Introduction

Study Area National park » ⦁ Anamudi Shola National Park ⦁ Eravikualam National Park ⦁ Mathikettan Shola National Park ⦁ Pambadum Shola National Park ⦁ Silent Valley National Park ⦁ Parambikulam Tiger Reserve ⦁ Periyar Tiger Reserve & National Park Santuries» ⦁ Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Chulannur Peafowl Sanctuary ⦁ Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Kurinjimala Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Peechi –Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary ⦁ Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary ⦁ Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

Results and Discussion ⦁ ANAMUDI SHOLA NATIONAL PARK ⦁ ERAVIKUALAM NATIONAL PARK ⦁ MATHIKETTAN SHOLA NATIONAL PARK ⦁ PAMBADUM SHOLA NATIONAL PARK ⦁ SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK

Conclusion

References

Results and Discussion

Status of flora and fauna in PAs of Kerala: A total of 58 species of fauna of which 17 were birds, 27 insects, 12 mammalian and 1 arachnid species, are in this park (Figure 24-30). Among these, 25 species are endemic, which include Trachypithecus johnii, Martes gwatkinsii, Ypthima ceylonica, Columba elphinstonii, Parantica nilgirensis etc. Based on the IUCN Conservation Status; there are 2 endangered, 7 vulnerable, and 4 near-threatened species. Threatened species are Elephas maximus, Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, Rusa unicolor, Mates gwatkinsii, Cuon alpinus, etc. There are 67 species of 35 families of flora in this park and most of the species are from the Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Elaeocarpacea families (Figure 31-66). Endemic species (31) include Syzygium caryophyllatum, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium densiflorum, Syzygium gardneri, Syzygium malabaricum, Syzygium montanum, Syzygium spathulatum, Actinodaphne bourdillonii, Vaccinium leschenaultia etc. There are 4 endangered, 5 vulnerable and 1 near-threatened species. Some of the endemic threatened floral species are Cyathea crinite, Isondra stocksii, Syzygium spathulatum, Syzgium densiflorum, etc. There are 3 settlements of the Muthuvan tribe in Kanthaloor village in Anamudi Shola National Park. There are 50 mammals, 149 birds, 13 reptiles, 27 amphibia, 5 fishes, 15 arachinida, 1 gastropoda, and 153 insects (Figure 67-78). Of which 94 were endemic and 42 are threatened. Threatened species include 1 Critically Endangered, 19 Endangered, 21Vulnerable and 2 species from the extinct category. Most of the species are from class insects followed by vertebrates, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Totally there are 113 floral families (Figure 79-94) with 15 threatened species, of which 1 is critically endangered and 11 are vulnerable species. Valeriana leschenaultii is the critically endangered species found. Anaphalis leptophylla, Anaphalis travancorica, Anaphalis wightiana, Eriocaulon geoffreyi, etc. are vulnerable species. Cinnamomum verum, Impatiens pandata, and Sonerila pulneyensis are endangered. Anthoxanthum borii is near threatened. Families containing the highest number of species are Poaceae (140), Trichocomaceae (39), Asteraceae (35), and Orchidaceae (20). 491 species are endemic that including Ranaculus reneformis, Berberis tinctoria, Crotalaria tomentosa, Pimpinella candolleana.

Figure 24. Distribution of fauna in Anamudi Shola National	Figure 25. Distribution of Aves in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 26. Distribution of Insecta in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 27. Distribution of Mammalia in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 28. Distribution of Arachinidae in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 29. Distribution of Endemic Fauna in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 30. Distribution of Conservation Status of Fauna in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 31. Distribution of Flora in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 32. Distribution of Cannabaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 33. Distribution of Carprifoliacae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 34. Distribution of Celastraceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 35. Distribution of Cornaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 36. Distribution of Cyatheaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 37. Distribution of Daphniphyllaceaea Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 38. Distribution of Dryopteridaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 39. Distribution of Elaeocarpaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 40. Distribution of Ericaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 41. Distribution of Euphorbiaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 42. Distribution of Glomerellaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 43. Distribution of Hypericaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 44. Distribution of Lauraceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 45. Distribution of Loranthaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 46. Distribution of Melastomataceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 47. Distribution of Myrsinaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 48 Distribution of Pentaphylacaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 49. Distribution of Polypodiaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 50. Distribution of Primulaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 51. Distribution of Myrtaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 52. Distribution of Oleaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 53. Distribution of Rubiaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 54. Distribution of Rutaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 55. Distribution of Sabiaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 56. Distribution of Sapotaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 57. Distribution of Staphyleaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 58. Distribution of Stemonuraceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 59. Distribution of Symplocaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 60. Distribution of Acanthaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 61. Distribution of Achariaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 62. Distribution of Theaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 63. Distribution of Araliaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 64. Distribution of Beriberidaceae Family in Anamudi Shola National Park	Figure 65. Distribution of Conservation Status of Flora in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 66. Distribution of Endemic Flora in Anamudi Shola National Park
Figure 67. Distribution of Fauna in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 68. Distribution of Insecta in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 69. Distribution of Insecta in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 70. Distribution of Mammalia in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 71. Distribution of Reptilia in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 72. Distribution of Actinopterygii in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 73. Distribution of Amphibian in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 74. Distribution of Aves in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 75. Distribution of Arachinida in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 76. Distribution of Conservation Status of Fauna in Eravikulam National Park	Figure77. Distribution of Endemic Fauna in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 78. Distribution of Endemic Fauna in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 79. Distribution of Flora in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 80. Distribution of Aneuraceae, Anthocerotaceae, Ascomycota, Aspleniaceae, Acanthaceae & Apiaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 81. Distribution of distribution Bartramiaceae, Bryaceae, Buxbaumiaceae, Berbiricaceae, Bionectriaceae, & Balsaminaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 82. Distribution Asteraceae Family in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 82. Distribution of Brassicaceae, Calymperaceae, Caphaloziellaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyliaceae, Chaetomiaceae, Chenopodiaceae & Clavicipitaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 83. Distribution of Colchicaceae, Commelinaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Crassulaceae, Davalliaceae, Dennastaedtiaceae, Davidiellaceae, & Cyperaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 84. Distribution of Ditrichaceae, Dipodascaceae, Droseraceae, Ericaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Fissidentaceae, Fossombroniaceae, Gleichenilaceae, & Gentianaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 85. Distribution of Fabaceae, Gesneriaceae, Hylocomiaceae, Hypnaceae, Hypopterigiaceae, Holaragiaceae, Hypericaceae, Hypocreaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Incertae sedis, & Jungermanniaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 86. Distribution of distribution Juncaceae, Lepidozeaceae, Leucobryaceae, Lindsaeaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lentibulariaceae, & Liliaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 87. Distribution Linaceae, Marchantiaceae, Meteoriaceae, Metzgeriaceae, Mniaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Neckeraceae, & Nectriaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 88. Distribution of Orthotrichaceae, Osmundaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Plagiochilaceae & Polypodiaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 89. Distribution of Poaceae Family in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 90. Distribution of Polytrichacea, Pottiaceae, Palmaceae, Parnassiaceae, Piperaceae, Plantaginaceae, Pleosporaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Rhacomitriaceae, Ranunculaceae, & Rosaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 91. Distribution of Rubiaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Splachnaceae, Splachnaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Thuidaceae, Thymelaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae, Valerianaceae, Violaceae, & Xyridaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 92. Distribution of distribution Trichocomaceae, & Zygomycota Families in Eravikulam National Park
Figure 93. Distribution Linaceae, Marchantiaceae, Meteoriaceae, Metzgeriaceae, Mniaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Neckeraceae, & Nectriaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park	Figure 94. Distribution of Orthotrichaceae, Osmundaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Plagiochilaceae & Polypodiaceae Families in Eravikulam National Park

MSNP has 43 species, including one bird, 36 insects, and six mammalian species (Figure 95-100). A total of 16 endemic species - Semnopithecus johnii, Parantica nilgiriensis, Vanessa indica, Troides minos, etc. Cuon alpines, Elephas maximus, Bos gaurus, Cervus unicolor, Semnopithecus johnii, and Panthera pardus are under threatened category (IUCN). The shola forest is rich in flora, with 77 species of 41 families, and 22 species are endemic (Figure 101-140). Endemic plants are Actinodaphne malabarica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Baccaurea courtallensis, Calophyllum austroindicum, Drypetes elata, Impatients viscose, Vateria indica, etc. Dysoxylum malabaricum, Prunus ceylanica, Dalbergia latifolia, Impatiens viscosa, Myristica dactyloides and Syzygium densiflorum are under the threatened category. This park has 13 mammalia, 1 arachnida, 104 aves, and 205 insecta (Figure 141-149). Among these 5 are threatened species, and 4 are near-threatened species, according to IUCN. Cuon alpines, Elephas maximus, Garulax jerdoni, Maccaca silensus, and Myiomella albiventris are endangered species. Eumyias albicaudatus, Ficedula nigrorufa, and Parantica nilgiriensis are near threatend. 41 of the total species are endemic, including Semnopithecus johnii, Macaca silenus, Ratufa indica, Papilio polymnestor, Nisaetus kelaarti, Ocyceros griseus etc. Park has 60 families of flora with Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Asteraceae having the maximum number of diverse species (Figure 150-209). Valeriana Leschenaultii is critically endangered, Prunus ceylanica and Psychotria nilgiriensis are endangered, and Canthium neilgherrense and Elaeocarpus recurvatus are vulnerable species. There are 35 endemic flora, including Actinodaphne bourdillonii, Anaphalis aristata, Ardisia rhomboidea, Arisaema psittacus, Baleria involucrata, Beilschmiedia wightii, Canthium neilgherrense etc.

Figure 95. Distribution based on Fauna in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 96. Distribution of Aves in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 97. Distribution of Insecta in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 98. Distribution of Mammals in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 99. Distribution based on Endemism of Fauna in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 100. Distribution based on Conservation Status of Fauna in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 101. Distribution based on Family of Flora in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 102. Distribution of Acanthaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 103. Distribution of Anacardiaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 104. Distribution of Annonaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 105. Distribution of Asteraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 106. Distribution of Asteroideae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 107. Distribution of Balsaminaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 108. Distribution of Burseraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 109. Distribution of Calophyllaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 110. Distribution of Celastraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 111. Distribution of Combretaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 112. Distribution Dennstaedtiaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 113. Distribution of Dipterocarpaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 114. Distribution of Elaeocarpaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 115. Distribution of Euphorbiaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 116. Distribution of Fabaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 117. Distribution of Gentianaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 118. Distribution of Hypericaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 119. Distribution of Lamiaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 120. Distribution of Lauraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 121. Distribution of Leguminosae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 122. Distribution of Loranthaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 123. Distribution of Lythraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 124. Distribution of Malvaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 125. Distribution of Melastomataceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 126. Distribution of Meliaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 127. Distribution of Moraceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 128. Distribution of Myristicaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 129. Distribution of Myrtaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 130. Distribution of Oleaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 131. Distribution of Pentaphylacaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 132. Distribution of Phyllanthaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 133. Distribution of Pittosporaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 134. Distribution of Poaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 135. Distribution of Sapotaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 136. Distribution of Symplocaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 137. Distribution of Tetramelaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 138. Distribution of Violaceae in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 139. Distribution based Endemic Flora in Mathikettan Shola National Park	Figure 140. Distribution based Conservation Status of Flora in Mathikettan Shola National Park
Figure 141. Distribution based on Class in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 142. Distribution of Arachinda in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 143. Distribution of Aves in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 144. Distribution of Mammalia in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 145. Distribution of Insecta in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 146. Distribution of Insecta in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 147. Distribution of Insecta in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 148. Distribution based on Conservation Status of Fauna in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 149. Distribution based on Endemism of Fauna in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 150. Distribution of Flora based on family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 151. Distribution of Acanthaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 152. Distribution of Achariaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 153. Distribution of Adoxaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 154. Distribution of Amaranthaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 155. Distribution of Amaryllidaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 156. Distribution of Apocynaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 157. Distribution of Araceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 158. Distribution of Aralilaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 159. Distribution of Asparagaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 160. Distribution of Asteraceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 161. Distribution of Begoniaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 162. Distribution of Berberidaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 163. Distribution of Betulaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 164. Distribution of Buxaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 165. Distribution of Campanulaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 166. Distribution of Carprifoliaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 167. Distribution of Cornaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 168. Distribution of Cucurbitaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 169. Distribution of Daphniphyllaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 170. Distribution of Ebenaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 171. Distribution of Ericaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 172. Distribution of Elaeocarpaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 173. Distribution of Euphorbiaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 174. Distribution of Fabaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 175. Distribution of Gentianaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 176. Distribution of Hypricaeae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 177. Distribution of Hypoxidaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 178. Distribution of Lamiaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 178. Distribution of Lauraceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 179. Distribution of Loranthacrae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 180. Distribution of Melastomataceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 181. Distribution of Menispermaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 182. Distribution of Myrtaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 183. Distribution of Oleacea Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 184. Distribution of Passilfloraceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 185. Distribution of Orchidaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 186. Distribution of Pentaphylacaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 187. Distribution of Phyllanthaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 188. Distribution of Phyllanthaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 189. Distribution of Piperaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 190. Distribution of Pittosporaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 191. Distribution of Plantaginaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 192. Distribution of Primulaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 193. Distribution of Ranunculaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 194. Distribution of Rosaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 195. Distribution of Rubiaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 196. Distribution of Rutceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 197. Distribution of Salicaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 198. Distribution of Sapindaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 199. Distribution of Sapotaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 200. Distribution of Solanaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 201. Distribution of Staphyleaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 202. Distribution of Stemonuraceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 203. Distribution of Symplocaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 204. Distribution of Thymelaeceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 205. Distribution of Urtricaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 206. Distribution of Valerianaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 207. Distribution of Vitaceae Family in Pampadum Shola National Park
Figure 208. Distribution based on Conservation Status of Flora in Pampadum Shola National Park	Figure 209. Distribution based on Endemism of Flora in Pampadum Shola National Park

There are about 558 total species - 41 mammals, 42 reptiles, eight fish species, 43 amphibians, 97 birds, and 326 insects (Figure 210-). Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, Felis viverrina, Felis chaus, Prionailurus bengalensis, Viverricula indica, Paradoxurus hermaphrodites, Paradoxurus jerdoni, Herpestes smithii, Herpestes vitticollis etc were the major carnivore mammals. Some of the ungulates and herbivores are Martes gwatkinsii, Bos gaurus, Nilgiritragus hylocrius, Cervus unicolor, Muntiacus muntjak, Moschiola meminna, Sus scrofa, Cynopterus brachyotis, Rousettus leschenaultia, Suncus murinus, Lepus nigricollis etc. Micrixalus silvaticus, Micrixalus thampii, Ramanella montana, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, Nyctibatrachus vrijeuni, Nyctibatrachus grandis, Clinotarsus curtipes, Hylarana aurantiaca, Hylarana temporalis, Indirana semipalmata, Ghatixalus variabilis, Polypedates occidentalis, Pseudophilautus wynaadensis etc are some of the amphibian species. Birds found in this park are Pycnonotus cafer, Iole indica, Hypsipetes leucocephalus, Pellorneum ruficeps, Turdoides subrufus, Garrulax delesserti, Alcippe poioicephala, Muscicapa nigrorufa, Cyornis pallipes, Cyornis tickelliae, Muscicapa albicaudata, Culcicapa ceylonensis, Terpsiphone sp., Hypothymis azurea, Prinia hodgsonii, Phylloscopus trochiloides, Phylloscopus occipitalis, Myiophonus horsfieldii, Turdus merula, Parus xanthogenys, Sitta frontalis, Anthus richardi, Motacilla cinerea, Dicaeum agile, Nectarinia minima, Arachnothera longirostra, Zosterops palpebrosus, Gymnoris xanthocollis, Lonchura kelaarti, Ardeola grayii (Figure ). Anguilla bengalensis, Barilius gatensis, Garra mullya, Garra menoni, Nemacheilus guentheri, Nemacheilus triangularis, Lepidocephalus thermalis, Channa gachua were the fish species collected. More than 300 insect species are found on which most of them are butterflies. Some of them are Parantica nilgiriensis, Parantica aglea, Danaus genutia, Idea malabarica, Hypolimnas misippus, Hypolimnas bolina, Euthalia Spp., Euploea core, Parthenos sylvia, Vindula erota, Moduza procris, Cyrestis thyodamas, Neptis hylas, Phalanta phalantha, Cirrochroa thais, Cethosia nietneri, Cupha erymanthis, Ariadne merione, Junonia hierta, Junonia lemonias, Junonia almanac, Junonia atlites, Kaniska canace, Tagiades litigiosa, Celaenorrhinus leucocera, Celaenorrhinus ambareesa, Potanthus pava, Potanthus palnia, Taractrocera ceramas, Telicota spp., Caltoris canaraica, Cheritra freja, Jamides celeno, Jamides alecto, Jamides spp., Udara akasa, Celastrina lavendularis, Castalius rosimon, Caleta caleta, Curetis thetis, Arhopala centaurus, Arhopala amantes, Abisara echerius, Troides minos, Chilasa clytia, Pachliopta pandiyana, Pachliopta aristolochiae, Pachliopta hector, Papilio polymnestor, Papilio paris, Papilio helenus, Papilio budha etc. In flora, Orchidaceae (50), and Poaceae (36), are diverse species followed by Rubiaceae, Fabaceae.

Figure 210. Distribution of Fauna in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 211. Distribution based on Endemism of Fauna in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 212. Distribution based on Endemism of Fauna in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 213. Distribution based on Conservation Status of Fauna in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 214. Distribution of Actinopterygii in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 215. Distribution of Amphibia in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 216. Distribution of Aves in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 217. Distribution of Aves in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 218. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 219. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 220. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 221. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 222. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 223. Distribution of Lepidoptera in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 224 Distribution of Mammalia in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 225. Distribution of Reptilia in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 226. Flora distribution based on family in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 227. Distribution based on Family in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 228. Distribution of Flora Based on Endemism in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 229. Distribution of Flora Based on Endemism in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 230. Distribution of Flora Based on Endemism in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 231. Distribution of Flora Based on Conservation Status in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 232. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 233. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 234. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 235. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 236. Distribution Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 237. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 238. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 239. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 240. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 241. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 242. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 243. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 244. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 245. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 246. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park	Figure 247. Distribution of Floral Families in Silent Valley National Park
Figure 248. Distribution of family wise flora in Silent Valley National Park

Kerala State has the maximum number of species of fauna and flora with the maximum number of threatened species (Table 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3). The maximum number of flora species (1961) are recorded in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala
Table 6.1. Total number of threatened and endemic species in National Parks (Study Area)

SNO	Protected Area	District	Fauna	Endemic Fauna	Threatened Fauna	Flora	Endemic Fauna	Threatened Flora
1	Anamudi	Kerala	59	22	10	68	31	9
2	Eravikulam	Kerala	414	292	19	493	115	15
3	Mathikethan	Kerala	43	41	6	80	22	6
4	Pampadum	Kerala	317	41	12	115	97	5
5	Silent Valley	Kerala	610	413	43	652	151	23

Table 6.2. Total number of threatened and endemic species in Wildlife Sanctuaries and Tiger Reserves (Study Area)

Sl.No	Protected Area (*WLS & *TR)	District	Fauna	Endemic Fauna	Threatened Fauna	Flora	Endemic Fauna	Threatened Flora
1	Aralam WLS	Kerala	81	46	26	194	23	6
2	Chimmony WLS	Kerala	33	12	12	268	52	17
3	Chinnar WLS	Kerala	488	83	24	962	180	20
4	Chulannur WLS	Kerala	25	5	5	30	13	3
5	Idukki WLS	Kerala	369	88	34	433	129	15
6	Kottiyoor WLS	Kerala	5	3	1	1	0	0
7	Kurinjimala WLS	Kerala	289	30	10	114	39	3
8	Malabar WLS	Kerala	160	8	7	181	20	5
9	Neyyar WLS	Kerala	388	52	39	206	70	19
10	Peechi-Vazhani WLS	Kerala	569	28	3	125	24	7
11	Peppara WLS	Kerala	243	10	10	433	105	23
12	Shendurney WLS	Kerala	146	67	25	932	314	62
13	Thattekkad WLS	Kerala	691	112	33	728	241	28
14	Wayanad WLS	Kerala	462	114	39	241	35	7

*WLS – Wildlife Sanctuary, *TR- Tiger Reserve
Table 6.3. Pecentage of endemic and threatened species in Protected Areas of Kerala

Sl.No	State	Fauna	Flora	% Endemism	% Threatened
1	Kerala	2261	3867	22.03	4.81

⦁ KARNATAKA
Karnataka, south western region of India has 20% (4,335,694 ha.) under forests and 60% of these forests are in the Western Ghats or 37.4% of forests in Karnataka are in the Western Ghats.. Forest type ranges from evergreen in Western Ghats region to scrubs in plains. Karnataka is blessed with diverse flora and fauna. It is reported that 10% of endangered tiger and 25% of elephant population is present in Karnataka. There are 5 national parks, 35 wildlife sanctuaries 14 conservation reserves and 1 community reserve are in Karnataka. Western Ghats region of Karnataka contain 4 National Parks, 13 Wildlife Santuaries (Figure. 249) (www.aranya.gov.in) .
⦁ TAMILNADU
Tamil Nadu situated in the Southern part of India. Kerala and Tamilnadu are separated by the Western Ghats Mountain. Tamilnadu has 13.6% of forest cover in Western Ghats. There are 3 National Parks, 4 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 2 Tiger Reserves, and 1 Community Reserve in Western Ghats region of Tamil Nadu. Nilgiri and Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve also covers Tamilnadu region (Figure.250) (www.forests.tn.gov.in) .

Figure 249. Protected Ares in Karnataka which comes under Western Ghats

Figure 250. Protected Ares in Tamilnadu which comes under Western Ghats