiversity and situated in the central part of the Western Ghats (Ramesh, 2012).

Forest Ecosystem - Review
A forest ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things that interact with each other within a forest environment. A forest ecosystem is characterized by a complex network of flora and fauna that interact with the physical environment, including the soil, air, water, and climate. Forests provide various ecological services, such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration, and water cycle regulation. It is classified into different categories: tropical dry deciduous, moist tropical forests, semi-evergreen tropical forests, and moist tropical evergreen forests. Vegetation covers around 6,25,565 km² of India, 19.03% of the total area. It includes dry deciduous forests that cover 2,17,713 km², tropical moist deciduous forests with 2,07,649 km², tropical semi-evergreen forests with 48,295 km², and tropical wet evergreen forests with 47,192 km² (Reddy et al., 2015). They also support a wide range of biodiversity by providing habitats for various species of plants and animals. Forests can be divided into different types based on location, climate, and vegetation, including tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and boreal forests. (Waring and Schlesinger, 1985) In a forest ecosystem, the different components interact in a complex web of relationships. For example, plants provide food and shelter for animals, while animals help disperse seeds and pollinate flowers. Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, break down dead plant and animal material, recycling nutrients into the ecosystem. Human activities, such as deforestation for building roads, power lines, houses, agriculture, monoculture plantations, and logging, can significantly impact forest ecosystems, disrupting these delicate relationships and causing irreversible damage, leading to a biodiversity crisis. Breaking large forest areas into small and discontinuous patches is defined as forest fragmentation. Biodiversity is facing a crisis due to human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, and climate change. Species are disappearing at an alarming rate, and entire ecosystems are at risk of collapsing. The loss of biodiversity can have profound consequences for humans, including the loss of vital resources, increased vulnerability to natural disasters, and the emergence of new diseases. The loss of fauna diversity can lead to imbalances in ecosystems, affecting not only the animals but also the plants and other organisms that depend on them. The loss of fauna diversity is attributed to forest fragmentation and loss of habitats. Due to the destruction of the natural habitat of forest land, wildlife has started to stray to the human habitat, which leads to human-animal conflict. Human-animal conflict can be defined as the negative interaction between an animal and a human. It leads to human-animal conflict, which causes damage to both parties.

A total albinism species of Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata) near Valpoi Village, Sattari Taluka, Northern Goa, Goa, in November 2002 (Mahabal et al. 2012). A total of 12 fauna species were recorded, including two species of frogs such as the Fungoid frog (Hydrophylax malabaricus), Indian cricket frog (Fejevarya limnocharis), Brooke’s gecko (Hemidactylus brookii), Scutigeomorph centipede (scutigera coleoptrta), woodlouse unidentified species, daddy longlegs (puria dorsalis), humped spider (Zosis geniculate), whip spider (phrynichus phipsoni), Cricket (Itaropis parvoceps), long-necked sugar ant (Camponotus angusticollis), Rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxii), Whip spider (Phrynichus phipsoni), one common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) from insular crepuscular cave situated at Divar Island, Goa (Sail et al. 2021).

A total of 83 mammal species were reported from Goa, of which four are endemic, one is critically endangered, two are endangered, seven are vulnerable, and at least 50 are in the least-concern category (Pradhan, 2008).

A total of 458 species of birds have been recorded from Goa, of which 12 are endemic (Mahabal and Patil, 2008). About 158 bird species were documented in Siruvani and Mathikulan Hills, Western Ghats, Kerala (Praveen and Nameer, 2008). A total of 197 bird species belonging to 50 families were reported from Nelliampathy Hills, Kerala (Praveen and Nameer 2007). A total of 3 pit viper species, Hypnale hypnale, Trimeresurus malabaricus, Trimeresurus gramineus were recorded. Total 356 pit vipers were spotted with H. hypnale as the most abundance species (46.63%) followed by T. gramineus (28.09%) and T. malabaricus (25.28%), respectively, from different places of Goa (Sawant et al. 2010). A total of 100 species from 20 families of reptiles are recorded from Goa, out of which only 12 species are endemic to the western ghats, 12 are threatened, 4 are vulnerable, and 2 are critically endangered (Pradhan, 2008). A total of 28 species of amphibians belonging to five families are identified. (Kamble, 2008). A total of 39 species from Insecta: Odonata and 251 species from 5 families in Insecta: Leoidoptera were identified, out of which only 5 species are endemic (ZSI, 2008).One Arachnida species, such as Acarothrix grandocularus, belonging to the Halacaridae family, and one Reptilia species, such as Calliophis castoe reported from Goa (ZSI 2012).

An Arachnida species, such as Eutrachytesflagellatus belonging to Eutrachytidae (Divar Island, Mandovi Estuary) collected from Goa (ZSI 2016). One Insecta species such as Idionyxgomantakensis reported in Goa (ZSI, 2013).

Amphibian species such as Indiranasalelkari belonging to Ranixilidae family (Netravali), Crustacea species such as Hexapusbidentatus belonging to Hexapodidae and a Hymenoptera species such as Tetrastichusthetisae belonging to Eulophidae family were collected from Goa (ZSI, 2015). One lepidoptera species such as Oeonistisvithurensisfrom Goa (ZSI 2014);

An Amphibian species, such as Fejervaryagoemchi belonging to Dicroglossidae family (Surla Village), and an Arachinida species, such as Meotipasahyadri belonging to Theridiidae family are reported from Goa (ZSI 2017). Crustacea species such as Eulimnadiabondi, Coleoptera species like Agraphydrus anatinus (South Goa), Hemiptera species such as Rustia minuta (Verlern Village, South Goa), Gomesius indicus (Mollem) and Alphocorisnaso (Mollem), Hymenoptera species such as Stenoheriades bifida belonging (Mollem), Dolichurusamamiensis belonging to (Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary, North Goa) reported from Goa (ZSI 2018). Hymenoptera species such as Kudakrumiarangnekari (Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary), Telonomusekadanta and Odonata species such as Cyclogomphusflavoannulatus (Surla Village, Dharbandhora Taluka, South Goa) reported from Goa(ZSI 2019). One Trichopteran species such as Coleostomanostocinum, two Hymenoptera species Protanillaflamma and Baeusarachnophagus were documented from Goa (ZSI 2020). One reptile species such as Hemiphyllodactylusgoaensis, two hymenoptera species such as Leluthia indica and Eosmicromyrmillasubbuka, a crustacean species like Ghatianarouxi, one nematoda species like Paraoxydirusvulvalpillatus, and one mollusca species like Mactraaequisulcata were reported from Goa state (ZSI 2021).

Sawant et al. (2022) reported an abnormal-looking or unusual morph of the Indian Spectacle Cobra Naja naja which was rescued from Modelo Wado, Assonora, Goa. A total 43 individuals belonging to 2 species such as Enhydrinaschistosa and Lapemiscurtus were recorded from Zuari Estuary, Aguada and Mormugao Bays, Mandovi Estuary and Cumbharjua Canal, Goa.(Padate et al. 2009). A total of 91 species belonging 66 genera, five families were reported from Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary of Goa(Borkar and Komarpant, 2004).

In Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, about 130 people reported that livestock was attacked mainly by fowl, followed by goats (Capra hircus) and dogs (Canis familiaris), while on the other side, indigenous preventive methods such as bar soap, kerosene, human dummies, cloths, plastic bags, areca nut sheaths, and modern preventive measures like electric fences and cracker lines were taken by residents to prevent the damages done by elephants (Jayson and Christopher, 2008). In the coffee agroforestry landscapes of Kodagu, Karnataka, crop destruction and coffee consumption are mainly done by elephants (Bal et al., 2011). In Nilambur forests, Malappuram District, Kerala, a large percentage of the population was facing problems such as crop damage, property damage, and psychological stress (free movement restriction and fear of encountering elephants, but at the same time, despite the problems caused by the elephant, a large percentage of people (54.75%) were also in support of elephant conservation in 2018 (Rohini et al., 2018). In another study in Nilambur, Southern Western Ghats, India, in 2016, it was revealed that crop damage (87.85%) done by wild animals was the main cause of conflict, followed by property damage (4%), human death (2%), and livestock depredation (2%). Elephas maximus accounted for 58.8% of the top conflict animals, followed by Sus scrofa (32.14%), Macaca radiata (3.8%), Panthera pardus (3.3%), Ratufa indica (0.47%), Hystrix indica (0.29%), Bos gaurus (0.95%), and Cervus unicolor (0.29%) (Rohini et al., 2016). There were 192 attacks by lions on humans and 18 lion-caused human deaths gradually increased following the drought. Around 82% of the total number of attacks occur outside the protected areas of the forest, leading to livestock losses and economic losses in Gir Forest, Gujarat (Saberwal et al., 1994). A large number of populations were facing crop loss caused by Sus scrofa (57%), Elephas maximus (37%), and Axis axis (8%); 50% of the population was facing livestock losses where households have taken some preventive measures like night watching (46%), fencing (34%), and scare devices (34%), revealed through a survey in five wildlife reserves: Dandeli-Anshi, Bhadra, Nagarahole, Bandipur, and BRT (Karanth et al. 2013). Human-animal conflict in Goa still needs to be studied in the future to show the problems facing both humans and wildlife. Protecting both humans and animals from affecting each other will be the best solution to resolve this problem.

Conservation efforts, such as reforestation and sustainable forestry practices, are essential for maintaining the health and integrity of forest ecosystems. Conservation efforts to protect fauna diversity include the establishment of protected areas, the implementation of sustainable use of resources, and the restoration of degraded habitats. Public education and awareness campaigns can also help reduce human activities that negatively impact fauna diversity, such as illegal hunting and the trade in endangered species. Several countries have implemented different acts to conserve biodiversity, such as: the African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Convention on International Trade for endangered species, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, the World Wide Fund for Nature, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Rio-de-Janeiro under the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, UNESCO Programme on Man and Biosphere, Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, World Resources Institute, International Convention for the Protection on Birds and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (Rawat and Agrawal, 2015). Preserving fauna diversity is crucial for the long-term health and functioning of the planet, and protect the incredible range of animal species that exist on Earth.

Sengupta and Radhakrishna (2013) studied the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) diversity of protected areas, included Mollem National Park, Mhadai, Bondla, Cotigao, and Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, private estates in the village Shigao, Kalay, Nayawada of Goa from March 2012 to May 2012. Total of two groups of M. radiata were observed in north Goa and 16 groups were observed in south Goa. : The largest group (147 individuals) was spotted at the Dudhsagar Waterfall and the smallest group (5 individuals) at Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary and on a private plantation in Poinguinim. A large number of M. radiata are observed in forest areas than in human habitation.

Mahabal et al. (2012) reported a total albinism species of Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata) from the Cercopithecidae family. It was spotted near Valpoi Village, Sattari Taluka, Northern Goa, Goa, during a survey period in November 2002.

Ali et al. (2006) studied the fauna diversity of the Myristica swaps of central western ghats by collecting samples from five sites: Kathalekan, Malemane, Torme, Halsolli, and Mundigethagu. A total 15 species of mammals, 29 species of amphibians, 16 species of fishes, 109 species of butterflies, and six species of damselflies were collected. Among the butterfly species, Nymphalidae is the dominant family followed by Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Bird species such as Garrulaxdelesserti, Buceros bicornis, Psittaculacolumboidesare endemic to the study region. Endemic mammal species like Macaca silenus were spotted during the study period.

Sail et al. (2021) studied troglofaunal diversity colonized in an insular crepuscular cave situated at Divar Island, Goa. A total of 12 species were found in the 3-sampling points i.e. A (entrance), B (middle zone), C (end zone), out of which two species of frogs, such as Fungoid frog (Hydrophylaxmalabaricus), Indian cricket frog (Fejevaryalimnocharis) found. Zone A dwelt by Brooke’s gecko (Hemidactylus brookii), Scutigeomorph centipede (scutigeracoleoptrta), woodlouse unidentified species, daddy longlegs (puria dorsalis), humped spider (Zosis geniculate) and whip spider (phrynichusphipsoni). Cricket (Itaropisparvoceps) and long-necked sugar ant (Camponotusangusticollis) resided in zone B. Rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxii) mainly found in zone B and C. Whip spider (Phrynichusphipsoni) also found in the study region. Only one common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) is seen in this region, which is considered an opportunistic predator.

Korad et al. (2007) studied bat diversity of the western ghats (southern, central, and northern regions) by reviewing literature. Total 52 species were recorded, belonging to 8 families and 25 genera. Family Vespertilionidae is the most abundant family with 40% of bat population in the study region, followed by Hipposideridae with 14%. The species Latidenssalimalii is endemic to the western ghats. Total 38 specie are of the least concern, 7 as near threatened, four as vulnerable, one as endangered, one as critically endangered.

Sawant et al. (2022) reported an abnormal-looking or unusual morph of Indian Spectacle Cobra Naja naja, which was rescued from Modelo Wado, Assonora, Goa, mainly seen in different parts of the Gujurat.

Sawant et al. (2010) recorded pit vipers through active searches in different places of Goa such as Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS), Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary (BMWS), Bondala Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS), Catigao Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) and in cashew plantations. Pit vipers were recorded by searching in different places such as shrubs, trees, ground, and leaf litter in different transects and identified up to species level. A total of 3 species, Hypnalehypnale, Trimeresurusmalabaricus, Trimeresurusgramineus were recorded. Total 356 pit vipers were spotted with H. hypnale as the most abundance species (46.63%) followed by T. gramineus (28.09%) and T. malabaricus (25.28%) respectively.

Padate et al. (2009) studied the sea snake diversity of Goa by exploring different water bodies such as Zuari Estuary, Aguada and Mormugao Bays, Mandovi Estuary and Cumbharjua Canal. A total of 43 individuals belonging to 2 species, Enhydrinaschistosa and Lapemiscurtus were recorded. E. schistosa is the dominant species 65% of total populations of sea snakes followed by L.curtus with 35%.

Venkatraman et al. (2018) studied the mammal diversity of western ghats by reviewing the literature. A total of 133 species were documented, out of which Karnataka had 117 species, followed by Tamil Nādu with 106 species, Kerala with 103 species, Maharashtra with 97 species, Goa with 85 species, and Gujarat with 67 species were documented. A total of 26 species were endemic to western ghats. Species belong to genera Anathana, Latidens and Nilgiritragus were monotypic and only found in the study region.

Nameer et al. (2001) studied the mammal diversity of western ghats by reviewing the literatures. A total of 135 mammalian species belonging to 77 genera and 29 families were documented. Chiroptera was the dominant family with 50 species in seven families, followed by Rodents with 31 species in 3 families, Carnivora with 25 species in 7 families, Artiodactyla with 11 species in 4 families, Incetivora with nine species in 2 families, Primate with five species in 2 families, and Scandentia, Proboscidea, Pholidota, and Lagomorpha with one species each in one family. A total of 16 species were endemic to the study region, such as Funambulustristriatus, Hemitragushylocrius, Hipposideroshypophyllus, Hipposiderosschistatus, Latidenssalimalii, etc.

Kumara et al. (2012) studied the animal diversity of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, the Western Ghats, India, from October 2009 to April 2010. Spotted species were identified up to the species level during field study. Total 34 species such as Semnopithecus priam, Bonnet macaque, Slender loris, Panthera tigris, Felis chaus etc. were documented. Species such as Panthera pardus, Ratufa indica, Antilope cervicarpa, Manis crassicaudata, Hyaena hyaena placed under near threatened, species such as Prionalilurusrubiginosus, Rus unicolor, Bos gaurus, Tetracerus quadricornis, Melursus ursinus under vulnerable, species such as Panthera trigris, Cuon alpinus, Elephas maximus placed under endangered and other species such as Lepus nigricollis, Hystrix indica, Sus scrofa, etc., placed under least concerned category.

Sridhar et al. (2008) studied mammal diversity of 2 regions, such as tropical rainforests of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining Valparai Plateau in the Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats from September 2005 to April 2006. Species were identified up to the species level during field sampling. A total of 28 species, such as Elephas maximus, Lepus nigricollis, Macaca radiata, Herpestesfuscus, Axis axisetc., were documented during the study period

Bali et al. (2007) studied mammal diversity in coffee plantations around the moist deciduous forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary located in the Chikmagalur district of Karnataka by carrying out field study from December 2005 to May 2006. A total of 28 species such as Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata), Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Jackal (Canis aureus), Tiger (Panthera tigris), Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) etc. were documented during study period.

Babu et al. (2013) studied the mammal diversity of the Meghamalai Landscape in the north-eastern side of Periyar Tiger Reserve by conducting a field study from June 2011 to December 2012. A total of 63 species belonging to 24 families were documented. Family Muridae was the dominanat family followed by Sciuridae and Felidae. Total 7 species (LatidensSalimalii, Elephas maximus, Nilgiritragushylocrius, Cuon alpinus, Prionailurusviverrinus etc.) as endangered, 11 species (Semnopithecus johnii, Prionailurusrubiginosus, Herpestesfuscus, Lutrogaleperspicillata, Aonyx cinerea etc.) as vulnerable, one (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) as critically endangered, five species (Semnopithecus priam, Panthera pardus, Ratufa macroura, Petinomysfuscocapillus, Manis crassicaudata) as near threatened were categorized. Total nine species such as Semnopithecus johnii, Macaca silenus, Viverracivettina etc. are ere endemic to western ghats and species such as Semnopithecus priam, Macaca radiata, Ratufa indica etc. are endemic to India.

Ansil et al. (2021) studied the prevalence and diversity of Bartonella in small mammals in the Western Ghats by carrying out field study during the dry months (January- May) of 2016, 2017, 2018. A total of 141 individuals belonging to 8 species (Rattus satarae, Rattus rattus, Mus booduga, Mus musculus, Golundaelloti, Platacanthomys Lasiurus, Funambulustristriatus, Suncus murinus) were documented.

Molur and Singh (2009) studied the non-volant small mammal diversity of the Western Ghats of Coorg by conducting a field study from April 2004 to April 2004. A total of 14 species belonging to 4 families were documented. Muridae was the dominant family with 9 species (Bandicota bengalensis, Golundaellioti, Millardiameltada, Mus booduga, Mus musculus, Rattus rufescenes, Rattus satarae, Rattus wroughtoni, Vandeleurianilagirica) followed by family Soricidae with 3 species (Suncusetruscus, Suncus murinus, Suncusniger), family Sciuridae with one species (Funambulustristriatus) and family Platacanthomyidae with one species (Platacanthomyslasiurus) were documented. Species such as Funambulustristriatus, Rattus satarae, Platacanthomys Lasiurus, Vandeleurianilagirica, and Suncusniger are endemic to Western Ghats.

Caudill et al. (2014) studied the small mammal diversity of the Western Ghats through field investigations in the coffee- growing region of Kodagu, Karnataka, India, from February to June 2010. This study documented total 129 individuals belonging to six species (Bandicota bengalensis, Funambulustristriatus, Mus booduga, Mus musculus, Rattus rattus, Suncus murinus) including endemic species such as Funambulustristriatus belonging to Sciuridae family.

Srinivas et al. (2013) studied the large mammal diversity of high wavy mountains known as Meghamalai Hills situated in Theni District, Tamil Nādu, through field investigations from June 2011 to December 2012. This study documented a total of 63 species belonging to 24 families, out of which, Muridae was the dominant species, followed by Sciuridae and Felidae. A total of 24 are globally threatened species, including one critically endangered species (Viverracivettina), seven endangered (Elephas maximus, Cuon alpinus, etc.), 11 vulnerable (Funambulussublineatus, Rusa unicolor etc.), five near- threatened species (Semnopithecus priam, Petinomysfuscocapillus etc.) and 10 endemic species to western ghats (Trachypithecusjohnii, Macaca silenus, etc.), three endemic species to India (Semnopithecus priam, Macaca radiata, Ratufa indica).

Singh et al. (2000) studied the status and conservation of lion-tailed macaques and other arboreal mammals of tropical rainforest in the Sringeri Forest Range, Karnataka, through field investigations. This study documented ten groups of long-tailed macaque species (Macaca silenus), an endemic species to the Western Ghats. Other species, such as Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata), Common Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), and Malabar Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) were documented.

Kumara et al. (2023) studied the mammal diversity of western ghats by reviewing the literature. This study documented total 134 species belonging to 31 families including 13 endangered species (Nilgiritragushylocrius, Cuon alpinus, Panthera tigris etc.), 13 vulnerable species (Tetracerus quadricornis, Rusa unicolor, Aonyx cinereus etc.), seven near threatened species (Prionailurusrubiginosus, Hyaena hyaena, Lutralutra etc.).

Bajaru et al. (2021) studied small mammal diversity in the human-dominated areas in the Northern Western Ghats, India from 2014 to 2017. Sampling was done through filed investigations and richness, abundance and identification up to species level was done. This study documented total 538 individuals belonging to 17 species of rodents (Golundaellioti, Rattus satarae, Tatera indica etc.) and shrew (Suncus murinus, Funambulus palmarum etc.) were documented. Millardiakondana was the most abundant species with 23% of all species captured followed by Mus Saxicola with 19%, Suncus murinus with 17% and Mus booduga with 13.01%.

Venkatesh et al. (2021) studied the occurrence of small mammalian carnivores in Kalakad- Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India, from 9th April to 23rd May 2015. Species were photographed and identified up to species level through camera trap survey. This study documented total 11 species such as Felis chaus, Prionailurus bengalensis, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Paradoxurus jerdoni (endemic to western ghats), P. rubiginosus, Viverricula indica, Herpestesvitticollis, H. smithii, H. fuscus, Lutrogaleperspicillata, Martes gwatkinsii.

Through field investigations, Punjabi and Rao (2017) studied large herbivore diversity in the human-dominated areas around the Tillari River Valleys, Northern Western Ghats, India. This study documented a total of 3 species, including 2 vulnerable species such as Gaur (Bos gaurus), Sambar (Rusa unicolor), and one least concern species such as Wild Pig (Sus scrofa).

Sreehari and Nameer (2016), through field investigations, studied small carnivores’ diversity in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Southern Western Ghats, India, from June 2011 to May 2012. Species were photographed and identified up to species level. This study documented 24 mammal species including two vulnerable species such as Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsii) and Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogaleperspicillata). Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (31.67%) was the most common species followed by Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus(30%), Brown Palm Civet Paradoxurus jerdoni (28.33%), Stripe- Necked Mongoose Herpestesvitticollis(3.3%).

Ramesh et al. (2017) studied endemic birds of the western ghats by reviewing literatures. This study documented total 18 endemic species including four near threatened species such as Ficedulanigrorufa, Pycnonotuspriocephalus, Trochalipteronfairbanki, Eumyiasalbicaudatus; three vulnerable species such as Anthusnilghiriensis, Schoenicolaplatyrus, Columba elephinstonii; three endangered species such as Trochalopteroncachinnans, Myiomela major, Myiomelaalbiventris and eight least concern species such as Treron affinis, Garrulaxdelesserti, dendrocittaleucogastra, Cyornispallipes, Turdoidessubrufa, Psittaculacolumboides, Ocyceros griseus, Leptocoma minima.

Ramesh et al. (2012) studied bird diversity of plain hills situated at the southeastern part of the western ghats through field survey from December 2004 to July 2005. This study documented a total of 196 species belonging to 63 families, including one threatened species, Pycnonotusxantholaemus, three near threatened species such as Anhinga melanogaster, Mycteria leucocephala, Circus macrourus and five endemic species such as Tudoidessubrufus, Pycnonotuspriocephalus, Psittaculacolumboides, Nectarinia minima, Ocyceros griseus. Family Accipitridae was the dominant family with 18 species, followed by Cuculidae and Muscicapidae with ten species each, Picidae and Timaliidae with eight species each, Phasianidae and Pycnonotidae with seven species each, Ardeidae, Cisticolidae, Columbidae, Dicruridae, Estrildidae, Motacillidae and Netrariniidae with five species each.

Panigrahi and Jins (2018) studied bird diversity of Agasthyamalai Hills, Western Ghats, Kerala, India, through a field survey from October 2012 to December 2014. The study documented total 197 species belonging to 16 orders and 57 families including nine near threatened species such as Ficedulanigrorufa, Buceros bicornis, Brachypodiuspriocephalus, Icthyophagaichthyaetus, Montecinclameridionale, Icthyophaga humilis, Eumyiasalbicaudatus, Anhinga melanogaster, Sterna aurantia; two vulnerable species such as Ciconia episcopus and Columba elephinstonii; one endangered species such as Sholiclaashambuensis.

Ramachandra (2013) studied the bird diversity of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats, Maharashtra State, India, through a field survey from September 2009 to August 2011. Species were photographed and identified up to the species level. The study documented 151 species from 15 orders and 45 families, including endemic species such as Stactolaema olivacea (Green Barbet), Artisornismoreaui (Forest Warbler), Leptocoma minima (Small Sunbird), Columba livia (Rock Pegeon). Order Passerifomes was the most dominant order with 63 species, followed by Ciconiiformes with 39 species.

Babu and Bhupathy (2013) studied bird diversity of Meghamalai Landscapes, Theni, Southern Western Ghats of India, through field survey. The study documented a total of 254 species placed under 55 families and 18 orders, including ten migratory, 53 resident migratory and 191 resident species and 14 endemic species like Nectarinia minima, Ficedulanigrorufa, Psittaculacolumboides etc. Critically endangered species such as Gyps indicus, vulnerable species such as Schoenicolaplatyura, Pycnonotusxantholaemus, Anthusnilghiriensis and 11 near threatened species such as Mycteria leucocephala, Anhinga melanogaster, Ficedulanigrorufa, Eumyiasalbicaudata were recorded from study region.

Praveen and Nameer (2007) studied bird diversity of Nelliampathy Hills, a part of Southern Western Ghats, Chitter Taluk, Palakkad District, Kerala, through a field survey conducted for three months between December 2004 and February 2005. This study documented total of 197 bird species belonging to 50 families, including six near-threatened species such as Buceros bicornis, Eumyiasalbicaudatus, Montecinclafairbanki,Anthusnilghiriensis, Circus macrourus, one vulnerable species such as Columba elephinstonii and 13 endemic species such as Grey breasted Laighingthrush, Nilgiri wood-pigeon Columba elephinstonii, Grey-headed Bulbul Brachypodiuspriocephalus, White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornispallidipes etc.

Praveen and Nameer (2008) studied the avian diversity of Siruvani and Mathikulan Hills, Western Ghats, Kerala in 2007. This study documented a total of 158 bird species documented through field survey, which includes near threatened species such as Ichthyophaga humilis, Phylloscopustytleri, Ficedulanigrorufa, endangered species such as Garrulaxcachinnans and vulnerable species such as Columba elephinstonii, Brachypteryx major, Schoenicolaplatyura.

Abdar (2013) studied the fauna diversity of Chandoli National Park, Western Ghats, Maharashtra State, India, through a field survey. This study reported a total of four amphibian species such as Lithobatesclamitans, Acris gryllus, Euphlyctiscyanophlyctis, Bufo koynayensis; 15 reptile species such as Calotesjerdoni, Calotesgrandisqamis, Varanus bengalensis etc.; 108 avian species such as Vanellus indicus, Loriculusvernalis, Acridotheres fuscus etc. and 23 mammalian species such as Sus scrofa, Cerdocyonthous, Hyaena striata etc.

Rangnekar and Dharwadkar (2009) reported three additional species of butterfly encountered during survey period. Species were photographed and identified up to species level. Species such as Athymaranga (Black-Vein Sergeant) from Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, Hasorataminatus (White- Banded Awl) from Mollem National Park and Psolosfuligo (Coon) from Catigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Cancona were recorded.

Krishnamurthy (2003) studied amphibian diversity in undistributed and distributed areas of Kudermukh National Park, Central Western Ghats, India, from 1996 to 2000. Species were collected and identified up to the species level with the help of identification keys. This study documented a total of 42 amphibian species, including 36 anuran and six caecilian species. Ranidae was the dominant family with 21 species, followed by Rhacophoridae with eight species, Bufonidae and Ischthyophidae with four species each. Species such as Ansonia ornate, Bufo beddomii, Ramanellamontana, Micrixalusgadgili, Nyctibatrachusaliciae are endemic to western ghats.

Gururaja and Ramachandra (2012) studied anuran diversity and distribution in the Dandeli Anshi tiger reserve located in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka through a field survey. A total of 29 species from 7 families were documented, of which 20 species are endemic to western ghats and 4 are endangered. Out of 29, 10 species belong to Dicroglossidae family, 3 to Bufonidae, 4 to Microhylidae, 1 to Nyctibatrachidae, 3 to Ranidae, 2 to Ranixalidae, 6 to Rhacophoridae. The study region has 98% area covered with vegetation, 57% by dense forest and 26.5% by plantation occupied. About 2% covered by agricultural land, dry river bed and waterbodies.

Rathod S. and Rathod P. (2013) studied the amphibian diversity of Kodagu District through field investigations in three different coffee plantation regimes in the Western Ghats, India. This study documented total of 594 amphibians belonging to 22 species and six families including 14 endemic species such as Raorchestesponmudi, Clinotarsuscurtipes, Ramanella triangularis, Duttaphrynuspenninsularisetc. Rhacophoridae was the dominant family with 12 species followed by Bufonidae with three species; Dicroglossidae, Microhylidae and Ranidae with two species each; Nyctibatrachidae with one species.

Dahanukar and Padhye (2005) studied amphibian diversity in Tamhini Village, Mulshi, Pune District, through ad-hoc searches from June 1997 to November 2000. This study documented total 23 species from 8 genera and 4 families. Family Ranidae (Euphlyctiscyanophlyctis, Fejervaryanilagirica, Hoplobatrachustigerinus) was the dominant with 61% of total anuran species followed by Rhacophoridae (Philautusbombayensis, Polypedates maculatus, Philautusleucorhinus) with 26%, Microhylidae (Microhyla ornate, Ramanellamontana) with 9 % and Bufonidae (Bufo melanostictus) with 4% of total species.

Krishnamurthy and Hussain (2004) studied the amphibian diversity of Western Ghats through field- investigations in Kudremukh National Park from 1998 to 1999. This study documented total 26 families including 13 anurans species (Microhyla ornate, Bufo beddomii, Philautuscharius, Tomopternabraviceps, Rana aurantiaca, Nyctibatrachus major, Micrixalus Saxicola) belonging to four families (Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae) and three apodans species (Ichthyophisbeddomii, I. bombayensis, Gegeneophis carnosus) belonging to two families Ichthyophidae, Caecilidae).

Dinesh and Radhakrishna (2011) studied the amphibian diversity of the Western Ghats by reviewing literatures. This study documented a total of 157 species belonging to 11 families, 27 genera, out of which 134 are frogs and 23 caecilians including 135 endemic species Duttaphrynusbeddomii, D. microtympanum, Ghatophryneornata, Pedostibestuberculosus, Xanthophrynekoynayensis, Euplyctisaloysii etc.; 28 endangered species such as Duttaphrynusbeddomii, Ghatophrynerubigina, Xanthophrynekoynayensis etc.; six near threatened species such as Duttaphrynus parietalis, Mycrixalusfuscus, Ramanellamontana etc.; 16 vulnerable species such as Ramanella triangularis, Hylaranaaurantiaca, Raorchestesbombayensis etc.

Katwate et al. (2013) studied the diversity and distribution of anuran species in Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern Western Ghats, India, through field investigations. Sampling was done using two different methods as Ad-hoc search method and belt transect method, and documented 22 species belonging to seven families and 15 genera including endemic species to western ghats such as Fejervarya cf. keralensis, F. caperata, F. rufescenes, Minervaryasahyadris, Ramanellamormorata, Nyctibatrachus Humayun, Hylaranamalabarica, Indiranabeddomii, I. leithii, Pseudophilautus cf. amboli, Raorchestesbombayensis, R. cf. bombayensis; two endangered species such as Minervaryasahyadris, Ramanellamormorata; four vulnerable species such as Nyctibatrachus Humayun, I. leithii, Raorchestesbombayensis, R. cf. bombayensis; one critically endangered species such as Pseudophilautus cf. amboli.

Hiragond (2022) studied the amphibian diversity of taluka- Kolhapur, northern western ghats, through field investigations from June 2017 to February 2019, from June 2021 to September 2021. This study documented total 28 species belonging to two orders, seven families, 16 genera including two near threatened species such as Duttaphrynus parietalis, Uperodontaprobanicus, Clinotaruscurtipes; one endangered species such as Uperodonsystoma; one critically endangered species such as Pseudophilautusamboli and one vulnerable species such as Raorchestesbombayensis.

Garg et al. (2017) studied about amphibian diversity of Southern Western Ghats through field surveys in forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in 2002 and between 2013-2016. This study documented seven new species such as Nyctibatrachusathirappillyensis, N. manalari, N. pulivijayani, N. radcliffei, N. robinmoorei, N. sabarimalai and N. webillabelonging to Nyctibatrachidae including six endemic species to regions south of the such as Nyctibatrachusathirappillyensis, N. manalari, N. pulivijayani, N. robinmoorei, N. sabarimalai and N. webilla.

Sayyed et al. (2018) studied the Gekkonidae diversity of the Northern Western Ghats through the field from February 2015 to December 2016. This study documented four new species such as Cnemaspislimayei (Limaye’s Day Gecko), C. ajijae (Ajija’s Day Gecko), C. amboliensis (Amboli Day Gecko), C. mahabali (Mahabal’s Day Gecko) belonging to Gekkonidae collected from different localities in Maharashtra State.

Katwate and Apte (2019) studied the amphibian diversity of Northern Western Ghats through field surveys in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg of Maharashtra, India. This study documented a total 291 specimens belonging to 18 species including 17 anuran species and one caecilian species from 13 genera and seven families. Species such as Minervaryacaperata, M. gomantaki, M. cepfi, Uperodonmormorata, Indiranachiravasi, Pseudophilautus maculatus, P. amboli, Raorchestesbombayensis, Gegeneophisseshachari as endemic; Raorchestesbombayensisas vulnerable; Pseudophilautusamboli as critically endangered; Uperodonmormorata as endangered.

Srinivas and Bhupathy (2013) studied the amphibian diversity of Western Ghats through field study in Meghamalai Landscape from December 2006 to November 2008. This study documented a total of 3166 individuals belonging to 21 species, 12 genera, and eight families, out of which Indiranabeddomii(731) was the most common species, followed by Hylarana temporalis (647). Rhacophoridae was the most dominant family, followed by Dicroglossidae. Species such as Raorchestestravancoricus has become extinct from the wild.

Chandramouli and Ganesh (2011) studied the herpetofaunal diversity of Southern Western Ghats, India, through field survey. This study documented a total of 28 amphibian species belonging to nine families, out of which Rhacophoridae was the dominant family with ten species, followed by Petropedetidae with five species and a total of 43 reptile species belonging to nine families, out of which Colubridae was the dominant family with 15 species followed by Gekkonidae with nine species.

Ishwar et al. (2001) studied reptile diversity in the rainforest of Kalakad- Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India through field survey. This study documented a total of 173 reptiles belonging to 17 species and nine families. Colubridae and Scincidae were the most dominant family with four species, followed by Agamidae with three species and Uropeltidae, Colubridae, and Viperidae with two species each.

Bhupathy and Sathiskumar (2013) studied the reptile diversity of Western Ghats through field investigations in Meghamalai, Theni, from 2006 to 2008 and by reviewing literatures. This study documented a total of 90 species belonging to 53 genera and 14 families, including two species of turtles and tortoises, 28 lizards, 60 species of snakes. Colubridae was the most dominant family with 32 species, followed by Uropeltidae with 12 species, Gekkonodae with 10 species, and Agamidae with nine species. Species such as Geochelone elegans, Cnemaspisornata, Hemiphyllodactylusaurantiacus etc. as vulnerable; Salea anamallayana, Uropeltisrubromaculatus, Uropeltispulneyensis, Ahaetulla perroteti etc. as endangered; Uropeltis cf. dindigalensis, Tropidolaemushuttonietc. as critically endangered are classified under these catagories and species such as Melanophidium punctatum, Plecturusperroteti, Rhinophissanguineus, Oligodonbrevicauda, Amphiesma monticola etc. are endemic to western ghats.

Jagadeesh and Hosetti (2014) studied the reptile diversity of Mid-Western Ghats through field investigation in Kuvempu University Campus, Shankaraghatta, from August 2012 to July 2013. This study documented a total of 34 reptilian species belonging to 29 genera under 14 families. Colubridae was the dominant family with 11 species, followed by Viperidae and Natricidae with three species each. Species such as Calotesrouxii are endemic to western ghats and vulnerable species such as Chamaeleozeylanicus, Veranus bengalensis were recorded from the study area.

Chaitanya (2018) studied the herpetofauna diversity of southern western ghats through a field survey in the Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary from October 2014 to November 2016. This study documented a total of 99 reptile species belonging to 55 genera in 16 families, including 34 saurian, 63 ophidians and 2 testudines and 41 amphibian species belonging to 18 genera and nine families including 40 anuran species and one gymnophionan species.

Srinivasulu et al. (2021) studied endemic lizards and snake diversity of western ghats through a field survey. The present study documented a total of 22 squamate endemic species belonging to 7 families, including the most dominant family Gekkonidae, with nine species, followed by Scincidae and Uropeltidae, with four species each. Species such as Ahaetulla perroteti, Cnemaspisgoaensis, Cnemaspiswynadensis, Dasissubcaerulea, Eurylepispoonaensis, Eutropisclivicola, Otocryptisbrevicauda, Rhinophistravancoricus are placed under endangered category; Cnemaspis indica, Cnemaspisjerdoni, Hemidactylus albofasciatus, Hemidactylus sataraensis, Kaestlealaterimaculata, Melanophidiumbilineatum, Oligodonbrevicauda, Uropeltisphipsoni placed under vulnerable category and species such as Uropeltisbicatenata, Trimeresurusmacrolepis, Eryx whitakeri, Cnemaspissisparensis. Cnemaspisornata, Cnemaspisheteropholisare placed under near near-threatened category.

Kanagavel and Ganesh (2021) documented a rare Travancore cat snake, Boiga dightoni in the Aanapaara Range of the Palode Reserve Forest located at the base of the Ponmudi Hills on 20 October 2011 during field investigations. B. dightoni is a rare species belonging to Colubridae family under Squamata order.

Pardeshi et al. (2021) studied the herpetofauna diversity of the Northern Western Ghats through field investigation in Sinhagad Forest Region, Pune, from January 2018 to December 2019. This study documented a total of 44 reptilian species belonging to 16 families, of which Colubridae was the most dominant family with 12 species and 13 amphibian species belonging to six families, out of which Dicroglossidae had the highest number of species (five species).

Ganesh et al. (2014) studied snake fauna of the Western Ghats through a field survey in high wavy mountains in Southwestern India, Theni District. This study documented a total of 62 species of snakes belonging to 34 genera and eight families, including endemic species such as Melanophidium punctatum, Plectrurusperroteti, Rhinophissanguineus, Uropeltisrubromaculatus, Oligodonbrevicauda etc. Colubridae was the most species richness family followed by Uropeltidae.

Arun and Vijayan (2004) studied the insect diversity of Western Ghats through field surveys in the city of Coimbatore. This study documented six groups of insects, including Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, from three different habitats: moist deciduous, riverine, teak plantation. Diptera was the most abundant group with highest number of species (24.7%) followed by Orthoptera (15.8%).

Koshy et al. (2001) studied the insect diversity of western ghats through field survey. This study documented a total of eight species such as Apiscerana, Ceratinaheiroglyphica, Braunsapismixta, Halictus proteus, Halictus sp., Apisdorsata, Trigona biroi, Braunsapispicitarsis belonging to four families under Hymenoptera order. Genus Apis and Halictuswere the common genus followed by Trigona, Braunsapis.

Aland et al. (2010) studied the insect diversity of the Western Ghats through field investigations in the Amba Reserved Forest of Kolhapur District from 2007 to 2009. This study documented a total of 82 species (Leptocybeinvasa, Oecophyllasmaragdina, Camponotusangusticollis, Monomoriun indicum, Vespa cincta etc.) belonging to 47 genera and 17 families. Family Formicidae was the most dominant family with 39 species, followed by Eumenidae with 11 species and Vespidae, Xylocopidae, and Apidae with four species each.

Sabu et al. (2008) studied the ant diversity of western ghats through sampling methods in Malavaram, Thamarassery, Periya, Thirunelli, and Vellarimala. This study documented a total of 29 species (Camponotusangusticollis, Myrmicariabrunnea, Monomrium sp., Polyrchachisexercita etc.) belonging to 18 genera, six subfamilies and Formicidae family. Myrmecinae was the most abundant subfamily with the highest number of ant species, followed by Ponerinae.

Gadagkar et al. (1993) studied ant species richness and diversity of Western Ghats through sampling method in 12 localities (Santagal R.F., Nagur R.F., Mirijan M.F., Chandavar M.F., Bengle M.F., Bidaralli R.F., Sonda R.F., Bhairumbe M.F., Betta land, Eucalyptus PI., Teak PI., Areca PI.) of Uttara Kannada District. This study documented a total of 140 species belonging to 32 genera and six subfamilies. The Myrmicinae subfamily dominated, followed by the Formicinae subfamily. 

Sinu and Sharma (2013) studied the insect diversity of Central Western Ghats through a field survey in Kathalekan Village, Karnataka, in January 2008 and 2009. This study documented a total of 725 individual insects and spiders belonging to 110 species under 61 families and 10 orders. Five different types of functional guilds, such as Fungivore, Herbivore, Parasitoid, Predator, and Saprophyte, were documented during the study period. Hymenoptera was the most abundant order, with 222 individual parasitic wasps belonging to 44 species and 18 families.

Parandhaman et al. (2012) studied the butterfly diversity of the Western Ghats through sampling methods in Nilgiris Biosphere and Kodaikanal Hills from January 2011 to December 2011. This study documented total 45,528 individuals of 92 butterfly species belonging to 65 genera under five families including endemic species such as Papilio polymnestor, Papilio helenus, Troidesminos, Vanessa indica, Vanessa cardui, Cirrochroathais, Cuphaerymanthis, Colias nilagiriensis, Melanitisleda, Mycalesisanaxias, Orsotrioenamedus, letherohrianeelgiriensis, Tagiadeslitigiosa, Loxuraatymnus, Phalantaphalantha, Hebomoiaglaucippe, Papilio crino.

Koparde et al. (2014) studied dragonflies and damselflies diversity of the Western Ghats through a field survey in Sahyadri Tiger Reserve and Verle Villages from October 2011 to April 2013. This study documented 64 odonata species belonging to 40 genera under 12 families including seven species such as Protosticahearseyi, Caconeuraramburi, Euphaeafraseri, Pseudagrion indicum, Hylaeothemis indica, Onychogomphusniligiriensis, Heliogomphuspromelas; enedemic species such as Caconeuraramburi, Protostictahearseyi, Euphaeafraseri, Pseudagrion indicum, Onychogomphusniligiriensis, Heliogomphuspromelas and species such as Heliogomphuspromelas, Indothemiscarnatica are placed under near threatened category.

Bano (2015) studied the collembola diversity of the Northern Western Ghats through field sampling method in twelve districts of Maharashtra from 2012 to 2014. This study documented total 28 species (Sphaeridiapumilis, Sminthuridesvelli, Cyphoderusjavanus, Callyntruralineata, Ceratophysellaindovaria, Xenylla obscura etc.) belonging to 22 genera under nine families from the study region. Paronellidae was the most dominant family with six species followed by Isotomidae with five species.

Choudhari et al. (2014) studied the millipede diversity of the Northern Western Ghats through field survey during monsoon season. This study documented total four species belonging to four family under two orders, out of which, two species such as Harpaphehaydeniana and Oxidusgracilis belonging to Xystodesmidae and Paradoxosomatidae family respectively under Polydesmida order and other two species such as Narceusamaricanus and Trigoniulus corallines belonging to Spirobolidae and Trigoniulidae family respectively under Spirobolida order.

Patil et al. (2018) studied the millipede diversity of the Northern Western Ghats through field investigations in Rajgurunagar from 2015 to 2017. This study documented total five species such as Harpaphehaydeniana, Oxidusgracilis, Orthomorphacoarctata, Trigoniulus corallines, Apheloriavirginiesis belonging to three family (Trigoniulidae, Xystodesmidae, Paradoxosomatidae).

Usha et al. (2021) studied millipede diversity of the Southern Western Ghats through field sampling method in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, from December 2018 to December 2020. A total of 10 such as Gyrodrepanumlamprum, Anoplodesmussaussurii, Xenobolus carnifex, Eucentrobolusmaindroni, Aulacobolusgravelyi, Trigoniuluscorallinus, Arthrosphaerabrandtii, Arthrosphaeradalyi, Arthrosphaerahendersoni, Arthrosphaera magna species belonging to three families were documented during study period.

Shabnam et al. (2021) studied spider diversity of the Western Ghats through field investigations in three different plantations such as Coffee Plantations, Koilery; Tea Plantations, Chirakkara; Rubber Plantations, Valliyurkavu from February 2019 to February 2020. This study documented total 93 species belonging to 71 genera under 19 families, including species dominant family Araneidae with 23 species, followed by Salticidae with 20 species, Thomisidae with nine species. Spiders with six different guild structure such as Orb- web builder (35%), stalkers (25%), ambushers (15%), cobweb builders (11%), ground runners (10%), foliage runners (3%) and sheet web builders (1%) were spotted during the study period.

Prabakaran et al. (2018) studied diversity of cockroaches in the of southern western ghats through a field sampling method in Velliangiri Hills from January 2013 to December 2014. This study documented total 21 cockroach species belonging to 17 genera under four families and species such as Therea petiveriana, Rhabdoblattalineaticollis, Princisola pulchra are endemic to India. Blaberidae was the most dominant family with eleven species, followed by Blattidae with five species, Ectobiidae with four species, and Corydiidae with one species.

Sadasivan (2022) studied the insect diversity of Southern Western Ghats through field investigations in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary. This study documented total 116 odonate species including 32 endemic species such as Calocyphalaidlawi, Agriocnemiskeralensis, Euphaeafraseri, Protostctagravelyi, Melligomphusacinaces, Idionyx corona etc. and species such as Indothemiscarnatica, Heliogomphuspromelas under near threatened; Indostctadeccanensis, Protostctasanguinostgma, Chlorogomphusxanthoptera under vulnerable; Idionyxgaleata placed under endangered category.

Varghese et al. studied the insect variety of Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and its surrounding areas in Thattekkad, Kerala through field survey from 2010 to 2012. This study documented total 82 species belonging to 55 genera and 13 families including 21 endemic species such as Burmagomphuslaidlawi, Davidioides martini, Merogomphuslongistigma, Microgomphus souteri, Macromiaannaimalaiensis, Esme longistyla, Protosticta gravely, Platystictadeccanensis etc. Libullilidae was the most dominant family with 38 species followed by Coenagrionidae with 12 species and Gomphidae with nine species.

Katewa and Pathania (2019) studied the moth diversity of the Western Ghats through field investigations in different localities states like Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala from March 2003 to October 2006. This study documented total 43 specimens belonging to 10 species from Tineidae family under Lepidoptera order. Species such as Edosaglossopteral (Ponda, North Goa), Edosaneoopsigona (Mollem, Sanguem, South Goa District), Claniacrameri (Mollem, Sanguem, South Goa District; Ponda, North Goa) were collected from Goa State.

Adarsh et al. (2015) studied the insect diversity of the Southern Western Ghats through a field survey in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary from September to December 2012. This study documented total 48 odonate species including 31 Anisoptera (Dragonflies) and 17 Zygoptera (damselflies) species belonging to nine families. Libellulidae was the most dominant family with 25 species followed by Coenagrionidae with seven species. Species such as Esme mudiensis (Travancore Bamboo Tail), Protostictagravelyi (Pied Reed Tail) are endemic western ghats.

Dhali et al. (2016) studied the spider diversity in India by reviewing literature. This study documented total 111 primitive spider species belonging to eight families. Theraphosidae was the most dominant family with 30 species (Haploclastusnilgirinus, Haplocosmiahimalayana, Heterophrictusblatteri, Phlogiellussubarmatus etc.) followed by Idiopidae with 19 species followed by (Heligmomerusgaroensis, MIdiops designates, Scalidognathusnigriaraneus etc.). Maximum number of species were documented from Tamil Nadu followed by Kerala.

Rajeevan et al. (2019) studied spider diversity of the Western Ghats through field investigation in Wayanad Region, Kerala. This study documented total 150 species belonging to 73 genera under 20 families, out of which, Salticidae was the most dominant family with 44 species under 19 genera followed by Araneidae with 22 species and Theridiidae with 14 species and Stalkers were the dominant feeding guild with 36% followed by Orb- web builders (24.6%), Ambushers (12.6%), Space- web builders (10%), ground runners (8.6%), foliage runners (6%) and sheet-web builders (2%).

Padhya et al. (2006) studied the butterfly diversity of Northern Western Ghats through field investigations in Tamhini Village, Maharashtra from October 1998 to September 2000. This study documented total 69 identifiable species belonging to nine families. Nymphalidae was the most dominant family with 24 species (Hypolimnasbolina, Kallima Horsfield, Ypthimaasterope etc.) followed by Pieridae with 11 species (Catopsiliapyranthe, Pararoniavaleria, Hebomoiaglaucippe etc.) and Lycaenidae with eight species (Caleta Caleta, Jamides celeno, Talicadanyseus etc.)

Arun (2003) studied the butterfly diversity of the Western Ghats through a field survey in Siruvani Forests, Tamil Nadu from September 1994 to August 1996. This study documented total 63 species of butterflies belonging to 49 genera under three families, out of which, family Nymphalidae was the most dominant family followed by Papilionidae and Pieridae. Species such as Cirrochroathais, Troidesminos, Papilio dravidarum, Pachliopta hector, Kallima horsfieldi, Idea malabarica, Mycalesis patina etc. are endemic to region of South India and Sri Lanka.

Ghorpade and Kunte (2010) studied the butterfly diversity of the Southern Western Ghats by reviewing literature. This study documented 310 species from 162 genera under six families, out of which Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae were the most dominant family with 93 species each followed by Hesperiidae with 72 species, Pieridae with 32 species, Papilionidae with 19 species and Riodinidae with one species.

Mirza (2020) studied the buthid scorpion diversity of the Western Ghats through a field sampling method. This study documented two new species of buthid scorpion such as Janalychasgranulatus belonging to Buthidae family under Scorpiones order collected from Banda, Sindhudurg District, Southern Maharashtra and Janalychaskeralaensis collected from Nirmalagiri, Kuthuparamba, Kannur District, Kerala belonging to Buthidae family under Scorpiones order.

Sureshan et al. (2007) studied the scorpion diversity of the Western Ghats through a field sampling method. The study documented 19 species from eight genera under three families, including two new records to Kerala such as Mesobuthushendersoni and Heterometrusbarberi. Scorpionidae was the most dominant family with eight species (heterometrusmalapuramensis, Heterometruskeralaensis, Rugodentuskeralaensis etc.) followed by Buthidae with seven species (Lychashendersoni, Charmus indicus, Mesobuthushendersoni etc.) and Ischnuridae with four species (Liocheleslaevicepslaeviceps, Liocheleslaevicepsmalabaricus, Hormurusaustralaisae, Chiromachetesfergusoni).

Singh et al. (2021) studied the spider diversity of India by reviewing literatures. This study documented total 61 species belonging to six families including endemic species such as Agelenabarunae, Agelenainda, Coelotesstylifer, Himalmartensusnandadevi, Anyphaena soricine etc. Corinnidae was the most dominant family with 21 species, including Castianeirazetesand Echinax panache reported from Goa followed by Agelenidae with 19 species.

Sharma et al. (2021) studied spider diversity of India by reviewing literatures. This study documented a total of 31 species under four families, including 17 endemic species such as Anaxibia folia, Devadedubia, Pritha napadensis, Pholcoides secluse, Nigmapuella etc. Dictynidae was the most dominant family with 15 species, followed by Filistatidae with 13 species. Species Stegodyphussarasinorum belonging to Eresidae was reported from Goa State.

Sharma et al. (2020) studied spider diversity in India by reviewing literatures. This study documented a total of 94 species belonging to 39 genera, including 48 endemic species such as Anguliphantesnepalensoides, Araeoncusduriusculus, Collinsiacrassipalpis, Cresmatonetaleucophthalma, Emenistabisinuosa, Erigonerohtangensis, Gongylidiellumnigrolimbatum etc.

Sreekumar et al. (2018) studied butterfly diversity in Western Ghats through field investigations in Montane Forests of Eravikulam National Park, Kerala from September 2014 to December 2014. This study documented total 85 butterfly species under six families such as Papilionidae (10 species), Pieridae (15), Nymphalidae (36), Riodinidae (1), Lycaenidae (9), and Hesperiidae (14) which includes eight endemic species such as Sahyadri Birdwing (Troidesminos), Nilgiri Clouded Yellow (Colias nilagiriensis), Red-disc Bush brown (Heteropsis oculus), Nilgiri Four-ring (Ypthimachenui), Palni Four-ring (Ypthimaypthimoides), Palni Fritllary (Argynnis castetsi), Nilgiri Tiger (Parantcanilgiriensis) and Striped Hedge Hopper (Baracussubditus). Species such as (Nilgiri Tiger) Parantcanilgiriensis are placed under near- threatened category.

Sujitha et al. (2019) studied butterfly diversity of the Southern Western Ghats through field investigation in Myristica Swamps at Mankuthu and Onnam-Mile in Katlapara, Shendurney WS. This study documented a total of 206 butterfly species under six families, including 19 endemic species such as Papilio dravidarum, Idea malabarica, Arhopalaalea, Euremanilgiriensis, Appiaswardii, Pareroniaceylanica etc. Species such as Idea malabarica placed under near near-threatened category.

Gaude and Janarthanam(2015) studied butterfly diversity in four sacred groves of Goa such as Nirankarachi Rai (NR), Alvatinichi Rai (AR), Azobachi Rai (AzoR), Mharinginichi Ray (MR). A Total of 33 species belonging to 31 genera and 4 families were documented. Out of which family Nymphalidae constitutes 18 species, five species from each family like Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae were documented. Two endemic species such as Southern Birdwing Triodes minos and Malabar Tree Nymph Idea malabarica were spotted. Total of 22species from MR, 20 species from AR, 12 species from AzoR, and 2 species from NR were recorded throughout the study period.

Vasanthi et al. (2014) studied the amphibian diversity of Courtallam, Tenkasi District, Tamil Nadu, through a field survey from January to December 2012. Sampling was done, and species were identified up to the species level. This study documented seventeen species belonging to six families and 14 genera. Dicroglossidae was the most dominant species with nine species, followed by Microhylidae (three species); Bufonidae (two species); Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, and Nyctibatrachus with one species each.

Sadasivan et al. (2023) studied butterfly diversity of Western Ghats by reviewing literatures. This study documented total 290 species belonging to six families such as Papilionidae with 19 species; Pieridae with 26 species; Nymphalidae with 85 species; Riodinidae with one species; Lycaenidae with 82 species; Hesperiidae with 77 species including species endemic to western ghats such as Halpemorphahyrtacus, Thoressaastigmata, Thoressasitala, Thoressahonorei, Baracushampsoni, Baracussubditus etc.

Balaji et al. (2014) studied reptile and amphibian assemblages of the Western Ghats through a field study in Agumbe village, Karnataka. Sampling was done in three different seasons; dry, pre-monsoon, monsoon seasons. This study documented total 199 amphibians belonging to 28 species (Frejervayarufescenes, Hylaranaaurantica, Hylarana temporalis etc.) and 129 reptiles belonging to 53 species (Amphiesma beddomii, Ristellabeddomii and Ahaetulla nasuta etc.).

Gupta et al. (2015) studied two parasitic wasps of butterflies in Dhaebandora Taluka in South Goa, Goa. Total 57 individuals from 24 species, 5 families (Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidea and Pieridae) of Lepidoptera order were identified. Total 6 species belonging to 3 families (Braconidae, Eulophidae, Chalcididae) of Hymenoptera order and 3 species belonging to Tachinidae families were reported. Tetrastichusthetisae and Sympiesisthyrsisaebelonging to Eulophidae family were newly identified species of parasitic wasps. 

Borkar and Komarpant (2004) studied butterfly diversity in Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary of Goa, India from July 2001 to June 2002. Total 91 species belonging 66 genera, five families were documented. Nymphalidae was the dominant species with 40 species followed by Lycaenidae with 19 species, Papilionidae with 14 species, Pieridae with 12 species and Hesperliidae with 6 species. Species such as Tree Nymph (Idea malabarica), Fluffy Tit (Zeltusamasa), Malabar Banded Peacock (Papilio budhha) and Southern Bird Wing (Triodes minos) are endemic to Western Ghats.

Ferreira (2021) studied Coleoptera diversity from the Staphylinidae family of Goa by collecting samples from different locations of study region and examined it with stereomicroscope. Total 7 species from 3 subfamilies such as Oxytelinae, Paederinae and Staphylininae were reported. Species like Blediusbrunnipennis, Blediuslucidus, Palaminus indicus, Pinophilusaegyptius, Pinophilus planus, Philonthusdonckieri, Platydeacussuspectus were reported. 

Kapur (1972) studied Coleoptera diversity of Goa state. Species were collected and identified up to species level. Total 17 species (Epilachnavigintioctopunctata, Scymnusnubilus, Scymnuscoccivora, Cryptogonusquadriguttatus, Jauravia limbate etc.) belonging to Coccinellidae family (Lady- Beetles) were documented. 

Ganesh et al. (2013) studied reptile diversity of central western ghats extending along western coastal plains and adjoining the Western ghats mountains of Karnataka, including six districts such as Talakaveri, Southu Canara, Udupi, Shimoga, Chikmagalur and North Canara. Spotted species were photographed and identified up species level. Total 71 species were reported and 47% of species were endemic to the Western Ghats. family Colubridae is the dominant family followed by Scincidae.

Gururaja et al. (2007) reported a new frog species of from near Sharavathi River Basin of Central Western Ghats and species were collected and morphometric analysis, phylogenetic analysis etc. was done for identification of species. Total 150 individuals from Philautusneelanethrus belonging to Rhacophoridae family were recorded from study region.

Sarkar and Ray (2004) studied amphibian diversity of Goa. Species were collected, examined and identified up to species level. Total 27 species (Ramanellamormorata, Rana cyanophlyctis, Rana hexadactylus, Fejervaryalimnocharis, Fejervaryasyhadrensis etc.) belonging to 12 genera, five families and two orders were documented.

Priti et al. (2015) studied tadpole diversity spotted in central the Western ghats, India. Study was continued from 2013-1013 and conducted in streams and Myristica swamps of evergreen forests in Sharavathi and Aghanashini River basins. N. jog, N. kempholeyensisand N. kumbara were spotted during study period. N. jog was collected from the fast-flowing stream while N.kempholeyensiscollected from slow-flowing stream in evergreen forests and N. kumbara also collected from slow-flowing stream.

Rao et al. (2022) studied moth diversity in 3 sites such as Rivona, Tilamol, and Xeldem in South Goa, through a field survey from 7 to 11 pm from November 2020 to January 2021. Total 97 species belonging to 87 different genera under 27 families were recorded from 3 sites. Rivona with maximum relative abundance (51.96%), Xeldem with lowest moth diversity (19.23%) and Tilamol with 29.80% of relative abundance was reported. Large number of species were recorded from the family Erebidae with 79 moths in Xeldem, 101 moths in Rivona and 70 in Tilamol site and the least number of species were recorded from the family Momphidae, with only 2 species in Rivona.

Gawas and Gupta (2022) studied wasp diversity of agroecosystem in Ambedem village and forest ecosystem in tropical deciduous forest falls within Mollem National Park, Dharbandora, Goa. Total of 231 specimens, 19 species belonging to 4 subfamilies, and 12 genera were identified. Subfamily Eumeninae was identified as the dominant subfamily (64%) with 12 species, 8 genera followed by subfamily Polistinae (30%) with 5 species, 2 genera, subfamily Stenogastrinae (0.8%) and Vespinae (4%) respectively. Total 125 specimens belonging to 19 species, 12 genera, 4 subfamilies from forest ecosystem and 106 specimens belonging to 13 species, 7 genera, 3 subfamilies were reported.

D’Souza and Pai (2019) studied dragonfly diversity in Velsao, a coastal village and Taleigao Plateau, a lateritic region from 1016 to 2017. Total 28 species belong to 18genera and 3 families were identified. Out of which, 24 species belong to 16 genera and 3 families in the plateau region, 16 species belong to 12genera and 3 families in the agro region and 12 species from both regions were documented.

Pandit and Pai (2017) studied spider diversity and its guild structure of Taleigao plateau, Goa from July 2016 to February 2017 by using methods like active searches in different places such as human dwellings, buildings, gardens, fallow land, around water bodies, under stones and loose barks, in leaf litter and flowers. Pitfall trapping was also used to trap spiders. Sweep netting, vegetation beating methods were also used. Total 74 species belonging to 44 genera from 17 families were documented which is 4.38% of total Indian spiders. Most number of species recorded from Salticidae followed by Araneidae. Total 5 species such as Cyclosa spirifera, Neoscona bengalensis, Neoscona mukerjei, Castianeirazetes, Poecilotheria regalis are endemic to India.

Singh R. and Singh G. (2021) reported the spider family Philodromidae of India by reviewing previously published documents. Total 53 species belonging to 10 genera were reported, out of which, 39 species like Philodromus decorates, Gephyrotapudica, Ebo bharatae, Thanatusketani and Tibellus elongatus etc. are endemic to India. Only one species such as Tibellus elongatus belonging to Philodromidae family, Araneae order found in Goa.

Halarnkar and Pai (2018) studied spider species in two different locations such as Akhada St. Estevam Island (study site-1) and the planation habitat at Tivre-Orgao Narcel (study site-2), Goa. Total 1058 spiders belonging to 29 species, 8 families and 19 genera recorded from study site-1. Most numbers of the spider were spotted during monsoon and least number of spiders were observed during winter season. Salticidae was the dominant family with 10 species followed by Araneidae with 7 species. Total 1339 spiders from 30 species, 7 families and 18 genera were collected from study site-2. Total 10 species were observed from family Arabeidae followed by Salticidae with eight species.

Singh R. and Singh G. (2021) studied the spider diversity of India by reviewing literatures. Total 210 species belonging to 44 genera were reported from India and 143 species were endemic to India such as Angaeuspentagonalis, Bomis bengalensis, Camaricuskhandakaensis, Camaricusbipunctatsus, Borboropactuselephantus etc. total 12 species reported from Goa like Anyciaeaforticeps, Angaeus sp., Camaricusformosus, Massuria sp., Misumenavatia, Oxytate sp., Platythomisussudeepi, Stiphropus sp., Strigoplus Netravali, Synemarevolutum., Thomisus spectabilis, Xysticus sp.

Singh et al. (2021) studied spitting spiders of India by reviewing previously published documents. Total 14 species under Scytodidae family and from 2 genera were reported. Species such as Dictis Ganeshi, Dictismumbaiensis, Scytodesalfredi, Scytodeskinsukus, Scytodesstoliczkai are endemic to India. Only Scytodes sp. found in Goa.

Singh R. and Singh B. B. (2022) studied spider diversity by reviewing literatures. Total 137 species belonging to 128 genera, 23 families were listed out in recent document. Family Araneidae is the dominant group with 37 species followed by Salticidae with 35 species, Thomisidae with 29 species, Theriidae with 14 species, Tetragnathidae with 13 species, respectively.

Rangenekar and Naik (2014) studied Odonata diversity in various places of Goa. Total 13 species such as Gynacanthadravida, Gomphidiakodaguensis, Merogomphuslongistigma, Megalogomphushannyngtoni, Onychothemistestacea, Urothemissignata, Zygonyx iris malabarica, Epophthalmiavittata, Archibasisoscillans, Ceriagrionrubiae, Pseudagrionrubriceps, Protostictasanguinostigma, and Caconeuraramburi were identified out of which 5 species were endemic to western ghats.

Jadhav et al. (2018) documented the freshwater turtles by visiting 186 sites across Goa through active searches Total 337 individuals of 3 species of freshwater turtles from 3 families such as Trionychidae (Indian flap-shell turtle,Lissemyspuncata), Geomydidae (Indian black turtle, Melanochelystrijuga), Emydidae (the invasive red eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans) were recorded. Melanochelystrijuga(52.23%)was the most abundance species followed by Lissemyspuncata(46.88%) and Trachemys scripta elegans (0.89%) respectively.

Ansari et al. (1995) studied the fish community of two adjacent coastal bays such as Aguada Bay and Marmugao Bay off Goa. Total 12519 fishes belonging to 59 species, 39 genera, 21 families were collected. A total of 5955 fishes from 42 species and 21 families from Marmugao Bay and 6564 fishes from 47 species and 23 families from Aguada Bay were collected. Leiognathidae is the dominant family with 22% of total fish species followed by Sciaenidae (18%), Clupeidae (15%), Cynoglossidae (14%) in Marmugao Bay and Clupeidae (24%) Followed by Sciaenidae (23%), Leiognathidae (17%), Cynoglossidae (13%) in Aguada Bay.

Pati and Pradhan (2020) studied the freshwater crab diversity of Western ghats which comprises three sub types such as Northern Western Ghats (from Tapi Valley to Goa), Central Western Ghats (south of Goa- Niligiris) and Southern Western Ghats (south of Palghat Gap). During this survey, Total 62 species belonging to family Gecarcinucidae were recorded. With 27 species in 12 genera, the Southern Western Ghats have the greatest diversity of fresh water crabs, followed by the Northern Western Ghats with 27 species in 6 genera and the Central Western Ghats with 21 species in 8 genera.

Hiller (2010) studied crab diversity of Goa by doing a fieldwork in the rocky region of Bogmolo in the vicinity of Marmugoa harbour, including St. George Island and Anjuna for ten days in December 2006. Total 10 species were documented, out of which 9 species are endemic to Indian ocean and 2 species such as Polyonyxhendersoni and P. splendidusare endemic to eastern Arabian Sea. Species like Pachychelestomentosus, Petrolisthesleptocheles, Petrolisthesornatus and Petrolisthesrufescenes are Indian ocean endemics present on the coast of Pakistan.

Hussain et al. (2022) recorded sea slug species of the reefs of grand island, Goa with scuba diving during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Survey was carried out in various rocky shores along the coastline of Anjuna, Vagator, Marmugoa, Bambolim and Betul. Bottom trawl was also conducted in Zuari estuary. Total 15 species belonging to 14 families were recorded during survey period in Goa.

Lizanne and Pai (2013) studied soil nematode diversity of South Goa district, Goa. Study was conducted from august 2011 to November 2011 and from July 2012 to December 2012. Nematodes were collected from soil samples by Cobb’s decanting and sieving method and identified up to species level. Total 52 species belonging to 7 orders were reported. Total 27 species from order Dorylaimida followed by Mononchida with 6, Tylenchida with 9, Alaimida with 3, Rhabditida with 4, Enoplida with 2 and Araeolaimida with one species were identified.

Desai et al. (2021) studied human-animal conflict by analysing leopard scat samples collect from different areas of such protected areas which includes national park and wildlife sanctuary and human dominated areas. Only wild prey biomass was found in the diet of leopards in protected areas. major portion of scat contains biomass of Wild Boar 29% followed by Chital 25%, Indian Crested Porcupine 15%, Gray Langure 5.6%, Bonnet Macaque 5.4%, Samber 4.1% And Indian Hare 3.1%. scats collected from human dominated areas contains both wild prey biomass such as Wild Boar 26%, Indian Crested Porcupine 17%, Indian Hare 14%, Bonnet Macaque 5.1%, Gray Langure 3.2%, Northern Red Muntjac 1.3% and biomass of domestic animals such as Pig 11%, Goat 2.7%, Cat 2%. Study revealed that leopard- human conflict is higher during January, February, august, September and October. 

Dias (2021) studied human-animal conflict in Khazan lands along the Zuari river, Goa. Total 27 fishermen were interviewed, indicating that L. perspicillata spotted in the study area. 59.25% of fishers reported that otter population has increase, 25.92% of fishers reported that population has decreased and 14.81% of fishers in reported that population has remained same where fishers could not identify any overlap of diet between otters and fish species. 40.74% fishers considered otter as pests, 59.25% did not consider as pests and 29.62% fishers reported that they were unbothered by the otter where 70.37% of fishers scare the otters away. 44.44% of fishers revealed that turnover was affected by otters, 55.55% of fishers revealed that turnover was not affected. In this study, otter- human conflict considered as minimal due to mixed response by the fishers. 

Chawla et al. (2017) studied public attitudes toward the golden jackal (Canis aureus) by surveying Bondorim, Sirlim and Deussua of Salcetet Taluka. People were interviewed about Canis aureus and Total 50% people reported that jackals do not cause any harm to the communities, 1% people reported that jackals were eating their pigs and hens. 49% people reported that, there is no need for conservation of jackals as their population was increasing. Jackal- human conflict was not seen in the study area.

Rohini et al. (2016) studied human-wildlife conflict through a questionnaire survey in Nilambur, Southern Western Ghats, India. Crop damage (87.85%) done by wild animals was the main cause of conflict, followed by property damage (4%), human death (2%) and livestock depredation (2%). Elephas maximus accounted for 58.8% of the top conflict animals, followed by Sus scrofa (32.14%), Macaca radiata (3.8%), Panthera pardus (3.3%), Ratufa indica (0.47%), Hystrix indica (0.29%), Bos gaurus (0.95%) and Cervus unicolor (0.29 %) which is clear evidence of human- animal conflict in the study region.

Rohini et al. (2018) studied human-animal conflict through a survey in Nilambur forests, Malappuram District, Kerala, from February to May 2016. A total of 510 residents in 17 forest fringe villages were interviewed, out of which a large percentage of populations were facing problems such as crop damages, property damages, and psychological stress (free movement restriction and fear of encountering with elephants), but in the same time, despite the problems caused by the elephant, a large percentage of people (54.75%) were also in support of elephant conservations. Human-elephant conflict was reported from the study area, in spite of equal proportions of people having positive and negative attitudes towards elephants.

Jayson and Christopher (2008) studied human-animal conflict through a survey in Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. This study documented 217 elephants such as Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). During the survey period, crop damages and human deaths by elephants were recorded, while on the other side, indigenous preventive methods such as bar soap, kerosene, human dummies, cloths, plastic bags, areca nut sheaths, and modern preventive measures like electric fence and cracker lines were taken by residents to prevent the damages done by elephants which clearly showed the human-elephant conflict exists in this area.

Joshi and Madhusudan (2010) studied human-animal conflict in the northern Western Ghats by surveying Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra. This study reported three forms of conflict, such as 245 incidents of crop destruction between June 2008 and November 2009, two incidents of livestock depredation, and three incidents of attacks on humans in 2008, and Bos gaurus accounted for 30.2% of those crop losses, followed by Sus scrofa (11.95%) and Macaca radiata (3.1%), which is clear evidence of human-gaur conflict in the study region.

Bal et al. (2011) studied human-animal conflict in the western ghats through a survey in the Coffee Agroforestry Landscapes of Kodagu, Karnataka, from May 2007 to July 2008. This study shows that crop destruction (higher between June and August) and coffee consumption are done by elephants, which validates the fact that human-animal conflict exists in the study region.

Karanth et al. (2013) studied human-animal conflict in the western Ghats through a survey in five wildlife reserves: Dandeli-Anshi, Bhadra, Nagarahole, Bandipur, and BRT. A total of 1972 individual households were interviewed, out of which a large number of populations were facing crop loss caused by Sus scrofa (57%), Elephas maximus (37%), and Axis axis (8%); 50% of the population was facing livestock losses where households have taken some preventive measures like night watching (46%), fencing (34%), and scare devices (34%), which clearly show the human-wild animal conflict in the study region.

Milda et al. (2023) studied human-animal interactions in the western ghats through a survey in the eastern and western ghats of Tamil Nadu. A total of 1460 households were surveyed, out of which 56.8% of populations were facing wild pig conflict incidents, mainly crop damages (98.8%), property damages (1.5%), and death by wild pig attack (0.2%), which clearly show the conflict going on between wild pigs and residents residing near forest areas of the study region.

Jayson and Christopher (2008) studied human-animal conflict along the western ghats through a survey in the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. The study documented a total of 217 elephants. Almost all families retained their land, most of which they obtained by clearing forests, and reported crop damage due to wildlife, mainly elephants. About 130 people reported that livestock was attacked mainly by fowl, followed by goats (Capra hircus) and dogs (Canis familiaris), which indicates a human-animal conflict.

Saberwal et al. (1994) studied the lion-human conflict in Giri Forest, Gujarat, through a survey between April 1978 and March 1991. There were 192 attacks by lions on humans and 18 lion-caused human deaths gradually increased following the drought. Around 82% of the total number of attacks occur outside the forest's protected areas, which leads to livestock losses and economic losses.

Manral et al. (2016) studied the human-wildlife conflict in India by reviewing the literature. According to this study, the top conflict animals are the tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus), wild pig (Sus scrofa), nilgai (Boselaphustragocamelus) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) causing different forms of conflicts such as crop damage, livestock depredation, people and domestic animals death and destruction of fruit orchards, etc. which is the cause of affliction and economic loss which is an existence of human-animal conflict in the study area.

Nair and Jayson (2021) studied human-animal conflict in the western ghats through a survey in the Nilambur Forest Divisions of Malappuram District, Kerala, India. This study documented crop damages by wild life near reserve forest areas and in land away from the reserve forest area. People near this area are adapting to the presence of wildlife animals and developing mitigation tactics according to the behaviour and needs of wild animals. As human-animal conflict exists in almost all areas near the reserve forest area, people are somehow coping with it and scheming new strategies to mitigate conflicts.

Ramesh et al. studied human-animal conflict in the eastern and western Ghats through a survey. This study documented a large number of livestock attacks caused by leopards (Panthera pardus), followed by dholes (Cuon alpinus) and tigers (Panthera tigris), out of which 71% of livestock attacks by carnivores were inside reserve forest areas, followed by protected areas and forest areas. A large number of people who live within forest reserve areas rely on forest resources as their primary source of income. The presence of human habitat in close proximity to forest areas is leading to human-wildlife conflict.

Munster D. and Munster U. (2012) studied human-animal conflict in Wayanad, Kerala, and South India through a survey. This study documented the destruction of crops such as paddy, banana, tapioca, jackfruit trees, coconut trees, and palm trees. Human deaths (the first case was reported in December of 1982), property damage, etc. were mainly done by elephants. It has been seen that preventive measures taken by the forest department have failed in this region. Continuous elephant raids in human habitats have forced some farmers to lose their patience. Others are trying to avoid elephants by not planting plants such as jackfruit, mangos, or bananas. The constant attack of elephants on human life, crops, and property showed the obviousness of animal-human conflict in this study area.

Ramesh et al. (2022) studied human-animal conflict in the eastern and western ghats of southern India through a survey of 12 forest divisions. The top-most conflict animal was the elephant, followed by Gaur, which mainly caused crop damage, property damage, and human injury or death. Houses in reserve forest areas faced more human-elephant conflict than those in protected areas and forest areas, but people inside forest areas faced more human-gaur conflict than those in reserve forest areas and protected areas. Crops such as maize were mainly eaten by elephants, followed by millets, bananas, vegetables, sugarcane, and rice paddy, while crops such as vegetables were mainly eaten up by gaurs followed by millets, and coffee.

Joshi et al. (2014) studies human-animal conflict in North Western Ghats through a survey. Three forms conflicts such as crop destruction, livestock depredation and human attacks were reported from study region. Crop destruction was mainly done by gaur (Boa gaurus) and wild pig (Sus scrofa) followed by elephants (Elephas maximus), hanuman langur and bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata); livestock raiding was mainly done by leopards (Panthera pardus) followed by tiger (Panthera tigris), jackal and dhole (Cuon alpinus) where human attacks were mainly by sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) followed by gaur, leopard and tiger.

Ahmed et al. (2015) studied human-animal conflict in central western ghats through a survey in Nagarahole National Park in Kodagu district, Karnataka. Around 40% of total respondents agreed with an increase in the population of the elephant and lack of fodder is the cause of conflict, while 34% of respondents agreed with the fact that low maintenance of fences leading to conflict and 26% of respondents stated that ignorance of forest department is the cause of conflicts. Most respondents agreed that elephants are destroying vegetables, fruits, etc., and 68% of respondents were using fire crackers and other annoying noise to avoid elephants; 20% of respondents discontinued the crop that may tempt animals, and 12% respondents started using barbed fences, solar fences, and thorny bushes.

Ramesh (2012) studied human-animal conflict in the Western ghats through in Mudumalai Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, South India. This study documented a total 19 Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) from dry deciduous, followed by dry thorn with 18 individuals and semi-evergreen with 10 individuals and mainly found near fruiting trees mainly in the dry season. Human-bear conflict was found to be less critical, which shows the habitat of sloth bears was not severely fragmented by human activity.

Gokula and Thangatamil (2014) studied human- animal conflict in Tamilnadu through a survey in a privately owned tea plantation near Kolacamby Village, Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu from October 2011 and January 2012. This study documented mammals such as tigers, leopards, dhole, jackals and jungle cats. Destruction of the coffee plantation by wild animals was observed during the study period. Human attacks by leopards and tigers were not observed inside the plantation, but six cases of human attacks by sloth bears were during the last 10 years of the study period, which is a clear indication of human-animal conflict.

Silori and Mishra (2001) studied human-animal conflict in South India through a survey in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. This study documented that 630 people owned about 9280 livestock, including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats, of which 98% of the total livestock population gazed throughout the year inside forest areas. Constant human intervention in forest areas poses a threat to large mammals like elephants, which is the first step towards animal-huma.

Jaganathan et al. (2018) studied -animal conflict in western ghats by surveying different fragmented areas such as Puthuthtottam, Korangumudi, and Old Valparai of Valparai Plateau, Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats. Most People showed a positive attitude towards lion-tailed macaques in Korangumudi, and Old Valparai. In Puthuthtottam, negative attitude was seen towards lion-tailed macaques aa it tends to remove the tiles on the roof in search of food which shows the existence of human animal conflict in this area.

Kumar and Singh (2010) studied human-animal conflict in Valparai Plateau through a survey from 2006 to 2007. Two herds of elephants were observed where it was seen that feeding habit was affected by the plantation of trees like eucalyptus and coffee feeding habit is normal in natural vegetation, and agitation behaviours were high in completely open habitats of tea and near human habitation and lowest in the rainforest and riverine vegetation which showed the obviousness of animal-human conflict existence in this study area.

Greeshma et al. (2016) studied human-animal conflict in Peechi Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Thrissur, Kerala, through a survey from January 2012 to April 2012. Crops damage is mainly seen in this area by Indian wild pig (Sus scrofa), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Indian giant flying squirrel (Petauristaphilippensis), Sambar (Rusa unicolor) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus); human attack and livestock lifting mainly done by leopards were observed in this area while in other side people were using a solar fence and electric fence. The constant raiding of wild animals in human habitations shows human-animal conflict in the study region.

1.2. Objectives
The study objectives are:

1. to assess the fauna diversity in the forest ecosystem of Goa through a literature review
2. human-wildlife conflicts in Goa
3. assessing the fragmentation of forests using remote sensing data.
4. exploring appropriate management strategies.

2.1 Study Area

Goa is the smallest state in India and was formed in 1987. It is located on the western coast of the Indian Peninsula at latitudes 15˚ 48’ N and 14˚ 53’ 54" N and longitude 74˚ 20’ 13" and 73˚ 40’ 33" E. This state has a total area of 3702 km² and a 104-kilometer coastline.[22] (Fig 1.1)

Panaji is the capital of Goa, and the largest city in Goa is Vasco da Gama. The state comprises two districts (Fig 1.2): North Goa, covering 1736 km², and South Goa, covering 1966 km², and 12 taluks (Fig 1.3) in total, such as Bardez, Bicholim, Pernam, Sattari, Tiswadi, Ponda (North Goa) and Canacona, Mormugao, Salcette, Sanguem, Quepem, and Dharbandora (South Goa).

Figure 1.1 The study area – Goa State, Central Western Ghats, India

Rivers: Nine rivers of Goa, including two major rivers such as the Mandovi and Zuari Rivers, are connected by the Kumbarjua Canal, covering an area of 75km and 70 km, respectively [17][18], and seven other rivers are Tiracol, Chapora, Baga, Sal, Saleri, Talpona, and Galgibag. [8][10]

Climate: The mean annual temperature is 27.8˚ C, while the mean minimum and maximum remain between 26.4˚ C to and 30.2˚ C, and the average monsoon rainfall is about 3910 mm. [2] Winter (December to February), summer or pre-monsoon (March to May), monsoon (June to September), and post-monsoon (October to November) are the four main seasons in the state. [8] The humidity level varies from 70% to 90%, which makes the climate warm and humid.

Geography: Geographically, Goa is primarily divided into three regions, namely, the low-lying river basins with the western coastal plains, the midland regions with the plateaus, and the hilly region of the Western Ghats in the west [1], where the major portion is occupied with pre-cambian rocks (quartz-sericite), and lateritic soil derived from pink phyllites is the major soil type. [9]

Demography: The estimated population of Goa was about 14,58,545 by 2020, including 7,39,252 males and 7,19,293 females with an 88.70% literacy rate. The sex ratio is 937 females to 1000 males, which is 0.12% of the total population of India. North Goa is the most populous district with 818,008 individuals and an 89.57% literacy rate, while South Goa is the least populous district with 640,537 individuals and an 87.59% literacy rate, as per census 2011. The estimated population of Goa is 1,521,992 with 771,410 males and 750,582 females in north Goa with 853,591 and south Goa with 668,400. [13][21]

Language: Goa is considered a multilingual state as the people of Goa use different languages such as Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, and English for conversation and writing purposes.

Economy: Goa is one of the richest states in India, with the highest GDP per capita. Goa's economy heavily depends on tourism, with the industry contributing over 40% of the state's GDP as it gets 12% of foreign tourists in India. The state is known for its beautiful beaches, historic architecture, and cultural diversity, which attract tourists worldwide. In addition to tourism, the state has a thriving mining industry, producing iron ore, manganese, and bauxite. Agriculture and fishing are also important sectors, with the state being known for its cashew nuts, coconuts, and seafood. The government of Goa has been working to diversify the economy and attract investments in other sectors such as pharmaceuticals, IT, and manufacturing. By 2016-17, the GSDP had reached 629.76 trillion, and the state domestic product reached 914.17 billion in 2022-23, an increase rate of 6.42% from 2016-17. [4][5]

Tourism: The scenic view of Goa attracts many tourists every year from all over the world, which helps make Goa’s economy stronger. Tourism brings in almost Rs. 4000 crores annually with a GSDP of Rs. 543.41 crores, which accounts for almost 15% of India’s foreign exchange. Around 23 lakh tourists visit Goa each year, which makes the state’s economy stronger and gives employment to so many people. [15][16]

Agriculture: agriculture is the second most important economic source after tourism, with Rs. 188.96 crores of GSDP from crops alone. Paddy is the main field crop and staple food of Goa, covering a total area of 36,348 ha, which is being cultivated in the Kharif (Sod; 67%) and Rabi (Vaigon: 33%) seasons. [16] Other than paddy crops, such as cashew nut and coconut, are the dominant crops, followed by other crops such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, ground nuts, vegetables, etc. in the Goa state. [11]

Fishing- Fish is the staple food following rice for 90% of population of Goa with 15-17 kg average annual consumption per capita and annual average marine and inland fish production is 86,027 and 3,669 tonnes respectively which is nearly 2% of the total marine fish production of our country. In 2019–2020, Goa exported approximately 14699 tonnes of fish worth Rs. 288.5 crores, constituting 3% of the state's GDP. [22]

Mining: In Goa, mining is one of the key economic drivers. Areas away from the coast are rich in minerals and ores. The mining of Goa focuses on iron ores, which is the state's chief industry and exports over 60% of India’s iron ore, with 15–16 million tonnes of average iron ore per year. The mining area covers mainly the Sanguem district, followed by Bicholim, Sattari, Pernem, and Quepem. [3][7] Other mining focuses on minerals like bauxite, manganese, limestone, dolomite, etc.[7] There were a total of 334 mining leases in continuation, including 82 operating mines between 2002-2011.[14]

Forest: Goa's total forest area is 1,424 sq. km., of which the government owns 1,224.46 km², including reserve forest covering 253.32 sq. km. classified under section 20 IFA; proposed reserve forest area up to 709.90 sq. km. under S/4 of IFA and unclassed forests spreads up to 261.24 sq. km. and the remaining 200 km² is private forest. and the water-covered area is 25,775 ha. It is divided into different forest types: tropical wet evergreen, tropical moist evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, littoral swamp, and tropical dry deciduous. Forest vegetation mainly includes plants such as teak, acacia, cashew, mango, and jackfruit and provides important products such as bamboo, Maratha barks, Chillar barks, and Bhirand. Forest includes protected areas such as one national park, i.e., Mollem national park, Mollem (107 km²), and six wildlife sanctuaries, i.e., Bondla wild life sanctuary, Bondla (8km²), Bhagwan Mahavir wildlife sanctuary (133km²), Catigao wildlife sanctuary, Catigao (86km²), Salim Ali bird sanctuary, Chorao Island (1.78 km²), Mhadei wildlife sanctuary, Mhadei (proposed area 208km²), Netravali wildlife sanctuary, Netravali (211km²). [12](Fig 1.4)

Figure1.4 Protected areas of Goa

Flora and Fauna: Goa is rich in biodiversity as it is covered by the Western Ghats, which is considered one of the biodiversity hotspots; forest areas with protected areas and unprotected areas; and rivers, including major rivers like the Mandovi and Zuari. Plants such as mangrove, cashew, acacia, teak, rubber, coconut, arecanut, etc. are seen in Goa, where estuaries like Terekhol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal, Talpona, and Galgibag reinforce mangroves. A total of 16 true mangrove species (including dominant species such as Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora) belonging to 11 genera and seven families are distributed in the estuaries of Goa. [19] A total of 480 species of birds were observed in Goa and recorded in eBird. Birds such as the rock dove, white-browed bulbul, plum headed parakeet, common woodshrike, Asian emerald dove, etc. were documented from Goa. A total of 83 mammal species like gaur, wild boar, Indian elephant, royal Bengal tiger, bats, mice, etc. were recorded in Goa. [20] Reptilian species such as pit vipers, sea snakes, Indian cobras, geckos, lizards, etc., and different amphibian species were recorded from Goa. [20]

State Emblem and Symbols of Goa- like other states, Goa has its own state emblem and symbols. Gaur/Indian bison (Boa gaurus) is the state animal; Flame-throated Bulbul (Rubigulagularis) as the state bird; Jasmine as the state flower; Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) as the state fruit; Dhalo as the state dance; and Goan Fish Curry as the state dish have been designated as the state emblem and symbols of Goa.[21]

2.2 Methodology-

2.2.1 Fauna Diversity in Goa State, central western Ghats

The method adopted for assessing faunal diversity is outlined in Fig 2.1. Checklists of fauna diversity were compiled by reviewing published journals, books, and reports on fauna diversity of Goa and Western Ghats published in websites such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, etc. and by following different websites such as the Indian Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org), the Zoological Survey of India(http://zsi.gov.in), eBird Goa(https://ebird.org), and iNaturalist(https://www.inaturalist.org) from January 23 to April 30, 2023. This study is an attempt to understand the faunal diversity, conservation status and endemism of fauna diversity in Goa. Conservation status was obtained from the IUCN Red List(https://www.iucnredlist.org). (Fig 2.1)

Figure 2.1 steps involved to prepare checklists of fauna diversity

2.2.2 Digitization of agents of forest fragmentation

This study also highlights the conservation of faunal diversity, gaps in management, and understanding human-animal conflicts. Fig 2.2 depicts the method adopted for mapping agents of forest fragmentation. The Google Earth (http://earth.google.com) were used to digitise land use by such as monoculture plantations (acacia plantation, cashew plantation, rubber plantation), agricultural land, buildings, etc., which have fragmented reserve forest areas of Goa. Georeferenced administrative boundrary, village layer, taluk layer and reserved forest layer were used with Google Earth and QGIS (http://qgis.org). Spatial extent was calculated in QGIS for each ares fragmenting reserve forest area. (Fig 2.2)

Figure 2.2 steps involved in digitization process

2.2.3. Computation of metrics to assess f orest f ragmentation

The method adopted for assessing forest fragmentation is outlined in Fig 2.3. Land Use changes were assessed using remote sensing data (LANDSAT data; http://www.usgs.org). Land use analysis was done to assess the spatial extent of land uses, changes in forest areas. Fragmentation of the forest ecosystem was assessed by computing P f and P ff using Kernel’s (3*3) method. Forest fragmentation was mapped on the basis of Pf and Pff values. (Fig 2.3)

Figure 2.3 steps involved in forest fragmentation analysis

Fauna diversity of Goa, including terrestrial and aquatic species, was assessed by reviewing published literatures. The study documents a total of 1882 species belonging to 289 families including terrestrial and aquatic species such as mammalian species with 86 species under 32 families, avian species with 485 species under 84 families, reptile species with 101 species under 19 families, 29 amphibian species under eight families, 693 insect species under 61 families, 206 arthropod species under 32 families, 114 fish species under 41 families and 68 crab species under 12 families.

3.1 Mammals-

A total of 86 mammalian species belonging to 32 families listed in Table 1. Muridae is the dominant family with thirteen species followed by Vespertilionidae with nine species; Sciuridae and Felidae with five species each; Pteropodidae and Emballonuridae with four species each; Cervidae, Hesperstidae, Viverridae, Delphinidae, Mustelidae, Canidae and Hipposideridae with three species each; Soricidae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, Cercopithecidae, Tragulidae and Bovidae with two species each; Dugongidae, Balaenopteridae, Phocoenidae, Leporidae, Hystricidae, Suidae, Eliphantidae, Hyaenidae, Ursidae, Manidae, Lorisidae, Molossidae and Tupaiidae with one species each.

Table 1. Mammals of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Sl. No.	Family name	English Name	Scientific name	Conservation status	Locations	References
1	Tupaiidae	Madras Tree Shrew	Anathanaelloiti	LC	Goa state	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
2	Soricidae	Common House Shrew	Suncus murinus	LC	Margao, panjim, Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
3		Savi’s Pygmy Shrew	Suncusetruscus	LC	Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
4	Pteropodidae	Indian Fulvous Fruit Bat	Rousettus leschenaulti	NT	Margao, Poinguinim, Bondla, mollem	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
5		Indian Flying Fox	Pteropusmedius	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
6		Short Nosed Fruit Bat	Cynopterus sphinx	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
7		Lesser Dog Faced Fruit Bat	Cynopterusbrachyotis	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
8	Emballonuridae	Pouch Bearing Tomb Bat	Saccolamiussaccolaimus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
9		Long Winged Tomb Bat	Taphozouslongimanus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
10		Black Headed Tomb Bat	Taphozousmelanopogon	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
11		Theobald’s Tomb Bat	Taphozoustheobaldi	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
12	Megadermatidae	Lesser False Vampire Bat	Megadermaspasma	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
13		Greater False Vampire Bat	Lyroderma lyra	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
14	Rhinolophidae	Blyth’s Horse Shoe Bat	Rhinolophus lepidus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
15		Rufous Horse Shoe Bat	Rhinolophus rouxii	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
16	Hipposideridae	Fulvous Leaf Nosed Bat	Hipposideros fulvus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
17		Kelaart’s Leaf Nosed Bat	Hipposideroslankadiva	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
18		Schneider’s Leaf Nosed Bat	Hipposiderosspeoris	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
19	Vespertilionidae	Painted Bat	Kerivoulapicta	NT		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
20		Tickell’s Bat	Hespertilionidaetickelli	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
21		Horsefield’s Bat	Myotis horsfieldii	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
22		Kelaart’s Pipsiterelle	Pipistrellus ceylonicus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
23		Indian Pipistrelle	Pipistrellus coromandra	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
24		Dormer’s Bat	Scotozousdormeri	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
25		Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat	Scotophilusheathii	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
26		Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat	Scotophiluskuhlii	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
27		Schreiber’s Long Fingered Bat	Miniopterusschreibersii	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
28	Molossidae	Egyptian Free Tailed Bat	Tadaridaaegyptiaca	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
29	Lorisidae	Slender Loris	Loris tardigradus	EN	Mhadei wildlife sanctuary and South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
30	Cercopithecidae	Bonnet Macaque	Macaca radiata	VU	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
31		Hanuman langur	Semnopithecus entellus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
32	Manidae	Indian Pangolin	Manis crassicaudata	EN	Mhadei wildlife sanctuary and South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
33	Canidae	Indian Jackal	Canis aureus	LC	Netravali wildlife sanctuary and South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
34		Indian Wild Dog	Cuon alpinus	EN	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
35		Bengal Fox	Vulpes bengalensis	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
36	Ursidae	Sloth Bear	Melursus ursinus	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
37	Mustelidae	Smooth Coated Otter	Lutogaleperspicillata	VU	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
38		Common otter	Lutralutra	NT	South Goa	Forest Department, Goa
39		Asian small clawed otter	Aonyx cinereus	VU	Netravali wildlife sanctuary	Sinai Borker
40	Viverridae	Small Indian Civet	Viverricula indica	LC	Mhadei wildlife santuary	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
41		Common Palm Civet or Toddy Cat	Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	LC	Villages across Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
42		Brown palm civet	Paradoxurus jerdoni**	LC	Mollem national park	Sinai Borker
43	Herpestidae	Indian Grey Mongoose	Urva edwardsii	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
44		Ruddy Mongoose	Urva smithii	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
45		Stripe- necked mongoose	Urva vitticollis	LC	Mhadei wildlife sanctuary	Sinai Borker
46	Hyaenidae	Striped Hyaena	Hyaena hyaena	NT	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
47	Felidae	Jungle Cat	Felis chaus	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
48		Leopard Cat	Prionailurus bengalensis	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
49		Rusty Spotted Cat	Prionailurusrubiginosus	NT		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
50		Panther/ Leopard	Panthera pardus	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
51		Royal Bengal Tiger	Panthera tigris	EN		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
52	Eliphantidae	Indian Elephant	Elephas maximus	EN		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
53	Suidae	Wild Boar	Sus scrofa	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
54	Tragulidae	Sri lankan spotted Chevrotain	Moschiolameminna	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
55		Indian spotted Chevrotain	Moschiola indica	LC	Bhavan Mahavir wildlife santuary	Sinai Borker
56	Cervidae	Chital/ Spotted Deer	Axis axis	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
57		Sambar	Rusa unicolor	VU	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
58		Barking deer	Muntiacusmuntjak	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
59	Bovidae	Indian Gaur	Bos gaurus	VU	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
60		Four Horned Antelope	Tetracerus quadricornis	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
61	Sciuridae	Indian Giant Squirrel	Ratufa indica*	LC	Bhagvan Mahavir wildlife santuary	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
62		Jungle Striped Squirrel/ western ghats palm squirrel	Funambulustristriatus*	LC	Mhadei wildlife santuary	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
63		Indian Five Striped Northern Palm Squirrel	Funambulus pennanti	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
64		Common Giant Flying Squirrel	Petauristaphilippensis	LC	Mollem national park	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
65		Three striped palm squirrel	Funambulus palmarum	LC	South Goa	Sinai Borker
66	Muridae	Indian Gerbil/ Antelope Rat	Tatera indica	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
67		Indian Long Tailed Tree Mouse	Vandeleuria oleracea	LC	Mhadei wildlife sanctuary	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
68		Soft-Furred Metad	Millardiameltada	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
69		Blandford’s Rat	Madromysblanfordi	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
70		House Rat, Roof Rat	Rattus rattus	LC	Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
71		White-Bellied House Rat	Niviventerniviventer	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
72		Norvey rat	Rattus norvegicus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
73		Indian Bush Rat	Golundaellioti*	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
74		House Mouse	Mus musculus	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
75		Little Indian Field Mouse	Mus booduga	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
76		Lesser Bandicoot Rat	Bandicota bengalensis	LC	Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
77		Larger Bandicoot Rat	Bandicota indica	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
78		Large Bandicoot Rat	Bandicota maxima	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
79	Hystricidae	Indian Crested Porcupine	Hystrix indica	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
80	Leporidae	Indian Black Napped Hare or Indian Hare	Lepus nigricollis	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008; Sinai Borker
81	Delphinidae	Indospacific Humpback Dolphin	Sousa chinenesis	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
82		Common Dolphin	Delphinus delphis	LC	South Goa	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
83		Spinner Dolphin	Stenellalongirostris	LC		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
84	Phocoenidae	Black Finless Porpoise	Delphinus phocaenoides	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
85	Balaenopteridae	Fin Whale	Balaenoptera physalus	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
86	Dugongidae	Dugong Or Sea Cow	Dugong dugon	VU		Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008

EN- Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; NT- Near Threatened; CR- Critically Endangered; LC- Least Concern; DD- Data Deficient

3.2 Birds-

Table 2 lists 485 avian species under 84 families. It includes 12 endemic species such as Psittaculacolumboides, Ocyceros griseus, Brachypodiuspriocephalus, Acritillas indica, Pterorhinusdelesserti, Eumyiasalbicaudatus, Cyornispallidipes, Dumetiaatriceps, Argyasubrufa, Leptocoma minima, Dendrocittaleucogastra, Columba elephinstonii.

Table- 2 Birds of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Common name	Conservation Status	References
Podicipedidae	1	Tacthybaptus ruficollis	Little Grebe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	2	Podiceps cristatus	Great crested grebe	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Procellariidae	3	Bulweria fallax	Jounanin ‘s Petrel	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	4	Puffinus pacificus	Wedge-tailed Shearwater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	5	Puffinus lherminieri	Persian Shearwater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Hydrobatidae	6	Oceanires oceanicus	Wilson’s Storm Petrel	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Sulidae	7	Sula dactylatra	Masked Booby	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	8	Sula leucogasrer	Brown Booby	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	9	Sula sula	Red footed booby	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Otididae	10	Sypheotides indicus	Lesser florican	CR	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Phalacrocoracidae	11	Microcarbo niger	Little Cormorant	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	12	Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	Indian Shag	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	13	Phalacrocorax carbo	Great Cormorant	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Anhingidae	14	Anhinga melanogaster	Darter	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Fregatidae	15	Fregata minor	Great Frigatebird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	16	Fregata ariel	Lesser Frigatebird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Ardeidae	17	Egretta garzetta	Little Egret	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	18	Egrena gularis	Western Reef Egret	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	19	Ardea cinerea	Grey Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	20	Ardea purpurea	Purple Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	21	Casmerodills albus	Large Egret	-	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	22	Ardea alba	Great White Egret	LC	eBird, Goa 2023
	23	Aedea intermedia	Median Egret	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	24	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	25	Ardeolo grayii	Indian Pond Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	26	Butorides striatus	Little Green Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	27	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	28	Gorsachius melanolophus	Malayan Night-Heron	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	29	Ixobrychus sinensis	Yellow Bittern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	30	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	Chestnut Bittern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Ciconiidae	31	Mycteria leucocepltala	Painted Stork	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	32	Anastomus oscitans	Asian Open bill-Stork	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	33	Ciconia nigra	Black Stork	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	34	Ciconia episcopus	White-necked Stork	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	35	Ciconia ratinc	European White-Stork	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	36	Leptoptilos javanicus	Lesser Adjutant-Stork	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Threskiornithidae	37	Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	38	Threskiornis melanocephalus	Oriental White Ibis	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	39	Pseudibis papillosa	Black Ibis	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	40	Platalea leucorodia	Eurasian Spoonbill	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Phoenicopteridae	41	Phoenicopterus ruber	Greater Flamingo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Anatidae	42	Dendrocygna bicolor	Large Whistling Duck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	43	Dendrocygna javanica	Lesser whistling duck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	44	ratin indicus	Bar headed goose	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	45	Tadorna ferruginea	Brahminy Shelduck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	46	Sarkidiornis melanotos	Comb Duck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	47	Nettapus coromandelianus	Cotton Teal	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	48	Mareca strepera	Gadwall	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	49	Mareca ratinco	Eurasian Wigeon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	50	Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	51	Anas poecilorhyncha	Spot-billed Duck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	52	Anas clypeata	Nothern Shoveler	LC	Forest Department, Goa
	53	Spatula clypeata	Northern Shoveller	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	54	Anas acuta	Northern Pintail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	55	Spatula querquedula	Garganey	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	56	Anas crecca	Common Teal	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	57	Aythya ratin	Common Pochard	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	58	Aythya nyroca	Ferruginous pochard/ duck	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	59	Aythya fuligula	Tufted Pochard	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Accipitridae	60	Aviceda leuphotes	Black Baza	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	61	Pernis ptilorhyncus	Oriental Honey-Buzzed	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	62	Elanus caerulelus	Black Shouldered Kite	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	63	Milvus migrans	Black Kite	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	64	Haliastur indus	Brahminy Kite	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008, Marvelyn Dias 2023 eBird
	65	Haliaeetus leuecogaster	White-bellied Sea-Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	66	Haliaeetus icthyaetus	Greater grey headed fish eagle	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	67	Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian Vulture	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	68	Gyps bengalensis	Indian White-backed Vulture	CR	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	69	Gyps indicus	Long-billed Vulture	CR	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	70	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed Snake-Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	71	Spilornis cheela	Crested Serpent-Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	72	Circus aeruginosus	Western Marsh-Harrier	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	73	Circus macrourus	Pallid Harrier	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	74	Circus melanoleucos	Pied Harrier	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	75	Circus pygargus	Montagu’s Harrier	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	76	Accipiter trivirgatus	Crested Goshawk	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	77	Accipiter badius	Shikra	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	78	Accipiter virgatus	Sesra Sparrow hawk	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	79	Accipiter nisus	Eurasian Sparrow hawk	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	80	Butastur teesa	White-eyed Buzzard	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	81	Buteo	Common Buzzard	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	82	Buteo rufinus	Long-legged Buzzard	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	83	Ictinaetus malaiensis	Black Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	84	Aquila pomarina	Lesser Spotted Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	85	Clanga clanga	Greater Spotted Eagle	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	86	Aquila rapax	Tawny Eagle	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008, Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	87	Aquila nipalensis	Steppe Eagle	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	88	Aquila heliaca	Eastern imperial eagle	VU	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	89	Aquila fasciatus	Bonelli’s Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	90	Hieraaetus pennatus	Booted Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	91	Lophotriorchis kienerii	Rufous-bellied Eagle	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	92	Nisaetus cirrhatus	Changeable Hawk-Eagle	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Pandionidae	93	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Falconidae	94	Falco tinnunculus	Common Kestrel	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	95	Falco amurensis	Amur Falcon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	96	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	97	Falco jugger	Laggar falcon	NT	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Phasianidae	98	Coturnix coturnix	Common Quail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	99	Coturnix coromandelica	Rain Quail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	100	Perdicula asiatica	Jungle Bush-Quail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	101	Perdicula argoondah	Rock Bush-Quail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	102	Galloperdix spadicea	Red Spurfowl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
				Endemic to India
	103	Gallus sonneratii	Grey Junglefowl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	104	Pavo cristatus	Indian Peafowl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Turnicidae	105	Turnix sylvaticus	Small Buttonquail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	106	Turnix suscitator	Common Buttonquail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	107	Turnix tanki	Yellow legged buttonquail	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Gruidae	108	Antigone ratinco	Saras Crane	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Rallidae	109	Gallirallus striatus	Blue-breasted Rail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	110	Zapornia akool	Brown Crake	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	111	Amaurornis phoenicurus	White-breasted Waterhen	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	112	Zapornia parva	Little crake	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	113	Zapornia pusilla	Baillon’s crake	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	114	Porzana porzana	Spotted crake	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	115	Zapornia fusca	Ruddy breasted crake	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	116	Gallicrex cinerea	Watercock	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	117	Porphyrio porphyrio	Purple moorhen	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	118	Porphyrio poliocephalus	Grey- headed swamphen	-	eBird Goa, 2023
	119	Gallinula chloropus	Common moorhen	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	120	Fulica atra	Common root	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Jacanidae	121	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Pheasant tailed jacana	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	122	Metopidius indicus	Bronze winged jacana	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Rostratulidae	123	Rostratula benghalensis	Greater painted snipe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Haematopodidae	124	Haematopus ostralegus	Eurasian oystercatcher	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Charadriidae	125	Pluvialis fulva	Pacific golden plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	126	Pluvialis squatarola	Grey plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	127	Charadrius hiaticula	Common ringed plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	128	Charadrius dubius	Little ringed plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	129	Charadrius alexandrines	Kentish plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	130	Charadrius mongolus	Lesser sand plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	131	Charadrius leschenaultia	Greater sand plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	132	Charadrius asiaticus	Caspian plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	133	Vanellus malabaricus	Yellow wattled lapwing	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	134	Vanellus cinereus	Grey headed lapwing	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	135	Vanellus indicus	Red wattled lapwing	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	136	Venellus leucurus	White tailed lapwing	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Scolopacidae	137	Gallinago stenura	Paintail snipe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	138	Gallinago gallinago	Common snipe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	139	Lymnocryptes minimus	Jack snipe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	140	Limosa limosa	Black tailed godwit	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	141	Limosa lapponica	Bar tailed godwit	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	142	Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	143	Numenius arquata	Eurasian curlew	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	144	Tringa erythropus	Spotted redshank	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	145	Tringa tetanus	Common redshank	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	146	Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	147	Tringa nebularia	Common greenshank	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	148	Tringa ochropus	Green sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	149	Tringa glareola	Wood sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	150	Xenus cinereus	Terek sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	151	Actitis hypoleucos	Common sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	152	Arenaria interpres	Ruddy turnstone	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	153	Calidris tenuirostris	Great not	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	154	Calidris canutus	Red knot	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	155	Calidris alba	Sanderling	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	156	Calidris minuta	Little stint	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	157	Calidris ruficollis	Rufous- nacked stint	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	158	Calidris temminckii	Temminck’s stint	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	159	Calidris subminuta	Long toed stint	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	160	Calidris alpina	Dunlin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	161	Calidris ferruginea	Curlew sandpiper	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	162	Calidris subruficollis	Buff breasted sandpiper	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	163	Limicola falcinellus	Broad billed sandpiper	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	164	Philomachus pugnax	Ruff	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Recurvirostridae	165	Himantopus Himantopus	Black winged stilt	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Dromadidae	166	Dromas aedeola	Crab- plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Burhinidae	167	Burhinus oedicnemus	Stone-plover	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	168	Esacus recurvirostris	Great stone plover	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Glareolidae	169	Glareola ratincole	Collared pratincole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Pandit et al. 2022
	170	Glareola maldivarum	Oriental pratincole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	171	Glareola lactea	Small pratincole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Strecorariidae	172	Stercorarius pomarinus	Pomarine jaeger	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	173	Stercorarius parasiticus	Parasitic jaeger	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Laridae	174	Larus canus	Mew gull	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	175	Larus f. heuglini	Heuglin’s gull	-	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	176	Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus	Pallas’s gull	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	177	Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus	Brown headed gull	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	178	Chroicocephalus ridibundus	Black headed gull	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	179	Chroicocephalus genei	Slender billed gull	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	180	Larus fuscus fuscus	Egyptian vulture	-	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	181	Leucophaeus pipixcan	Franklin’s gull	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	182	Gelochelidon nilotica	Gull billed tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	183	Hydrocoloeus minutus	Little gull	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	184	Sterna caspia	Caspian tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	185	Sterna aurantia	River tern	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	186	Thalasseus bengalensis	Lesser crested tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	187	Thalasseus bergii	Large crested tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	188	Thalasseus sandvicensis	Sandwich tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	189	Sterna dougallii	Roseate tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	190	Sterna hirundo	Common tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	191	Sternula albifrons	Little tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	192	Sterna repressa	White cheeked tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	193	Sterna acuticauda	Black bellied tern	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	194	Onychoprion anaethetus	Bridled tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	195	Sterna fuscata	Sooty tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	196	Chlidonias hybridus	Whiskered tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	197	Childonias leucopterus	White winged black tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	198	Chlidonias niger	Black tern	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Rynchopidae	199	Rynchops albicollis	Indian skimmer	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Columbidae	200	Columba livia	Blue Rock Pigeon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	201	Columba elephinstonii*	Nilgiri Wood Pigeon	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	202	Streplopelia orientalis	Oriental Turtle Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	203	Streptopelia senegalensis	Little Brown Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	204	Streptopelia chinensis	Spotted Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	205	Streptopelia tranquebarica	Red Collared Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	206	Streptopelia decaocto	Eurasian Collared Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	207	Chalcophaps indica	Emerald Dove	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	208	Treron bicincta	Orange Breasted Green-Pigeon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	209	Treron pompadora	Pompadora Green-Pigeon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	210	Treron phoenicopterus	Yellow-Legged Green-Pigeon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	211	Ducula aenea	Green Imperial-Pigeon	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	212	Ducula badia	Mountain Imperial-Pegion	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	213	Ducula cuprea	Malabar Imperial pigeon	LC	eBird Goa, 2023
Psittacidae	214	Loriculus vernalis	Indian Hanging Parrot	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	215	Psittacula eupatria	Alexandrine Parakeet	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	216	Psittacula krameri	Rose Ringed Parakeet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	217	Psittacula cyanocephala	Plum Headed Parakeet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	218	Psittacula columboides*	Blue-Winged Parakeet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	219	Psittacula roseata	Blossom- headed parakeet	NT	Forest department, Goa
Cuculidae	220	Clamator jacobinus	Pied Crested Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	221	Hierococcyx spareveriodes	Large Wack-Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	222	Hierococcyx varius	Brainfever Bird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	223	Cuculus micropterus	Indian Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	224	Cuculus canorus	Common Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	225	Cuculus poliocephalus	Lesser Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	226	Cacomantis sonneratii	Banded Bay Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	227	Cacomantis passerinus	Indian Plaintive Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	228	Surniculus dicruroides	Fork-tailed Drongo- Cukoo	LC	eBird, Goa 2023
	229	Surniculus lugbris	Drongo Cuckoo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	230	Eudynamys scolopaceu	Asian Koel	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008, Leena Navelkar 2023 eBird
	231	Phaenicophaeus viridirostris	Small Green-Billed Malkoha	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	232	Centropus sinensis	Greater Coucal	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	233	Centropus bengalensis	Lesser Coucal	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Tyrinidae	234	Tyto alba	Barn Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Strigidae	235	Otus sunia	Oriental Scops-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	236	Otus bakkamoena	Collared Scops-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	237	Bubo bubo	Eurasian Eagle-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	238	Bubo nipalensis	Forest Eagle-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	239	Bubo coromandus	Dusky Horned-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	240	Ketupa zeylonensis	Brown Fish-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	241	Strix ocellata	Motted Wood-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	242	Strix leptogrammica	Brown Wood-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	243	Glaucidium radiatum	Jungle Owlet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	244	Athene brama	Spotted Owlet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	245	Ninox scutulata	Brown Hawk-Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	246	Asio flammeus	Short-Eared Owl	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Podargidae	247	Batrachostomus moniliger	Ceylon Frogmouth	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Caprimulgidae	248	Lyncornis macrotis	Great Eared-Nightjar	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	249	Caprimulgus indicus	Indian Jungle-Nightjar	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	250	Caprimulgus atripennis	Jerdon’s Nightjar	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	251	Caprimulgus asiaticus	Common Indian Nightjar	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	252	Caprimulgus affinis	Franklin’s Nightjar	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Apodidae	253	Collocalia unicolor	Indian Edible-Nest Swiftlet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	254	Zoonavena sylvatica	White-Rumped Needletail-Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	255	Hirundapus giganteus	Brown-Backed Needletail-Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	256	Cypsiurus balasiensis	Asian Palm-Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	257	Cypsiurus parvus	Africal Palm Swift	LC	Forest Department, Goa
	258	Tachymarptis melba	Alpine Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	259	Apus apus	Common Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	260	Apus pallidus	Pallid Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	261	Apus pacificus	Pacific Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	262	Apus affinis	House Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Hemiprocnidae	263	Hemiprocne coronata	Crested tree-Swift	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Trogonidae	264	Harpactes fasciatus	Malabar Trogon	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Alcedinidae	265	Alcedo atthis	Small Blue Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	266	Alcedo meninting	Blue-Eared Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	267	Ceys erithacus	Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	268	Pelargopsis capensis	Stork-Billed Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	269	Halcyon smyrnensis	White-Breasted Kingfisher	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	270	Halcyon pileata	Black-Capped Kingfisher	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	271	Todiramphus chloris	Collared Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	272	Ceryle rudis	Lesser Pied Kingfisher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Meropidae	273	Nyctyornis athertoni	Blue-Bearded Bee-Eater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	274	Merops orientalis	Small Bee-Eater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	275	Merops philippinus	Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	276	Merops leschenaulti	Chestnut-Headed Bee-Eater	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Coraciidae	277	Coracias garrulus	European Roller	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	278	Coracias benghalensis	Indian Roller	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	279	Eurystomus orientalis	Oriental Board-Billed Rolller	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	280	Upupa epops	Common Hoopoe	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Bucerotidae	281	Ocyceros griseus*	Malabar Grey Hornbill	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	282	Ocyceros birostris	Indian Grey Hornbill	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	283	Anthracoceros coronatus	Malabar Pied Hornbill	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	284	Buceros bicornis	Great Pied Hornbill	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Megalaimidae	285	Psilopogon zeylanicus	Brown-Headed Barbet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	286	Psilopogon viridis	White-Cheecked Barbet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	287	Psilopogon rubricapillus	Crimson-Throated Barbet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	288	Psilopogon haemacephalus	Coppersmith Barbet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	289	Psilopogon malabaricus	Malabar Barbet	LC	eBird Goa, 2023
Picidae	290	Jynx torquilla	Eurasian Wryneck	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	291	Picumnus innominatus	Speckled Piculet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	292	Yungipicus nanus	Brown-Capped Pygmy Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	293	Leiopicus mahrattensis	Yellow-Fronted Pied Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	294	Micropternus brachyurus	Rufous Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	295	Dryocopus javensis	Great Black Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	296	Picus chlorophus	Small Yellow-Naped Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	297	Dinopium javanense	Common Golden-Backed Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	298	Dinopium benghalense	Lesser Golden-Backed Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	299	Chrysocolaptes lucidus	Greater Golden-Backed Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	300	Chrysocolaptes festivus	Black-Shouldered Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	301	Hemicircus canente	Heart-Spotted Woodpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	302	Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus	Greater flameback	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Pittidae	303	Pitta brachyura	Indian Pitta	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Alaudidae	304	Mirafra cantillans	Singing Bush-Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	305	Melanocorypha bimaculata	Bimaculated lark	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	306	Eremopterix griseeus	Ashy-Crowned Sparrow-Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	307	Ammomanes phoenicura	Rufous-Tailed Finch-Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	308	Calandrella brachydactyla	Greater Short-Toed Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	309	Galerida malabarica	Malabar Crested Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	310	Galerida deva	Syke’s Crested Lark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	311	Alauda gulgula	Eastern Skylark	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Hirundinidae	312	Riparia riparia	Sand Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	313	Riparia diluta	Pale Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	314	Riparia paludicola	Plain Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	315	Ptyonoprogne rupestris	Eurasian Crag-Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	316	Ptyonoprogne concolor	Dusky Crag-Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	317	Hirundo rustica	Common Swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008, Marvelyn Dias 2023 eBird
	318	Hirundo tahitica	House Swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	319	Hirundo smithii	Wire-Tailed Swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	320	Cecropis daurica	Red-Rumped Swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	321	Petrochelidon fluvicola	Streak-Throated Swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	322	Delichon urbicum	Northern House Martin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
Motacillidae	323	Dendronanthus indicus	Forest Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	324	Motacilla alba	White Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	325	Motacilla maderaspatensis	Large Pied Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	326	Motacilla citreola	Citrine Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	327	Motacilla flava	Yellow Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	328	Motacilla cinerea	Grey Wagtail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	329	Anthus richardi	Richard’s Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	330	Anthus rufulus	Paddy-Field Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	331	Anthus campestris	Tawny Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	332	Anthus godlewskii	Blyth’s Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	333	Anthus trivialis	Eurasian Tree Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	334	Anthus hodgsoni	Oriental Tree Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	335	Anthus cervinus	Red-Throated Pipit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Campephagidae	336	Coracina macei	Large Cuckoo-Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	337	Lalage melaschistos	Black -Winged Cuckoo-Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	338	Coracina melanoptera	Black -Headed Cuckoo-Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	339	Pericrocotus roseus	Rosy Minivet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	340	Pericrocotus divaricatus	Ashy Minivet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	341	Pericrocotus cinnamomeus	Small Minivet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	342	Pericrocotus flammeus	Orange Minivet	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	343	Hemipus picatus	Pied Flycatcher-Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	344	Tephrodornis virgatus	Large Woodshrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	345	Tephrodornis pondicerianus	Common Woodshrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Pycnonotidae	346	Brachypodius priocephalus*	Grey-Headed Bulbul	NT	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	347	Rubigula melanictera	Black-capped Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	348	Rubigula gularis	Flamethroated bulbul	LC	eBird Goa, 2023
	349	Pycnonotus jocosus	Red-Whiskered Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	350	Pycnonotus cafer	Red-Vented Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	351	Pycnonotus luteolus	White-Browed Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	352	Acritillas indica*	Yellow-Browed Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	353	Hypsipetes leucocephalus	Black Bulbul	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Irenidae	354	Acgithina tiphia	Common Iora	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	355	Chloropsis cochinchinensis	Jerdon’s Chloropsis	EN	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	356	Chloropsis aurifrons	Gold-Fronted Chloropsis	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	357	Irena puella	Asian Fairy Bluebird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Laniidae	358	Lanius isabellinus	Rufous-Tailed Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	359	Lanius cristatus	Brown Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	360	Lanius vittatus	Bay-Backed Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	361	Lanius schach	Rufous-Backed Shrike	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Muscicapidae	362	Monticola cinclorhyncha	Blue capped rock thrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	363	Monticola solitarius	Blue rock thrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	364	Myophonus Horsfieldii	Malabar whistling thrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	365	Geokichla citrina	Orange headed thrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	366	Turdus unicolor	Tickell’s thrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	367	Turdus obscurus	Eyebrowed thrush	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	368	Turdus merula	Eurasian blackbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	369	Luscinia svecica	Bluethroat	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	370	Larvivora brunnea	Indian blue robin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	371	Copsychus saularis	Oriental magpie robin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	372	Copsychus malabaricus	White rumped shama	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	373	Copsychus fulicatus	Indian robin	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	374	Phoenicurus ochruros	Black redstart	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	375	Saxicola torquatus	Common stonechat	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	376	Saxicola caprata	Pied bush chat	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	377	Oenanthe xanthoprymna	Rufous tailed wheatear	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	378	Oenanthe deserti	Desert wheatear	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	379	Oenanthe isabellina	Isabelline wheatear	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	380	Oenanthe pleschanka	Pied wheatear	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	381	Pterorhinus delesserti*	Wayanad laughingthrush	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	382	Garrulax jerdoni	grey breasted laughingthrush	-	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	383	Muscicapa dauurica	Asian brown flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	384	Ficedula ruficauda	Rusty tailed flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	385	Muscicapa muttui	Brown breasted flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	386	Muscicapa sibirica	Dark- sided flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	387	Ficedula parva	Red throated flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	388	Ficedula superciliaris	Ultramarine flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	389	Eumyias thalassinus	Verditer flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	390	Eumyias albicaudatus*	Nigliri flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	391	Cyornis pallidipes*	White bellied blue flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	392	Cyornis rubeculoides	Blue throated flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	393	Cyornis ticklliae	Tickell’s blue flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Rhipiduridae	394	Rhipidura albicollis	white throated flycatcher	LC	Forest department, Goa
Chloropseidae	395	Chloropsis jerdoni	Jerdon’s lefbird	LC	eBird, Goa 2023
Pellorneidae	396	Pellorneum ruficeps	Spotted babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Timaliidae	397	Pomatorhinus horsfieldii	Indian scimitar babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	398	Dumetia hyperythra	Rufous bellies babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	399	Dumetia atriceps*	Black headed babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Paradoxornithidae	400	Chrysomma sinense	Yellow eyed babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Leiothrichidae	401	Argya subrufa*	Indian rufous babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	402	Argya striata	Jungle babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Alcippeidae	403	Alcippe poioicephala	Quaker tit babbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Cisticolidae	404	Cisticola juncidis	Streaked fantail warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	405	Cristicola exilis	Golden fantail warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	406	Prinia hodgsonii	Franklin’s prinia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	407	Prinia sylvatica	Jungle prinia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	408	Prinia socialis	Ashy prinia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	409	Prinia inornata	Plain prinia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Locustellidae	410	Locustella naevia	Pale grasshopper warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	411	Helopsaltes certhiola	Rusty rumped grasshopper warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Acrocephalidae	412	Acrocephalus Agricola	Paddyfield warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	413	Acrocephalus dumetorum	Blyth’s reed warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	414	Acrocephalus stentoreus	Indian great reed warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	415	Arundinax aedon	Thick billed warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	416	Iduna caligata	Booted warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	417	Orthotomus sutorius	Common tailorbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Phylloscopidae	418	Phylloscopus collybita	Common chiffchaff	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	419	Phylloscopus affinis	Tickell’s warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	420	Phylloscopus griseolus	Olivaceous leaf warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	421	Phylloscopus inornatus	Yellow browed warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	422	Phylloscopus humei	Hume’s warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	423	Phylloscopus trochiloides	Greenish leaf warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	424	Phylloscopus tytleri	Tytlers leaf warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	425	Phylloscopus magnirostris	Large billed leaf warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	426	Phylloscopus occipitalis	Western crowned warbler	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Sylyiidae	427	Curruca curruca	Common lesser whitethroat	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Stenostiridae	428	Culicicapa ceylonensis	Grey headed flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Monarchidae	429	Terpsiphone paradisi	Asian paradise flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	430	Hypothymis azurea	Black naped flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Rhipiduridae	431	Rhipidura albicollis	White throated fantail flycatcher	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	432	Rhipidura aureola	White browned fantail	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	433	Rhipidura albogularis	White spotted fatail	LC	eBird, Goa 2023
Paridae	434	Parus major	Great tit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	435	Machlolophus xanthogenys	Himalayan Black lored tit	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	436	Macholophus aplonotus	Indian yellow tit		Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Sittidae	437	Sitta castanea	Chestnut bellied nuthatch	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	438	Sitta frontalis	Velvet fronted nuthatch	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Dicaeidae	439	Dicaeum agile	Thick billed flowerpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	440	Dicaeum erythrorhynchos	Tickell’s flowerpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	441	Dicaeum concolor	Plain flowerpecker	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Nectarinidae	442	Leptocoma zeylonica	Purple rumped sunbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	443	Leptocoma minima*	Small sunbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	444	Nectarinia asiatica	Purple sunbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	445	Nectarinia lotenia	Loten’s sunbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	446	Aethopyga siparaja	Crimson sunbird	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	447	Arachnothera longirostra	Little spiderhunter	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Zosteropidae	448	Zosterops palpebrosus	Oriental white eye	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Emberizidae	449	Emberiza buchanani	Grey necked bunting	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	450	Emberiza aureola	Yellow breasted bunting	CR	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008; Yellow-breasted Bunting
	451	Emberiza melanocephala	Black headed bunting	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	452	Emberiza bruniceps	Red headed bunting	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Fringiliidae	453	Carpodacus erythrinus	Common rosefinch	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Estrildidae	454	Amandava amandava	Red munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	455	Amandava formosa	Green munia	VU	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	456	Euodice malabarica	White throated munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	457	Lonchura striata	White rumped munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	458	Lonchura kelaarti	Black throated munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	459	Lonchura punctulata	Spotted munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	460	Lonchura malacca	Black headed munia	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Passeridae	461	Passer domesticus	House sparrow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	462	Gymnoris xanthocollis	Yellow throated sparrow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	463	Ploceus philippinus	Baya weaver	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Sturnidae	464	Sturnia malabarica	Grey headed starling	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	465	Sturnuia pagodarum	Brahminy starling	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	466	Pastor roseus	Rosy starling	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	467	Sturnus vulgaris	Common starling	LC	Baidya and Bhagat 2018
	468	Acridotheres tristis	Common myna	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	469	Acridotheres ginginianus	Bank myna	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	470	Acridotheres fuscus	Jungle myna	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	471	Gracula indica	Southern hill myna	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Oriolidae	472	Oriolus kundoo	Indian golden oriole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	473	Oriolus chinensis	Black naped oriole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	474	Oriolus xanthornus	Black headed oriole	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Dicauridae	475	Dicrurus macrocercus	Black drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	476	Dicrurus leucophaeus	Ashy drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	477	Dicrurus caerulescens	White-bellied drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	478	Dicrurus aeneus	Bronzed drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	479	Dicrurus hottentottus	Spangled drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	480	Dicrurus paradiseus	Greater racket tailed drongo	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
Artamidae	481	Artamus fuscus	Ashy wood swallow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	482	Dendrocitta vagabunda	Indian treepie	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	483	Dendrocitta leucogastra*	White bellied treepie	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	484	Corvus splendens	House crow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	485	Corvus macrorhynchos	Jungle crow	LC	Mahabal and Patil, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008

EN- Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; NT- Near Threatened; CR- Critically Endangered; LC- Least Concern; DD- Data Deficient, * endemic to Goa

3.3 Reptiles

Table 3 lists reptile species in Goa and there are 101 species belonging to 19 families . Family Colubridae is rich in species with twenty-six species, followed by Gekkonidae with fourteen species; Elapidae with eleven species; Scincidae with nine species; Uropeltidae with six species; Agamidae and Viperidae with five species each; Cheloniidae and Boidae with four species; Typhlopidae with three species; Trionychidae with two species and Crocodylidae, Dermochelyidae, Geomydidae, Testudinidae, Chamaeleonidae, Lacertidae, Varanidae and Acrochordidae with one species each. Threatened species such as nine vulnerable species; three endangered species; two critically endangered species; five near threatened species, were recorded. A total of 76 species were placed under the least concerned category, while three species were data deficient species.

Table-3 Reptiles of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	English Name	Conservation Status	References
Crocodylidae	1	Crocodylus palustris	Indian Or Marsh Crocodile	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Cheloniidae	2	Caretta caretta	Loggerhead Sea Turtle	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	3	Chelonia mydas	Green Sea Turtle	EN	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	4	Eretmochelys imbricata	Hawksbi Sea Turtle Or Tortoise Shell Turtle	CR	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	5	Lepidochelys olivacea	Olive Ridley Turtle	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Dermochelyidae	6	Dermochelys coriacea	Leatherback Sea Turtle	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Geomydidae	7	Melanochelys trijuga	Indian Snail Eating Turtle	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Testudinidae	8	Geochelone elegans	Star Tortoise	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Trionychidae	9	Lissemys punctata	Southern Flap Shelled Turtle	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	10	Trionyx leithi	Leith’s Soft-Shelled Turtle	CR	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Gekkonidae	11	Cyratidactylus collegallensis	South Indisn Rock Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	12	Cyratodactylus deccanensis	North Malabar Rock Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	13	Cyratodactylus albofasciatus	South Malabar Rock Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	14	Cnemaspis kandiana	Kandyan day gecko	EN	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	15	Cnemaspis goaensis	Goa Forest Palli	EN	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008,
					Sayyed et al. 2018
	16	Cnemaspis gracilis	Slender day Gecko	LC	Sayyed et al. 2018
	17	Hemidactylus triedrus	Blotched Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	18	Hemidactylus brooki	Spotted House Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	19	Hemidactylus prashadi**	Prashad Brown Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	20	Hemidactylus reticulataus	Reticulated Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	21	Hemidactylus frenatus	Ticticky House Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	22	Hemidactylus leschenaulti	Common Bark Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	23	Hemidactylus flaviviridis	Yellow- Bellied House Gecko	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	24	Hemiphyllodactylus goaensis	Goan slender gecko	-	Khandekar et al.,
					ZSI 2021
Agamidae	25	Darco dussumieri	South Indian Flying Dragon or Flying Lizard	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	26	Sitana ponticeriana	Indian Fan Throated Lizard	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	27	Calotes versicolor	Indian Garden Lizard	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	28	Monilesaurus rouxi	Matheran Olive Brown Calotes	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	29	Psammophilus dorsalis	Olive Brown Rock Lizard	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Chamaeleonidae	30	Chamaeleo zeylanicus	Indian Chamaeleon	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Scincidae	31	Mabuya allapallensis	Allapalli Forest Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	32	Mabuya macularia	Bronzy Grass Skink	-	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	33	Mabuya carinata	Common Indian Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	34	Mabuya beddomii	Beddom’s South Indian Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	35	Mabuya trivittata	Five Striped Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	36	Riopa punctata	Dotted Garden Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	37	Riopa guentheri	Malabar Spotted Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	38	Riopa lineata	Golden Brown Four Toed Skink	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	39	Riopa goaensis**	Goanese Bronze Skink	DD	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Lacertidae	40	Ophisops beddomii**	Beddom’s Snake Eyed Lacerta	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Varanidae	41	Varanus bengalensis	Common Indian Moniter Lizard	NT	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Typhlopidae	42	Ramphotyphlops braminus	Common Worm or Blind Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	43	Typhlops porrectus	Slender Worm Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	44	Typhlops acutus	Beaked Worm R Blind Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Uropeltidae	45	Melanophidium punctatum**	Travancore Melanophidium Or Pied Belly Shieldtail Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	46	Uropeltis ellioti	Elliot’s Uropeltis	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	47	Uropeltis macrolepis**	Peter’s Uropeltis or Mahrrata Roughtail Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	48	Uropeltis Ceylanicus**	Kerala shieldtail snake	DD	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	49	Uropeltis phipsoni**	Bombay Hills Uropeltis	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	50	Uropeltis myhendrae**	Myhendra Mountain Uropeltis	DD	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Boidae	51	Python molurus	Indian Python	NT	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	52	Eryx conicus	Common Or Russel’s Sand Boa	NT	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	53	Eryx johni	Indian Or Red Sand or John’s Sand Boa	NT	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	54	Eryx whitakeri**	Whitaker’s Boa	NT	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Acrochordidae	55	Chersydrus granulatus	Elephant Trunk Or Indian Wart of File Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Colubridae	56	Coelognathus helena	Common Trinket Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	57	Ptyas mucosus	Indian Rat Snake or Dhaman	-	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	58	Argyrogena fasciolata	Banded Racer	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	59	Oligodon taeniolatus	Russell’s Kukri Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	60	Oligodon arnensis	Common Kukri Snake	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	61	Dendrelaphis pictus	Painted Bronzeback Tree Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	62	Dendrelaphis grandoculis	Large -Eyed Bronze Back Tree Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	63	Dendrelaphis tristis	Common Bronze Back Tree Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	64	Chrysopelea ornata	Golden Tree or Ornate Flying Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	65	Lycodon travancoricus	Travancore Wolf Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	66	Lycodon striatus	Northen Or Barred Wolf Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	67	Lycodon aulicus	Common Wolf Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	68	Sibynophis subpunctatus	Light Brown or Dumeril’s Black Headed Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	69	Amphiesma stolata	Striped Keelback	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	70	Hebius beddomei**	Beddom’s Olive Brown Keelback	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	71	Amphiesma monticola**	Green Or Hill Keelback	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	72	Xenichrophis piscator	Checkered Keelback	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	73	Rhabdophis plumbicolor	Green Keelback	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	74	Boiga trigonata	Indian Gamma or Common Cat Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	75	Boiga ceylonensis	Ceylon Cat Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	76	Boiga forsteni	Reddish Peninsular Cat Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	77	Ahaetulla nasuta	Common Green Whip or Vine Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	78	Ahaetulla pulverulentus	Brown Whip or Vine Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	79	Gerardia prevostiana	Gloosy Marsh Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	80	Ferania seiboldi	Seibold’s Smooth Scaled Water Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	81	Cerberus rynchops	Dog Faced Water Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Elapidae	82	Bungarus caeruleus	Common Indian Krait	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	83	Callophis melanurus	Slender Coral Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	84	Callophis nigrescens**	Striped Coral Snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	85	Naja naja	Spectacled Indian Cobra	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	86	Ophiophagus hannah	King cobra	VU	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	87	Enhydrina schistosa	Hook nosed sea snake	LC	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, V. P. Padate et al.  2009
	88	Hydrophis spiralis	Yellow sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	89	Hydrophis cyanocinctus	Annulated sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	90	Hydrophis ornatus	Pale- Grayish or cochin banded sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	91	Hydrophis caerulescens	Many toothed or malacca sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	92	Hydrophis mamillaris	Bombay sea snake	DD	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	93	Hydrophis fasciatus	Grayish black ehite bellied sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	94	Lapemis curtus	Short sea snake	LC	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, V. P. Padate et al.  2009
	95	Microcephalophis gracilis	Common small headed sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	96	Hydrophis platurus	Pelagic or black & yellow sea snake	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Viperidae	97	Daboia russelli	Russell’s viper or daboia	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	98	Echis carinathus	Saw scaled viper or phoorsa	LC	Pradhan (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	99	Hypnale	Hump nosed pit viper	LC	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Nitin S. Sawant et al 2010
					Whitaker and Martin 2015
	100	Trimeresurus gramineus	Bamboo pit viper	LC	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Nitin S. Sawant et al 2010
	101	Craspedocephalus malabaricus**	Greenish Malabar pit viper	LC	Pradhan, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Nitin S. Sawant et al 2010

EN- Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; NT- Near Threatened; CR- Critically Endangered; LC- Least Concern; DD- Data Deficient, ** endemic to Western Ghats

3.4 Amphibians-

Amphibians of Goa are listed in Table 4 (twenty-nine species, eight families). Family Dicroglossidae was the dominant family with nine species, followed by Rhacophoridae and Microhylidae with five species each; Bufornidae with three species; Ranixalidae, Grandisoniidae, and Micrixalidae with two species each and Nyctibatrachidae with one species. Total of two species as endangered species, two as near threatened species, two as vulnerable species, two under the data deficient category, one extinct species and fifteen least concerned species.

Table- 4 Amphibians of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

FAMILY	Sl. No.	SPECIES	Conservation Status	REFERENCES
Bufronidae	1	Bufo melanosticus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	2	Bufo stomaticus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	3	Pedostibes tuberculosus	EN	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Microhylidae	4	Microphyla ornata	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	5	Microphyla rubra	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	6	Ramanella mormoranta	EN	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	7	Ramanella montana	NT	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	8	Uperodon globulosus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Nyctibatrachidae	9	Nyctibatrachus Petraeus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Dicroglossidae	10	Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	11	Euphlyctis hexadactylus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	12	Fejervarya limnocharis	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	13	Fejervarya syhadrensis	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	14	Hoplobatrachus tigerinus	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	15	Limnonectes brevipalmatus	DD	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	16	Limnonectes leralensis	-	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	17	Sphaerotheca breviceps	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	18	Sphaerotheca rufescens	-	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Ranixalidae	19	Indirana salelkari	-	Nikhil Modak et al. 2015
	20	Indirana beddomii	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Rhachophoridae	21	Philautus bombayensis*	VU	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	22	Philautus leucorrhinus	EX	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	23	Polypedates maculates	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	24	Rhacophorus macylates	-	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	25	Rhacophorus pleurosticus	-	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Grandisoniidae	26	Gegeneophis ramaswami	LC	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	27	Gegeneophis nadkarnii	DD	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Micrixalidae	28	Micrixalus fuscus	NT	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	29	Micrixalus opisthorhodus	VU	Kamble (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)

EN- Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; NT- Near Threatened; CR- Critically Endangered; LC- Least Concern; DD- Data Deficient; EX- Extinct

3.5 Insects-

A total of 693 species under 61 families and five order such as Odonata (Table 5), Coleoptera (Table 6), Mantodea (Table 7), Lepidoptera (Table 8) and Hymenoptera (Table 9)were documented in Goa. Total 53 odonata species under eleven families; 25 Coleoptera species under three families; nine Mantodea species under four families; 59 hymenoptera species under four families and 547 Lepidoptera species under 39 families, out of which 259 butterfly species under five families and 288 moth species under 34 families were recorded.

Table 5: Insecta: Odonata of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Locations	References
Coenagrionidae	1	Ceriagrion cerinorubellum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	2	Ceriagrion coromandelianum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	3	Ceriagrion rubiae	Panshi (Ponda), Satpal (Dharbandhora)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
	4	Pseudagrion indician		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	5	Pseudagrion malabaricum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	6	Pseudagrion microcephalum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	7	Pseudagrion rubriceps	Mhadei (Sattari), Ganje (Ponda), Dabhal (Dharbandhora), Satpal (Dharbandhora), Pernem	Rangnekar and
				Naik 2014
	8	Aciagrion hisopa		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	9	Aciagrion occidentale		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	10	Aciagrion pallidum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	11	Enallagma parvum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	12	Ischnura aurora		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	13	Agriocnemis lacteola		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	14	Agriocnemis pieris		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	15	Agriocnemis pygmea		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	16	Mortonagrion varralli		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	17	Archibasis oscillans	Paiguinim (Canacona)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
Platycnemididae	18	Copera marginipes		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
Protoneuridae	19	Elattoneura tetrica		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	20	Lestes elatus		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	21	Lestes viridulus		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	22	Caconeura ramburi	Collem (Dharbandhora), Mainapi (Sanguem)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
Calopterygoidea	23	Neurobasis chinesis		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	24	Vestalis apicalis		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	25	Vestalis gracilis		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
Chlorocyphidae	26	Rhinocypha bisignata		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	27	Libellago lineata		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
Libellulidae	32	Trithemis aurora		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	33	Trithemis festiva		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	34	Pantala flavescens		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	35	Tholymis tillarga		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	36	Orthetrum glaucum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	37	Orthetrum pruinosum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	38	Orthetrum sabina		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	39	Orthetrum taeniolatum		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	40	Potamarcha congener		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	41	Brachythemis contaminata		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	42	Crocothemis servilla		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	43	Diplacodes trivialis		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	44	Neurothemis fulvia		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	45	Neutrothemis intermedia		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	46	Neutrothemis tullia		Kulkarni and Talmale, State Fauna Series, ZSI, 2008
	47	Onychothemis testacea	Sonauli (Dharbandhora)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
	48	Urothemis signata	Karmali (Tiswadi), Mapusa (Bardez),	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
			Curtorim (Salcette)
	49	Zygonyx iris malabarica	Doodhsagar, Collem (Dharbandhora), Mainapi (Sanguem)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
Aeshnidae	50	Gynacantha dravida	Painguinim, Kapileshwari (Canacona)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
Macromiidae	51	Epophthalmia vittata	Karmali (Tiswadi),	Rangnekar and Naik 2014
			Curtorim (Salcette), Satpal (Dharbandhora),
			Collem (Sanguem)
Corduliidae	52	Idionyx gomantakensis	Kulem, Goa	Rangnekar and Naik, ZSI 2013
Platystictidae	53	Protosticta sanguinostigma	Collem, Dabhal (Dharbandhora), Mainapi, Savari (Sanguem)	Rangnekar and Naik 2014

Table 6: Insecta: Coleoptera of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Locations	References
Cerambycidae	1	Olenecamptus bilobus	Sal Village, Goa	Shivaji et al. 2022
Coccinellidae	2	Epilachna vigintioctopunctata	Colem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	3	Scymnus nubilus	Sanguem, Panjim, Paula, Goa	Kapur 1972
	4	Scymnus coccivora	Colva, Matgao, Goa	Kapur 1972
	5	Scymnus quadrillum	Ponda, Kavlem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	6	Cryptogonus quadriguttatus	Colva Road, Goa	Kapur 1972
	7	Pseudaspidimerus circumflexa	Colva, Panjim, Goa	Kapur 1972
	8	Jauravia limbata	Colva, Goa	Kapur 1972
	9	Chilochorus nigritus	Margao, Goa	Kapur 1972
	10	Chilochorus rubidus	Margao, Goa	Kapur 1972
	11	Brumus suturalis	Pernem, Panjim, Goa	Kapur 1972
	12	Menochilus sexmaculatus	Margao, Panjim, Sanguem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	13	Micraspis cardoni	Bicholim, Goa	Kapur 1972
	14	Verania discolor	Colem, Pernem, Molem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	15	Coccinella transversalis	Panjim, Colem, Pernem, Sanguem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	16	Harmonia arcuate	Molem, Goa	Kapur 1972
	17	Illeis bistigmosa	Margao, Canacona, Goa	Kapur 1972
	18	Illeis cincta	Nagargaon, Valpoi, Margao, Goa	Kapur 1972
Staphylinidae	19	Bledius brunnipennis	Goa Velha, North Goa	Ferreira 2021
	20	Bledius lucidus	Goa Velha, North Goa	Ferreira 2021
	21	Palaminus indicus	Candola, North Goa	Ferreira 2021
	22	Pinophilus aegyptius	Sanguem, South Goa	Ferreira 2021
	23	Pinophilus planus	Saulalim, South Goa	Ferreira 2021
	24	Pinophylus donckieri	Vasco Da Gama, North Goa	Ferreira 2021
	25	Platydracus suspectus	Chaudi, South Goa	Ferreira 2021

Table 7: Insecta: Mantodea of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	SPECIES	REFERENCES
Hymenopodidae	1	Ephestiasula pictipes	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	2	Creobroter laevicollis	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Tarchodidae	3	Didymocorypha lanceolata	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Liturgusidae	4	Humbertiella ceylonica	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	5	Humbertiella indica	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Mantidae	6	Elamantis trichomaliae	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	7	Hierodule unimaculata	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	8	Rhombodera tectiformes	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	9	Deiphobe sp.	Jadhav (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)

Table 8: Insecta: Lepidoptera; Butterflies of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	English Name	Status	References
Paillionidae	1	Triodes minos	Southern Birdwing	Endemic to western Ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	2	Pachliopta pandiyana	Malabar or Ceylon Rose	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	3	Pachliopta aristolochiae	Common Rose		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	4	Pachliopta hector	Crimson Rose		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	5	Graphium sarpedon	Common Bluebottle		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	6	Graphium doson	Common Jay		C.& R. Felder, Borker &   Komarpant 2004
	7	Graphium agamemnon	Tailed Jay		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017,
	8	Graphium nomius	Spot Swordtail	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	9	Graphium antiphates	Five-Bar Swordtail	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	10	Papilio clytis	Common Mime		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	11	Papilio demoleus	Lime Butterfly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	12	Papilio liomedon	Malabar Banded Swallowtail	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	13	Papilio dravidarum	Malabar Raven	Rare in Goa, endemic to wetsren ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	14	Papilio helenus	Red Helen		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	15	Papilio polytes	Common Mormon		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	16	Papilio polymnestor	Blue Mormon		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	17	Papilio paris	Paris Peacock	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	18	Papilio buddha	Malabar Banded Peacock	Rare in Goa, endemic to western ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
Pieridae	19	Catopsilia pomona	Common Emigrant		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
	20	Catopsilia pyranthe	Mottled Emigrant		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	21	Eurema brigitta	Small Grass Yellow		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	22	Eurema laeta	Spotless Grass Yellow		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	23	Eurema  hecabe	Common Grass Yellow		Linn, Borker &   Komarpant 2004, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	24	Eurema blanda	Three Spot Grass Yellow		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	25	Delias eucharis	Common Jezebel		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
	26	Leptosis nina	Psyche		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	27	Prioneris sita	Painted Sawtooth		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	28	Cepora Nerissa	Common Gull		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	29	Cepora nadina	Lesser Gull		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	30	Anaphaeis aurota	Pioneer or Caper White		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015
	31	Appias indra	Plain Puffin	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	32	Appias libythea	Striped Albatross		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	33	Appias lyncida	Chocolate Albatross	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	34	Appias albina	Common Albatross	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	35	Appias wardi	Lesser Albatross	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	36	Colotis amata	Small Salmon Arab		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	37	Colotis etrida	Small Orange Tip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	38	Colotis eucharis	Plain Branded Tip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	39	Colotis danae	Crimson Trip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	40	Colotis fausta	Large Salmon Arab		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	41	Ixias Marianne	White Orange Tip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	42	Ixias pyrene	Yellow Orange Tip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	43	Pareronia valeria	Common Wanderer		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	44	Pareronia ceylanica	Dark Wanderer	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	45	Hebomoia glaucippe	Great Orange Tip		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
Nyphalidae	46	Discophora lepida	Southern Duffer	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	47	Melanitis leda	Common Evening Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017,
	48	Melanitis zitenius	Great Evening Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	49	Melanitis phedima	Dark Evening Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	50	Elymnias hypermnestra	Common Palmfly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	51	Lethe Europa	Bamboo Tree Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	52	Lethe drypetis	Tamil Tree Brown	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	53	Lethe rohria	Common Tree Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	54	Mycalesis pereus	Common Bush Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
	55	Mycalesis mineus	Dark Banded Bush Brown	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	56	Mycalesis patina	Gladeye Bush Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	57	Orsotriaena medus	Nigger	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
	58	Ypthima Asterope	Common Three ring		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	59	Ypthima ceylonica	White or Ceylon Fourring	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
	60	Ypthima huebneri	Common Four ring		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	61	Ypthima avanta	Jewel Fourring	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	62	Ypthima baldus	Common Fivering		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	63	Polyura athamas	Common Nawab		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	64	Polyura agrarian	Anomalous Nawab		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	65	Polyura Schreiber	Blue Nawab	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	66	Charaxes Bernardus	Tawny Rajah		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	67	Charaxes solon	Black Rajah		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	68	Acraea violae	Towny Coster		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	69	Cethosia nietneri	Tamil Lacewing	Endemic	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	70	Vindula erota	Cruiser	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	71	Cupha erymanthis	Rustic		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	72	Phalanta phalantha	Common Leopard		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	73	Phalanta alcippe	Small Leopard	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	74	Cirrochroa thais	Tamil Yeoman	Endemic to western ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
	75	Rohana parisatis	Black Prince		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	76	Euripus consimilis	Painted Courtesan	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	77	Neptis jumbah	Chestnut-Streaked Sailer		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	78	Neptis hylas	Common Sailer		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	79	Neptis clinia		Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	80	Neptis nata	Clear Sailer	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	81	Pantoporia hordonia	Common Lascar		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	82	Pantporia sandaka	Extra Lascar	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	83	Athyma nefte	Colour Sergeant		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	84	Athyma selenophora	Staff Sergeant	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	85	Athyma perius	Common Sergeant		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
	86	Athyma ranga	Black-vein sergeant		Rangnekar and Dharwadkar
	87	Limenitis Procris	Commander		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	88	Parthenos sylvia	Clipeer	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	89	Tanaecia lepidae	Grey Count		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
	90	Euthalia telchinia	Blue Baron	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	91	Euthalia aconthea	Common Baron		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	92	Euthalia lubentina	Gaudy Baron	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	93	Euthalia nais	Baronet or Red Brown		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	94	Dophla Evelina	Red Spot Duke		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	95	Byblia ilithyia	Joker		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	96	Ariadne ariadne	Angled Castor		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	97	Ariadne merione	Common Castor		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	98	Cyrestis thyodamas	Common Map		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	99	Libythea myrrha	Club Beak		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	100	Junonia hierta	Yellow Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	101	Junonia orithya	Blue Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	102	Junonia lemonias	Lemon Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	103	Junonia almana	Peacock Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	104	Vanessa cardul	Painted lady		Bowalkar et al. 2017
	105	Junonia atlites	Grey Pansy	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	106	Junonia iphita	Chocolate Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	107	Cynthia cardui	Painted Pansy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	108	Hypolimnas bolina	Great Eggfly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	109	Hypolimnas misippus	Danaid Eggfly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
110	Doleschallia bisaltide	Autumn Leaf	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
111	Kallima horsfieldi	South Indian Blue Oakleaf	Endemic to western ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
112	Parantica aglea	Glassy Tiger		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
113	Tirumala limniace	Blue Tiger		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
114	Tirumala septentrionis	Dark Blue Tiger		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
115	Danaus chrysippus	Plain Tiger		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
116	Danaus genutia	Striped or Common Tiger		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
117	Euploea core	Common Indian Crow		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
118	Euploea Sylvester	Double Branded Crow	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
119	Idea malbarica	Malabar Tree Nymph	Endemic to western ghats	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
Lycaenidae	120	Abisara bifosciata suffuse	Suffused double banded judy		Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	121	Surendra quercetorum biplagiata	Dakhan common acacia blue		Bowalkar et al. 2017
	122	Abisara echerius	Plum Judy		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	123	Taracus nara	Rounded pierrot		Bowalkar et al. 2017
	124	Spalgis epius	Apefly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	125	Castalius rosimon	Common Pierrot		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,  Bowalkar et al. 2017
	126	Caleta Caleta	Angled Pierrot		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	127	Discolampa ethion	Banded Blue Pierrot		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	128	Taracus Ananda	Dark Pierrot		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	129	Taracus callinara	Spooted Pierrot	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	130	Leptotes plinius	Zebra Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	131	Azanus ubaldus	Bright Babul Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	132	Azanus Uranus	Dull Babul Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	133	Azanus jesous	African Babul Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	134	Everes lacturnus	Indian Cupid		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	135	Acytolepis puspa	Common Hudge Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	136	Neopithecops zalmora	Quaker		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	137	Megisba Malaya	Malayan		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015,
	138	Pseudozizeeria maha	Pale Grass Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	139	Zizeeria karsandra	Dark Grass Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	140	zizina Otis	Lesser Grass Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Gaude and Janarthanam 2015, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	141	Zizina hylax	Tiny Grass Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	142	Chilades Laius	Lime Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	143	Chilades parrhasius	Small Cupid		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	144	Chilades pandava	Plains Cupid		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	145	Freyeria trochilus	Grass Jewel		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	146	Euchrysops cnejus	Gram Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	147	Catochrysops Strabo	Forget Me Not		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	148	Lampides boeticus	Pea Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	149	Jamides bochus	Dark Cerulean		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	150	Jamides celeno	Common Cerulean		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	151	Nacaduba Pactolus	Large 4-Line Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	152	Nacaduba hermus	Pale 4-Line Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	153	Nacaduba kurava	Transparent 6-Lineblue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	154	Nacaduba beroe	Opaque 6-Lineblue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	155	Prosotas nora	Common Lineblue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	156	Prosotas dubiosa	Tailess  Lineblue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	157	Petrelaea dana	Dingy Lineblue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	158	Talicada nyseua	Red Pierrot		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	159	Anthene emolus	Ciliate Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	160	Anthene lycaenina	Pointed Ciliate Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	161	Aropala psedocentaurus	Western Centaur Oak Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	162	Aropala amantes	Large Oak Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	163	Aropala alea	Rosy or Kanara Oak Blue	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	164	Aropala bazaloides	Tamil Oak Blue	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	165	Thaduca multicaudata	Many Tailed Oak Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	166	Surendra quercetorum	Common Acacia Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	167	Zinaspa todara	Sliverstreaked		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	168	Iraota timoleon	Blue Silver Streak	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	169	Amblypodia anita	Leaf Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	170	Spindasis vulcanus	Common Silverline		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	171	Spindasis schistacea	Plumbeous Silverline		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	172	Spindasis ictis	Shot Silverline		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	173	Spindasis elima	Scarce Shot Silverline		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	174	Spindasis lohita	Long Banded Silverline		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	175	Catapaecilma major	Common Tinsel	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	176	Loxura atymnus	Yamfly		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017monkey
	177	Cheritra freja	Common Imperial		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	178	Rathinda amor	Monkey Puzzle		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	179	Horaga onyx	Common Onyx		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	180	Horaga viola	Violet/ Brown Onyx	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	181	Zesius chrysomallus	Red Spot	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	182	Ancema blanka	Silver Royal		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	183	Creon cleobis	Broadtail Royal	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
184	Pratapa deva	White Royal	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
185	Tajuris cippus	Peacock Royal		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
186	Tajuria jehana	Plains Blue Royal		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
187	Tajuria melastigma	Branded Royal	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
188	Eliotia jalindra	Banded Royal	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
189	Hypolacaena othona	Orchid Tit		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
190	Zeltus amasa	Fluffy Tit	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
191	Deudorix epijarbus	Cornelian		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
192	Deudorix Isocrates	Common Guava Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
193	Deudorix perse	Large Guava Blue		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
194	Bindahara phocides	Palne		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
195	Rapala airbus	Indian Red Flash		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
196	Rapala manea	Slate Flash		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
197	Rapala varuna	Indigo Flash		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
198	Curetis thetis	India Sunbeam		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
199	Curetis acuta	Toothed Sunbeam	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
200	Curetis siva	Shiva Sunbeam	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
Hesperiidae	201	Bibasis jaina	Orange Striped Awl	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	202	Bibasis gomata	Pale Green Awlet	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	203	Bibasis sena	Orange Tail Awl	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	204	Hasora chromus	Common Banded Awl		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	205	Hasora badra	Common Awl		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	206	Hasora vitta	Plain Banded Awl		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	207	Hasora taminatus	White banded awl		Rangnekar and Dharwadkar
	208	Psolos fuligo	Coon		Rangnekar and Dharwadkar
	209	Badamia exclamationis	Brown Awl		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	210	Celaenorrhinus leucocera	Common Spotted Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	211	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa	Malabar Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	212	Celaenorrhinus ruficornis	Tamil Spotted Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	213	Tagiades japetus	Suffused Snow Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	214	Tagiades gana	Large Snow Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	215	Tagiades litigiosa	Water Snow Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	216	Gerosis bhagava	Common Yellow Breast Flat	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	217	Pseudocoladenia dan	Fulvous piedflat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	218	Coladenia indrani	Tricolor Pied Flat	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	219	Sarangesa dasahara	Common Small Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	220	Sarangesa purendra	Spotted Small Flat		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	221	Tapena thwaitesi	Black Angle		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	222	Odontoptilum angulata	Chestnut Angle		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	223	Odontoptilum ransonnettii	Golden Angle		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	224	Gomalia elma	African Marbled Skipper		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	225	Spialia galba	Indian Skipper		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	226	Aeromachus pygmaeus	Pygmy Scrub Hopper	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	227	Ampittia dioscorides	Bush Hopper		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	228	Halpe homolea	Indian Ace		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	229	Sovia hyrtacus	Bicolor Ace		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	230	Thoressa honorei	Madras Ace	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	231	Thoressa astigmata	Southern Spotted Ace	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	232	Iambrix salsala	Chestnut Bob		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	233	Notocrypta paralysos	Common Banded Demon	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	234	Notocrypta curvifascia	Restricted Demon		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	235	Udaspes folus	Grass Demon		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	236	Arnetta vindhiana	Vindhyan Bob		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	237	Suastus gremius	Indian Palm Bob		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	238	Baracus vittatus	Hedge Hopper		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	239	Hyarotis microstictum	Brush Filtter	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	240	Hyarotis adrastus	Tree Filtter	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	241	Gangara lebadea	Common banded redeye		Bowalkar et al. 2017
	242	Gangara thyrsis	Giant Redeye		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	243	Matapa aria	Common Redeye		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	244	Taractrocera maevius	Common Grass Dart		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	245	Taractrocera ceramas	Tamil Grass Dart		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	246	Potanthus pseudomaesa	Common Dart		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	247	Telicota colon	Common Palm Dart		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	248	Telicota ancilla	Dark Palm Dart		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	249	Parnara naso	Straight Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	250	Borbo cinnara	Rice Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008, Bowalkar et al. 2017
	251	Borbo bevani	Bevan’s Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	252	Pelopidas agna	Obscure Branded Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	253	Pelopidas subochracea	Large Branded Swift	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	254	Pelopidas mathias	Small Branded Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	255	Pelopidas conjucta	Conjoined Swift	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	256	Baoris farri	Paintbrush Swift	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	257	Caltoris kwnara	Blank Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	258	Caltoris canaraica	Kanara Swift	Rare in Goa	Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008
	259	Caltoris philippina	Philippine Swift		Sharma and Borkar, State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008

Table 9: Moths of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Location	References
Erebidae	1	Arctia caja	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	2	Arsacia rectalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	3	Avatha bubo	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	4	Artena dotata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	5	Achaea serva	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	6	Arna bipunctapex	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	7	Nygmia icilia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	8	Orvasca subnotata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	9	Orgyia postica	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	10	Ericera rectifascia	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	11	Rivula sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	12	Anomis flava	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	13	Hyphantria cunea	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	14	Hyposada hydrocampata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	15	Hamodes propitia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	16	Hulodes caranea	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	17	Hipoepa fractalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	18	Hypena laceratalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	19	Hypena mandatalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	20	Dierna patibulum	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	21	Scoliopteryx libatrix	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	22	Erebus hieroglyphica	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	23	Euproctis subfava	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	24	Asota caricae	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
			Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	25	Simplicia xanthoma	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	26	Nodaria externalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	27	Asota producta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	28	Brunia antica	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	29	Bamara mundata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	30	Bastilla fulvotaeia	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	31	Bastilla arcuata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
			Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	32	Bastilla joviana	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	33	Bastilla simillima	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	34	Buzara onelia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	35	Digamma marchalii	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	36	Delgamma pangonia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	37	Lymantria dispar	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	38	Lophoruza sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	39	Miltochrista rubricosa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	40	Miltochrista semifascia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	41	Mocis frugalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	42	Mocis undata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	43	Spilosoma congrua	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	44	Speiredonia obscura	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	45	Spirama retorta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	46	Olepa cf. clavatus	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	47	Oruza divisa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	48	Oraesia emarginata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	49	Ophiusa mejanesi	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	50	Grammia virgo	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	51	Cyana pretoriae	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	52	Cyana puella	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	53	Cyclomilta melanolepia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	54	Calyptra minuticornis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	55	Chalciope mygdon	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	56	Diduga flavicostata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	57	Eudocima maternal	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	58	Erebus ephesperis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	59	Grammodes stolida	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	60	Gesonia obeditalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	61	Macrobrochis gigas	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	62	Euproctis similis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
63	Eudocima apta	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
64	Eudocima homaena	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
		Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
65	Eudocima hypermnestra	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
66	Eudocima materna	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
67	Eudocima phalonia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
68	Erebus macrops	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
69	Erebus ephesperis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
70	Erebus hieroglyphica	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
71	Eressa confinis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
72	Ericeia rectifascia	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
73	Eublemma anachoresis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
74	Ercheia cyllaria	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
75	Ercheia diversipennis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
76	Erygia spissa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
77	Ericeia inangulata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
78	Ischyja manila	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
79	Syntomoides imaon	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
		Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
80	Chionarctia nivea	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
81	Crithote horridipes	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
82	Plecopteran recta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
83	Plusiodonta coelonota	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
84	Phyllodes consobrina	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
85	Pantydia metaspila	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
86	Pandesma quenavadi	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
87	Perikyma umbrina	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
88	Parallelia stuposa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
89	Progonia kurosawai	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
90	Tephriopis divulsa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
91	Trigonodes hyppasia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
92	Stictane rectilinea	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
93	Zurobata vacillans	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Geometridae	94	Arichanna melonaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	95	Aplochlora vivilaca	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	96	Astygisa vexillaria	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	97	Agathia laetata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	98	Operophtera brumata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	99	Anavitrinella pampinaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	100	Operophtera bruceata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	101	Chiasmia elenora	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	102	Chiasmia fidoniata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	103	Cleora sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	104	Cabera pusaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	105	Corymica deducta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	106	Comibaeba leucospilata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	107	Chrysocraspeda sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	108	Gonodontis Clelia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	109	Gymnoscelis deleta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	110	Apeira syringaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	111	Heterostegane tritocampsis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	112	Hyposidra talaca	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	113	Hemithea sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	114	Idaea violacea	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	115	Idaea sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	116	Nemoria lixaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	117	Campaea margaritata	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	118	Lambdina fiscellaria	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	119	Dysphania percota	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	120	Eumelea ludovocata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	121	Maxates dissimulata	Goa University Campus	Rao et al.  2022
	122	Scopula floslactata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	123	Scopula sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	124	Petelia medardaria	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	125	Pingasa dispensata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	126	Idaea aversata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	127	Ruttellerona cessaria	Goa University Campus	Rao et al.  2022
	128	Eupithecia absinthiata	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	129	Xanthorhoe montanata	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	130	Biston betularia	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	131	Thalassodes dissita	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	132	Traminda mundissima	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	133	Sauris sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Sphingidae	134	Protambulyx strigilis	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	135	Xylophanes tersa	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	136	Daphnis nerii	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
			Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	137	Hippotion sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	138	Nephele hespera	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	139	Hippotio Celerio	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	140	Sphinx kalmiae	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	141	Agrius cingulate	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	142	Agrius convolvuli	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	143	Daphnis hypothous	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	144	Acherontia atropos	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	145	Acherontia lachesis	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	146	Cephonodes hylas	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	147	Sphinx ligustri	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	148	Pergesa acteus	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	149	Psilogramma renerii	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	150	Theretra boisduvalii	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	151	Theretra latreilliid lucasii	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	152	Theretra nessus	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Eutellidae	153	Eutelia sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Nolidae	154	Beana terminigera	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	155	Gadirtha pulchra	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	156	Selepa discigera	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	157	Selepa sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	158	Casminola pulchella	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	159	Nola taeniata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	160	Nola sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Noctuidae	161	Noctua pronuba	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	162	Amphipyra berbera	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	163	Noctua comes	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	164	Apina callisto	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	165	Trichoplusia ni	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	166	Polytela gloriosae	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	167	Acontia nitidula	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	168	Aedia leucomelas	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	169	Amyna sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	170	Chasmina fasciculosa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	171	Dyrzela plagiata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	172	Xanthodes transversa	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	173	Callopistria apicalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	174	Callopistria dupicans	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	175	Deltote marginata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	176	Leucania sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	177	Helicoverpa armigera	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	178	Helicoverpa assulta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	179	Chrysodeixis acuta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	180	Plusiinae sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	181	Spodoptera litura	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	182	Spodoptera mauritia	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	183	Sasunaga sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Saturniidae	184	Opodiphthera eucalypti	Xeldem, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	185	Hyalophora cecropia	Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	186	Actias selene	Tilamol, Goa University Campus	Rao et al.  2022
	187	Loepa katinka	Xeldem, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	188	Actias luna	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	189	Antheraea mylitta	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Crambidae	190	Loxostege sticticalis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	191	Spoladea recurvalis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
			Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	192	Duponchelia fovealis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	193	Udea ferrugalis	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	194	Parapoynx fluctuosalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	195	Chilo sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	196	Syfetula sunidesalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	197	Diaphania indica	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	198	Euclasta defamatalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	199	Pyrausta panopealis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	200	Phycitinae sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	201	Scirpophaga excerptalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	202	Scirpophaga incertulas	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	203	Aetholix flavibasalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	204	Agrioglypta itysalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	205	Agrotera basinotata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	206	Agrotera scissalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	207	Cirrhochrista brizoalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	208	Cnaphalocrocis medinalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	209	Cnaphalocrocis poeyalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	210	Conogethes punctiferalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	211	Cryptographis glauculalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	212	Endocrossis flavibasalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	213	Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	214	Antigastra catalaunalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	215	Glyphodes bicolor	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	216	Glyphodes bivitralis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	217	Glyphodes caesalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	218	Haritalodes derogata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	219	Herpetogramma licarsisalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	220	Hydriris ornatalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	221	Hymenoptychis sordida	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	222	Lamprosema scitalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	223	Nausinoe perspectata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	224	Omiodes indicata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	225	Pagyda salvalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	226	Paliga damastesalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	227	Parotis sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	228	Patania balteata	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	229	Pramadea lunalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	230	Pycnarmon alboflavalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	231	Pygospila tyres	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	232	Rehimena phrynealis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	233	Sameodes cancellalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	234	Synclera traducalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	235	Tatobotys janapalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Pyralidae	236	Plodia interpunctella	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	237	Cadra cautella	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	238	Ephestia kuchniella	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	239	Aglossa pinguinalis	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	240	Hypsopygia sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Depressariidae	241	Agonopterix heracliana	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Brahmaeidae	242	Brahmaea wallichii	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Uraniidae	243	Chrysiridia rhipheus	Rivona, Tilamol, Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
	244	Micronia aculeate	Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
			Goa University Campus
	245	Pseudhyria rubra	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Tortricidae	246	Archips termias	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	247	Cydia pomonella	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	248	Adoxophyes privatana	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Sesiidae	249	Sesia apiformis	Rivona, Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
Pterophoroidae	250	Stenoptilia pterodactyla	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	251	Lantanophaga pusillidactylus	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Psychodidae	252	Psychoda cinerea	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Oecophoridae	253	Borkhausenia fuscescens	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Psychidae	254	Psyche casta	Xeldem	Rao et al.  2022
Tineidae	255	Tineola bisselliela	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	256	Nemapogon granella	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	257	Cimitra seclusella	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	258	Edosa glossopteral	Ponda, North Goa	Katewa and Pathania (2019)
	259	Edosa neoopsigona	Mollem,Sanguem,	Katewa and Pathania (2019)
			South Goa District
	260	Clania crameri	Mollem,Sanguem,	Katewa and Pathania (2019)
			South Goa District Ponda, North Goa
Gelechiidae	261	Sitotroga cerealella	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	262	Pectinophora gossypiella	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Eupterotidae	263	Eupterote undata	Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	264	Eupterote mollifera	Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	265	Ganisa postica	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Limacodidae	266	Isochactes beulenmuelleri	Tilamol	Rao et al.  2022
	267	Aergina hilaris	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	268	Thosea sp.	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Drepanidae	269	Habrosyne pyritoides	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	270	Achlya flavicornis	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Lasiocampidae	271	Philudoria potatoria	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Hepialidae	272	Phymatopus hecta	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	273	Hepialus humuli	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Bombycidae	274	Bombyx mori	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
	275	Trilocha varians	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Alucitidae	276	Alucita hexadactyla	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Momphidae	277	Mompha contrubatella	Rivona	Rao et al.  2022
Cossidae	278	Dervishiya cadambae	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	279	Xyleutes persona	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Elachistidae	280	Tonica niviferana	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Immidae	281	Imma mylias	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Thyrididae	282	Banisia myrtaea	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	283	Collinsa decoratalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	284	Hypolamprus striatalis	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	285	Striglina scitaria	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Hyblaeoidea	286	Hyblaea puera	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
Notodontidae	287	Netria viridescens	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021
	288	Phalera grotei	Goa University Campus	Gurule and Brookes 2021

Table 10: Insecta: Hymenoptera of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Locations	References
Formicidae	1	Aenictus laeviceps	Chorao Island, Goa	Smith, I. K. Pai 2009
	2	Tainoma melanocephalum	Chorao Island, Goa	Fabricius, I. K. Pai 2009
	3	Technomyrmex albipes	Chorao Island, Goa	Smith, I. K. Pai 2009
	4	Anoplolepis gracilipes	Chorao Island, Goa	F. Smith, I. K. Pai 2009
	5	Campootus compressus	Chorao Island, Goa	Jerdon, I. K. Pai 2009
	6	C. angusticollis	Chorao Island, Goa	Jerdon, I. K. Pai 2009
	7	C. parius	Chorao Island, Goa	Fabricius, I. K. Pai 2009
	8	C. radiatus	Chorao Island, Goa	Emeri, I. K. Pai 2009
	9	C. sericius	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	10	Camponotus sp.	Chorao Island, Goa	Emeri, I. K. Pai 2009
	11	Camponotus sp. 1	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	12	Camponotus sp. 2	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	13	Oecophylla smaragdina	Chorao Island, Goa	Fabricius, I. K. Pai 2009
	14	Paratrechian longicornis	Chorao Island, Goa	Latreille, I. K. Pai 2009
	15	Polyrhachis tibialis	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	16	Prenolepis sp. Nr. naoroji	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	17	P. indica	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	18	Apahenogaster beccarrii	Chorao Island, Goa	Emery, I. K. Pai 2009
	19	Cataulocus latus	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	20	Crematogaster rogenhoferi	Chorao Island, Goa	Mayr, I. K. Pai 2009
	21	Crematogaster sp.	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	22	Meranoplus bicolor	Chorao Island, Goa	Guerin, I. K. Pai 2009
	23	Monomorium criniceps	Chorao Island, Goa	Mayr, I. K. Pai 2009
	24	M. gracillimum	Chorao Island, Goa	Smith, I. K. Pai 2009
	25	M. latinode	Chorao Island, Goa	Mayr, I. K. Pai 2009
	26	M. scabriceps	Chorao Island, Goa	Mayr, I. K. Pai 2009
	27	Myrmicaria brunnea	Chorao Island, Goa	Saunders, I. K. Pai 2009
	28	Solenopsis geminate	Chorao Island, Goa	Fabricius, I. K. Pai 2009
	29	Pheidologeton diversus	Chorao Island, Goa	Jerdon, I. K. Pai 2009
	30	Pheidole parva	Chorao Island, Goa	Mayr, I. K. Pai 2009
	31	Pheidole sp. 1	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	32	Pheidole sp. 2	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	33	Tetramorium sp. Nr. mixrum	Chorao Island, Goa	Forel, I. K. Pai 2009
	34	Diacamma rugosum	Chorao Island, Goa	Le Guillou, I. K. Pai 2009
	35	Leptogenys diminuta	Chorao Island, Goa	Smith, I. K. Pai 2009
	36	Leptogenys sp. 1	Chorao Island, Goa	I. K. Pai 2009
	37	Pachychondyla tesserinoda	Chorao Island, Goa	Emery, I. K. Pai 2009
	38	Tetraponera rufonigra	Chorao Island, Goa	Jerdon, I. K. Pai 2009
Vespidae	39	Allorhynchium argentatum	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	40	Antepipona ceylonica	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	41	Antepipona ovalis	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	42	Antepipona pruthii	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	43	Antepipona sibilans	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	44	Delta conoideum	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	45	Delta pyriforme	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	46	Knemodynerus coriaceus	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	47	Labus pusillus	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	48	Phimenes flavopictus	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	49	Rhynchium brunneum	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	50	Xenorhynchium nitidulum	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	51	Polistes stigma tamulus	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	52	Ropalidia stigma	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	53	Ropalidia jacobsoni	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	54	Ropalidia brevita	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	55	Ropalidia cyathiformis	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	56	Eustenogaster eximia eximioides	Mollem National Park	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
	57	Vespa tropica	Mollem National Park, Ambedem village	S. M. Gawas & Ankita G. 2022
Braconidae	58	Leluthia indica	Kottigao, Goa	Belokobylskij & Ranjith, ZSI 2021
Mutillidae	59	Eosmicromyrmilla subbuka	Mhadei wildlife sanctuary, North Goa	Terine et al., ZSI 2021

3.6 Arthropoda-

A total of 206 species under 32 families and four class such as Arachinida (table 11), Branchiopoda (Table 12), Chilopoda (Table 13), and Malaostraca (Table 14). Arachinida was the dominant class with 147 species under 22 families followed by Branchiopoda with 44 species under seven species, Chilopoda with eight species under one family and Malaostraca with seven species under two families were recorded.

Table-11 Arthropoda: Arachinida of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	Locations	References
Araneidae	1	Anepsion maritatum	Quepem, Tiswadi	O.Pickard -Cambridge(1877)
				Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	2	Arachnura angura	Quepem	Tikader (1970) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	3	Araneus mitificus	Quepem	Simon (1886) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
	4	Araneus viridisomus	Quepem	Gravely (1921) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020) , R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	5	Araneus sp.	Ponda, Tiswadi	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	6	Argiope aemula	Quepem, Tiswadi	Walckenaer (1841) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	7	Argiope anasuja	Bardez, Canacona, Dharbandora, Quepem, Sanguem, Sattari, Tiswadi	Thorella (1887) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	8	Argiope pulchella	Quepem, Tiswadi	Thorella (1881) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	9	Argiope sp.	Ponda, Tiswadi	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	10	Bijoraneus mitificus	Quepem	Simon 1886, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	11	Chorizopes spp	Quepem	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	12	Cyclosa bifisa	Quepem	Doleschall (1859) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	13	Cyclosa spirifera	Quepem, Tiswadi	Simon (1889) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	14	Cyclosa hexatuberculata	Tiswadi	Tikader 1982, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	15	Cyclosa insulana	Ponda, Tiswadi	Costa 1834, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	16	Cyclosa sp.	Quepem, Tiswadi	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	17	Cyrtophora cicatrosa	Quepem, Tiswadi	Stoliczka(1869) Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	18	Cyrtophora citricola	Ponda, Tiswadi	Forskal 1775, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	19	Cyrtophora feae	Sanguem	Thorell 1887, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	20	Cyrtophora unicolor	Quepem	Doleschall (1857) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	21	Eriovixia laglaizei	Ponda	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	22	Eriovixia sp 1.		Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
	23	Eriovixia sp 2		Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
	24	Gasteracantha geminata	Mormugao, Quepem, Sanguem	Fabricius (1798) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	25	Gasteracantha dalyi	Sanguem, Sattari	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	26	Gasteracantha hasselti		C.L. Koch (1837) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
	27	Gastercantha kuhli	Canacona, Quepem	C.L. Koch (1837) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	28	Gea anili		Sunil jose 2005, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	29	Gea spinipes	Quepem	C.L. Koch (1843) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	30	Herennia multipuncta	Ponda, Quepem, Tiswadi	Doleschall (1859)
				C.L. Koch (1837) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	31	Larinia sp.	Quepem, Tiswadi	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	32	Macracantha basselti	Canacona, Quepem, Salcete	C. L. Koch 1837, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	33	Neoscona bengalensis	Dharbandora, Quepem, Tiswadi	Tikader & Bal (1981) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	34	Neoscona johni	Ponda	Sunil jose 2005, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	35	Neoscona molemensis	Dharbandora	Tikadar and Bal 1981, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	36	Neoscona mukerjei	Ponda, Quepem, Tiswadi	Tikader (1980) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	37	Neoscona theisi	Quepem, Tiswadi	Wakckenar (1841) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	38	Neoscona sp.	Ponda, Tiswadi	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	39	Nephalla kuhli		Doleschall (1859) Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
	40	Nephila pilipes	Canacona, Bardez, Bicholim, Dharbandora, Mormugao, Ponda, Quepem, Sattari, Tiswadi	Fabricus 1792, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	41	Nephilengys malabarensis	Dharbandora	Walckenaer 1841, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	42	Parawixia dehaani	Quepem, Salcete	Doleschall 1859,
				Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	43	Poltys sp.	Quepem	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	44	Thelacantha brevispina	Quepem	Doleschall 1857, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	45	Thelacantha sp.	Tiswadi	R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
Cheiracanthiidae	46	Cheiracanthium melanostomum	Tiswadi	Thorell 1895, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	47	Cheiracanthium triviale	Quepem	Thorell 1895, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	48	Cheiracanthium sp.		R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
Clubiona	49	Clubiona drassodes	Tiswadi	Pickard-Cambridge, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022),
Corinnidae	50	Castianeira zetes	Quepem, Tiswadi	Simon 1897, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), Singh et al. (2021), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	51	Echinax panache	Quepem	Deelman-Reinhold 2001, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020),
				Singh et al. (2021), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
Ctenidae	52	Ctenus sp.	Quepem, Tiswadi	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020), R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
	53	Ctenus goanesis	Canacona	Bastawade and Borkar 2008, R. Singh and B. B. Singh (2022)
Gnaphosidae	54	Zelotes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
Hersillidae	55	Hersilia savignyi	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Lucas 1836, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. (2020)
Lycosidae	56	Hippasa pisaurina	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Pocock 1900, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	57	Hippasa agelenoides	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1884, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	58	Hippasa greenalliae	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Blackwall 1867, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	59	Pardosa sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D(2020)
Oxyopidae	60	Hamadruas sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	61	Hamataliwa sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	62	Oxyopes birmanicus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1887, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	63	Oxyopes Shweta	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1970, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	64	Oxyopes javanus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1887, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	65	Oxyopes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	66	Peucetia viridana	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Stoliczka 1869, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
Philodromidae	67	Tibellus elongatus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1960, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
Pholcidae	68	Artema atlanta	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Walckenaer 1837, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	69	Crossopriza lyoni	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Blackwall 1867, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	70	Leptopholcus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	71	Pholcus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
Pisauridae	72	Dendrolycosa gitae	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1970, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	73	Hygropoda sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	74	Nilus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	75	Polyboea sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
Salticidae	76	Asemonea tenuipes	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard-Cambridge 1869, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	77	Bianor sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	78	Brettus cingulatus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorella 1895, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	79	Bristowia sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	80	Carrhotus viduus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	C.L.Koch 1846, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	81	Chrysilla volupe	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Kirsch 1879, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	82	Cyrba ocellata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Kroneberg 1875, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	83	Epeus indicus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Proszynski 1992, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	84	Harmochirus brachiatus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorella 1877, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	85	Hasarius adansoni	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Audouin 1826, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	86	Hyllus semicupreus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1885, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	87	Icius vikrambatrai	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Prajapati , Malamel, Sudhikumar  Sebastian 2018, Rupali P. & Mangirish D.(2020)
	88	Indopadilla insularis	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Malamel, Sudhikumar  Sebastian 2015, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	89	Langona sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	90	Marengo sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	91	Menemerus bivittatus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Dufour 1831, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	92	Menemerus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	93	Myrmaplata plataleoides	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard-Cambridge 1869, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	94	Myrmarachne melanocephala	Chandranath Hill, Goa	MacLeay 1839, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	95	Myrmarachne prava	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Karsch 1880, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020 Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	96	Phaeacius sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	97	Phanuelus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	98	Phintella vittata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	C.L.Koch 1846, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	99	Piranthus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	100	Plexippus paykulli	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Audouin 1826, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	101	Plexippus petersi	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Karsch 1878, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	102	Plexippus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	103	Portia albimana	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1900, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	104	Rhene flavicomans	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1902, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	105	Stenaelurillus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	106	Telamonia dimidlata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1899, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	107	Thiania bhamoensis	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1887, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	108	Vailimia sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Scytopidae	109	Scytodes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Sparassidae	110	Heteropoda sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	111	Olios millet	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Pocock 1901, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	112	Palystes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	113	Pandercetes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Tetragnathidae	114	Dolichognatha longiceps	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1895, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	115	Gulzygiella sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	116	Leucauge decorate	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Blackwall 1864, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	117	Mesida sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	118	Opadometa fastigata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Simon 1877, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	119	Tetragnatha mandibulata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Walckenaer 1841, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	120	Tetragnatha viridorufa	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Gravely 1921, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	121	Tylorida striata	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1877, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	122	Tylorida sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Theraphosidae	123	Chilobrachys fimbriatus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Pocock 1899, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Theridiidae	124	Thrigmopoeus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	125	Ariamnes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	126	Argyodes flavescens	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard Cambridge1880, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	127	Chikunia nigra	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard Cambridge1880, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	128	Chrysso angula	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1970, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	129	Chrysso urbasae	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1970, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	130	Coleosoma blandum	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard Cambridge1882, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	131	Epsinus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	132	Meotipa Sahyadri	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Kulkarni , Vartak, Deshpande &Halali 2017, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	133	Propostira ranii	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Bhattacharya 1935, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	134	Thawaitesia sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Thomisidae	135	Amyciaea forticeps	Chandranath Hill, Goa	O.Pickard-Cambridge 1882, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	136	Angaeus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	137	Camaricus formosus	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Thorell 1887, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	138	Massuria sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	139	Oxytate sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	140	Stiphropus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	141	Strigopus netravati	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tikader 1963, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	142	Synema revolutum	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Tang & Li 2010, Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	143	Thomisus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	144	Xysticus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Uloboridae	145	Miagrammopes sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
	146	Uloborus sp.	Chandranath Hill, Goa	Rupali P. & Mangirish D. 2020
Eresidae	147	Stegodyphus sarasinorum		Sharma et al. (2021)

Table-12 Arthropoda: Branchiopoda of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	References
Sididae	1	Diaphanosoma senegal	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	2	Diaphanosoma excisum	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	3	Pseudosida bidentata var. szalayi	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	4	Latonopsis australis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Daphniidae	5	Ceriodaphnia cornuta	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	6	Ceriodaphnia reticulata	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	7	Daphnia lumhotzi	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	8	Daphnia cephalate	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	9	Daphnia carinata	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	10	Scapholeberis kingi	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	11	Simocephalus vetulus	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	12	Simocephalus serrulatus	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Moinidae	13	Moinodaphnia macleaye	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	14	Moina micrura	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	15	Moina brachiate	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Bosminidae	16	Bosmina longirostris	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	17	Bosminopsis deitersi	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Macrothricidae	18	Macrothrix spinosa	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	19	Echinisca capensis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	20	Echinisca triserialis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	21	Ilyocryptus spinifer	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
Chydoridae	22	Pleuroxus aduncus bhigawanensis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	23	Pleuroxus denticulatus	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	24	Alonella excisa	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	25	Chydorus faviformis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	26	Chydorus ventricosus	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	27	Chydorus barroisi	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	28	Dunhevedia crassa	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	29	Dunhevedia serrata	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	30	Pseudochydorus globosus	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	31	Alona rectangular	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	32	Alona davidi punctata	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	33	Alona monacantha tridentata	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	34	Alona pulchella	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	35	Camptocercus rectirostris	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	36	Graptoleberis testudinaria	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	37	Leydigia acanthocercoides	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	38	Biapertura affinis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	39	Biapertura karua	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	40	Oxyurella singalensis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	41	Kurzia longirostris	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	42	Eryalona orientalis	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	43	Notoalona globulosa	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)
	44	Indialona ganapati	Rane (State Fauna Series, Goa, ZSI 2008)

Table- 13 Arthropoda: Chilopoda of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	References
Scolopendridae	1	Scolopendra amazonica	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	2	Cormocephalus dentipes	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	3	Cormocephalus westwoodi disper	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	4	Cormocephalus nigrificatus	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	5	Rhysida longipes longipes	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	6	Rhysida nuda	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	7	Digitipes coonoorensis	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008
	8	Digitipes barnabasi	Sureshan and Yadav, State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008

Table- 14 Arthropoda: Malaostraca of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	Sl. No.	Species	References
Oniscidae	1	Philoscia javanensis	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	2	Philoscia londensis	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	3	Porcellio assamensis	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
Sphaeromatidae	4	Sphaeroma terebrans	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	5	Sphaeroma annandalei	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	6	Sphaeroma annandalei travencorensis	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)
	7	Sphaeroma walkeri	Roy (State Fauna Series, ZSI 2008)

3.7 Fish

A total of 114 species under 41 families include fresh water fish species (Table 15) with 57 species under 17 families and demersal fish species (Table 16) with 57 species under 24 families.

Table 15. Fresh water fishes of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	SL NO.	Species	Status	Reference
Notopteridae	1	Notopterus notopterus		Pallas, ZSI 2008
Cyprinidae	2	Chela cachius		Ham-buch, ZSI 2008
	3	Chela dadiburjori		Menon, ZSI 2008
	4	Salmostoma boopis		Day, ZSI 2008
	5	Danio aequipinnatus		McClelland, ZSI 2008
	6	Rasbora daniconius		Ham-buch, ZSI 2008
	7	Rasbora rasbora		Ham-buch, ZSI 2008
	8	Rasbora caverii	Rare	Jerdon, ZSI 2008
	9	Puntius crescentus		Yazadi & singh, ZSI 2008
	10	Puntius fasciatus pradhani	Endemic	Tilak, ZSI 2008
	11	Puntius fasciatus fasciatus		Jerdon, ZSI 2008
	12	Puntius flamantosus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	13	Puntius setnai	Rare	Chhapgar & Sane, ZSI 2008
	14	Puntius narayani		Hora, ZSI 2008, ZSI 2008
	15	Puntius sarana subnasutus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	16	Puntius vittatus		Day, ZSI 2008
	17	Puntius jerdoni	Endangered	Day, ZSI 2008
	18	Puntius amphibians		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	19	Puntius ticto		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	20	Cirrhinus cirrhosus	Endangered	Bloch, ZSI 2008
	21	Lebeo dussumieri	Vulnerable	Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	22	Garra g. gotyla		Gray, ZSI 2008
	23	Garra mullya		Skyes, ZSI 2008
	24	Garra g. sternorhynchus		Jerdon, ZSI 2008
Cobitidae	25	Lepidocephalus guntea		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	26	Lepidocephalus thermalis		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	27	Pangio goaensis	Endemic	Tilak, ZSI 2008
Homalopteridae	28	Noemacheilus evezardi		Day, ZSI 2008
	29	Noemachilus botia		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	30	Noemachilus elongatus		Hora, ZSI 2008
Bagridae	31	Rita kuturnee		Sykes, ZSI 2008
	32	Rita pavimentata		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	33	Mystus malabaricus		Jerdon, ZSI 2008
	34	Mystus oculatus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	35	Mystus gulio		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	36	Mystus keletius		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
Siluridae	37	Ompok bimaculatus		Bloch, ZSI 2008
	38	Ompok malabaricus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
Schilbeidae	39	Pseudeutropius mitchelli		Gunther, ZSI 2008
	40	Clarias d. dussumieri		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
Belonidae	41	Xenentodon cancila		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
Cyprinodontidae	42	Aplochelius blocki		Arnold, ZSI 2008
	43	Aplochelius lineatus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
	44	Aplochelius panchax		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
Poecilidae	45	Gambusia affinis		Baird & Girard, ZSI 2008
	46	Poecila reticulata		Peters, ZSI 2008
Channidae	47	Channa orientalis		Bloch & Schneider, ZSI 2008
	48	Channa punctatus		Bloch, ZSI 2008
Ambassidae	49	Chanda nama		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	50	Parambassis thomassi		Day, ZSI 2008
Cichlidae	51	Etroplus maculates		Bloch, ZSI 2008
	52	Etroplus suratensis		Bloch, ZSI 2008
Gobiidae	53	Glossogobius giuris		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
	54	Anabas testudineus		Bloch, ZSI 2008
Belontidae	55	Pseudosphromenus cupanus		Valenciennes, ZSI 2008
Mugilidae	56	Sisamugil cascasia		Ham-Buch, ZSI 2008
Mastacembelidae	57	Masatacembelus armatus		Lacepede, ZSI 2008

Table 16. Demersal Fishes of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	SL.NO.	Species	Locations	References
Dasyatidae	1	Dasyatis bleekeri	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	2	Scolidon laticaudus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Clupeidae	3	Opisthopterus tardoore	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	4	Pellona ditchela	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	5	Dussumieria acuta	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Engraulidae	6	Coilia dussumieri	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Chirocentridae	7	Chirocentrus dorab	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Ariidae	8	Arius maculatus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	9	Arius thalassius	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	10	Arius sona	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	11	Arius jella	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	12	Osteogeneiosus niilitaris	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Plotosidae	13	Plotosus canius	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	14	Plotosus lineatus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Synodontidae	15	Saurida tumbil	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Platycephalidae	16	Platycephalus indicus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Synodontidae	17	Saurida tumbil	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Serranidae	18	Cephalopholis miniate	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	19	Epinephelus fasciatus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	20	Cephalopholis boenack	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Sillaganidae	21	Sillago sihama	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Lactariidae	22	Lactarius lactarius	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Carangidae	23	Atropus atropus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	24	Carangoides malabaricus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	25	Alepes para	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	26	Atule mare	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	27	Carangoides ferdau	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	28	Caranx sp.	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Leiognathidae	29	Leiognathus bindus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	30	Leiognathus dussumieri	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	31	Leiognathus splendens	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Lutjanidae	32	Lutjanus Lutjanus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	33	Lutjanus johni	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	34	Lutjanus madras	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	35	Lutjanus argentimaculatus	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	36	Latjanus malabaricus	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Sciaenidae	37	Johnius dussumieri	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	38	Johnius elongatus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	39	Otolithes cuvieri	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	40	Otolithes ruber	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	41	Kathala axillaris	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	42	Nibea soldado	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	43	Nibea albida	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	44	Pennahia macrophthalmus	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	45	Protonibea diacanthus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Sphyraenidae	46	Sphyraena acutipinnis	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Polynemidae	47	Polynemus indicus	Marmugao Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Trichiuridae	48	Trichiurus lepturus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	49	Lepturacanthus savala	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Stromateidae	50	Pampus argenteus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	51	Pampus chinenesis	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Psettodidae	52	Psettodes erumei	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Bothidae	53	Pseudorhombus arsius	Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Soleidae	54	Solea elongata	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
Cynoglossidae	55	Cynoglossus dubius	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	56	Cynoglossus arel	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995
	57	Cynoglossus macrostomus	Marmugao Bay, Aguada Bay	Z. A. Ansari et al. 1995

3.8 Crabs-

Documented a total of 68 crab species under 12 families including marine and estuarine crab with 47 species (Table 17) under nine families and anomuran crab with 21 species (Table 18).

Table 17. Marine & Estuarine Crabs of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	SL. NO.	Species	References
Calappidae	1	Ashtorei miersi	Henderson 1887, ZSI 2008
	2	Matuta victor	Fabricius 1781, ZSI 2008
Leucosiidae	3	Philyra scabriuscula	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
Hymenosomatidae	4	Elamenopsis alcocki	Kemp 1917, ZSI 2008
	5	Elamenopsis demeloi	Kemp 1917, ZSI 2008
	6	Elamenopsis octagonalis	Kemp 1917, ZSI 2008
	7	Elamena truncata	Stimpson 1858, ZSI 2008
	8	Elamena xavieri	Kemp 1917, ZSI 2008
Portunidae	9	Scylla serrata	Forskal 1775, ZSI 2008
	10	Scylla tranquebarica	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	11	Portunus Pelagicus	Linnaeus 1758, ZSI 2008
	12	Portunus sanguinolentus	Herbst 1790, ZSI 2008
	13	Charybdis affinis	Dana 1852, ZSI 2008
	14	Charybdis annulata	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	15	Charybdis callianassa	Herbst 1801, ZSI 2008
	16	Charybdis feriatus	Linnaeus 1758, ZSI 2008
	17	Charybdis lucifera	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	18	Charybdis riversandersoni	Alcock 1899, ZSI 2008
	19	Charybdis hoplites	Wood-Mason 1877, ZSI 2008
	20	Thalamite crenata	Latreille 1829, ZSI 2008
Xanthidae	21	Atergatis integerrimus	Lamarck 1801, ZSI 2008
	22	Atergatis laevigatus	A. Milne Edwards 1865, ZSI 2008
	23	Leptodius exaratus	H. Milne Edwards 1834, ZSI 2008
	24	Demania baccalipes	Alcock 1898, ZSI 2008
Pilumnidae	25	Eurycarcinus orientalis	A. Milne Edwards 1867, ZSI 2008
	26	Benthopamope indica	de Man 1888, ZSI 2008
	27	Parapanope hextii	Alcock 1898, ZSI 2008
Eriphidae	28	Epixanthus frontalis	H. Milne Edwards 1834, ZSI 2008
	29	Lydia annulipes	H. Milne Edwards 1834, ZSI 2008
	30	Menippe rumphii	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	31	Myomenippe hardwickii	Gray 1831, ZSI 2008
Grapsidae	32	Grapsus albolineatus	Lamarck 1818, ZSI 2008
	33	Metopograpus messor	Farskal 1775, ZSI 2008
	34	Varuna litterata	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	35	Chiromantes bidens	de Haan 1835, ZSI 2008
	36	Parasesarma plicatum	Fabricius 1798, ZSI 2008
	37	Episesarma taeniolata	White 1847, ZSI 2008
	38	Pseudosesarma edwardsi	de man 1887, ZSI 2008
	39	Nanosesarma andersoni	de man 1887, ZSI 2008
	40	Clistocoeloma merguiense	de man 1888, ZSI 2008
Ocypodidae	41	Ocypode ceratophthalma	Pallas 1772, ZSI 2008
	42	Uca dussumieri	H. Milne Edwards 1852, ZSI 2008
	43	Uca lactea	de Haan 1833, ZSI 2008
	44	Dotilla myctrioides	H. Milne Edwards 1852, ZSI 2008
	45	Ilyoplax gangeticus	Kemp 1919, ZSI 2008
	46	Scopimera proxima	Kemp 1919, ZSI 2008
	47	Macrophthalmus pacificus	Dana 1851, ZSI 2008

Table 18. Anomuran Crabs of Goa State, Central Western Ghats

Family	SL. NO.	Species	References
Diogenidae	1	Clibanarius merguiensis	de man 1888, ZSI 2008
	2	Clibanarius infraspinatus	Hilgendorf 1869, ZSI 2008
	3	Clibanarius longitarsus	de man 1849, ZSI 2008
	4	Clibanarius padavensis	de man 1888, ZSI 2008
	5	Clibanarius striolatus	Dana 1852, ZSI 2008
	6	Diogenes affinis	Henderson 1893, ZSI 2008
	7	Diogenes avarus	Heller 1865, ZSI 2008
	8	Diogenes Diogenes	Herbst 1791, ZSI 2008
	9	Diogenes planimanus	Hendorson 1893, ZSI 2008
Porcellanidae	10	Petrolisthes lamarckii	Leach 1820, ZSI 2008
	11	Ancylocheles gravelei	Sankolli 1963, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	12	Enosteoides ornatus	Stimpson 1858, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	13	Pachycheles natalensis	Krauss 1843, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	14	Petrolisthes boscii	Audouin 1826, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	15	Petrolisthes coccineus	Richardson et al. 1839, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	16	Petrolisthes lamarckii	Leach 1820, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	17	Pisidia dehaanii	Krauss 1820, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	18	Pisidia gordoni	Johnson 1970, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	19	Polyonyx hendersoni	Southwell 1909, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
	20	Polyonyx splendidus	Sankolli 1963, Alexandra H. et al. 2010
Hippidae	21	Emerita holthusi	Sankolli 1965, ZSI 2008”

Figure 3.1 Family Dstribution of Mammalian Spacies

Figure 3.2 Family Distribution of Insects

Figure 3.3 Family Distribution of Arthropoda Species

Figure 3.4 Family Distribution of Fish Species