Sahyadri ENews

6. Results
6.1. Faunal species in Western Ghats
The review covered 360 articles from national and international journals and action plans. As per the mined data, Western Ghats has 335 species of fishes, 248 species of amphibians, 197 species of reptiles, 529 bird species and 161 mammalian species. WG is the abode for many endemic species, amphibians show higher endemism (62%) followed by reptiles (52%), fishes (26%), mammals (6%) and birds (5%). The literature also revealed that many numbers of threatened species are present in the WG region. Philautus leucorhinus, Philautus temporalis, Philautus nasutus and Philautus variabilis are the extinct amphibian species present in WG region. Many critically endangered species such as Gonoproktopterus thomassi, Horalabiosa arunachalami, Fejervarya murthii, Philautus kaikatti, Ardeotis nigriceps, Gyps indicus, Millardia kondana, Viverra civettina are also present in the regions of WG.
Fishes:
Western Ghats has 335 species of Fishes across 133 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of Western Ghats (WG) region (Fig. 6.1.1). The review highlights studies have identified 336 species up to species level and 7 has up to genera level. WG region has 52 families of fishes. Cyprinidae is the largest fish family present in the WG which consists of 148 species and many small families with one species are present in the WG regions. Fish families are widely distributed across the WG region. As per the review, Bagridae, Cyprinidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae are reported from all states of WG. Ambassidae, Aplocheilidae, Balitoridae, Belonidae, Blenniidae, Channidae, Cichlidae, Cobitidae, Gobiidae, Hemiramphidae, Mugilidae, Nandidae, Osphronemidae, Poeciliidae and Sisoridae families show wide distribution in all states except Gujarat region of WG. Other families are reported across the central and southern WG and also from Goa and Maharashtra regions. Among the 335 species of Fishes, 88 species were Endemic to WG. The analysis depicts about 26% of total population of fishes present are endemic to the WG region.
Amphibians:
Western Ghats has 248 species of Amphibians across 383 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of WG (Fig. 6.1.2). These studies have identified 215 species up to species level and 33 has up to genera level. WG region has 11 families of amphibians. The families such as Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ichthyophiidae, Indotyphlidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nasikabatrachidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranidae, Ranixalidae, and Rhacophoridae are present in the WG. Rhacophoridae is the largest family consists of 82 species and Nasikabatrachidae is the smallest family consists of only one amphibian species, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis. Ranixalidae is widely distributed family, reported across all states of WG. Indotyphilidae is reported from all states except Gujarat. Dicroglossidae, Bufonidae, Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, Microhylidae and Nyctibatrachidae show the higher distribution in the WG portion of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Ichthyophiidae, Micrixalidae, and Nasikabatrachidae show the higher distribution in the Central and Southern WG region. Among the 248 species of Amphibians, 154 (62%) species were Endemic to WG.
Reptiles:
Western Ghats has 197 species of Reptiles across 165 locations in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of WG (Fig. 6.1.3). 186 species has been identified up to species level and 11 has identified only up to genera level.WG region has 19 families of reptiles. The families are Agamidae, Boidae, Chamaeleonidae, Colubridae, Crocodylidae, Elapidae, Gekkonidae, Geoemydidae, Gerrhopilidae, Lacertidae, Pythonidae, Scincidae, Testudinidae, Trionychidae, Typhlopidae, Uropeltidae, Varanidae, Viperidae, and Xenodermidae. Among these 19 reptilian families present in the WG, Colubridae is the largest family with 43 species. Chamaeleonidae, Crocodylidae, Pythonidae, and Varanidae are the smallest reptilian families present in the WG region. As per the review, Elapidae, Pythonidae, and Viperidae are the widely distributed families, reported from the WG regions of all the states. Agamidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Trionychidae, and Varanidae are reported from all states except Goa. Chamaeleonidae, Typhlopidae, Uropeltidae shows the higher distribution in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamilnadu region of WG. Geoemydidae and Gerrhopilidae show higher distribution in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. And the families, Crocodylidae, Lacertidae, Testudinidae, and Xenodermidae show the higher distribution in the Central and Southern WG region. Among the 197 species of Reptiles, 102 (52%) species are Endemic to WG.
Birds:
Western Ghats has 529 species of Bird species across 119 locations. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of WG (Fig. 6.1.4). These studies have identified 528 species up to species level and one species, Gallinago sp has identified only up to genera level. WG region has 85 avian families. Among these, Accipitridae is the largest family consists of 43 species and has many small families which consist of only one species. Majority of the avian families are distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. The families like Emberizidae, Glareolidae, Gruidae, Phoenicopteridae, Pteroclidae, and Rostratulidae are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra. Dromadidae and Stercorariidae are observed in the Karnataka region. Cathartidae and Pelecanidae are the avian families reported from the Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG respectively. Among the 529 species of Birds, 28 (5%) species were Endemic to WG.
Mammals:
Western Ghats has 161 species of Mammals across 148 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of WG (Fig. 6.1.5). These studies have identified 156 species up to species level and 5 species up to genera. WG region has 32 families of mammals. They are Bovidae, Canidae, Cercopithecidae, Cervidae, Elephantidae, Emballonuridae, Equidae, Erinaceidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hipposideridae, Hyaenidae, Hystricidae, Leporidae, Lorisidae, Megadermatidae, Molossidae, Muridae, Mustelidae, Pholidota, Platacanthomyidae, Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, Sciuridae, Soricidae, Suidae, Tragulidae, Tupaiidae, Ursidae, Vespertilionidae, and Viverridae. Vespertilionidae is the largest family consists of 25 species present in the WG. Elephantidae, Erinaceidae, Hyaenidae, Hystricidae, Leporidae, Pholidota, Platacanthomyidae, Suidae, Ursidae and Tupaiidae are the smallest families consist of only one species, Elephas maximus, Hemiechinus nudiventris, Hyaena hyaena, Hystrix indica, Lepus nigricollis, Manis crassicaudata, Platacanthomys lasiurus, Sus scrofa, Melursus ursinus and Anathana ellioti respectively. Cercopithecidae, Felidae, Hipposideridae, Hystricidae, Muridae, Rhinolophidae, Suidae, Ursidae and Vespertilionidae are widely distributed mammalian family, reported across the regions of WG. Families like Bovidae, Canidae, Leporidae, Pteropodidae, Sciuridae, Tragulidae and Viverridae shows the higher distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Elephantidae, Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae, Mustelidae, and Soricidae are the families show the higher distribution in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG. Equidae, Molossidae and Platacanthomyidae has distributed across southern WG region. Erinaceidae, Rhinopomatidae and Tupaiidae reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu. Among the 161 species of Mammals, 10 species (6%) were Endemic to WG.

6.2. Fishes
Fishes are aquatic animals belongs to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata and subphylum Vertebrata. They are cold blooded animals and it poses paired gills, fins, post-anal tail and the elongated body is covered with scales. There are 27977 species of fishes from 515 familiies and 62 orders were described globally (Helfman et al., 2009).
Western Ghats has 335 species of Fishes across 133 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of Western Ghats (WG) region (Fig. 6.2.1). The review highlights studies have identified 336 species up to species level and 7 has up to genera level. WG region has 52 families of fishes. Cyprinidae is the largest fish family present in the WG which consists of 148 species and many small families with one species are present in the WG regions (Fig. 6.2.2a & 6.2.2b). Fish families are widely distributed across the WG region. As per the review, Bagridae, Cyprinidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae are reported from all states of WG. Ambassidae, Aplocheilidae, Balitoridae, Belonidae, Blenniidae, Channidae, Cichlidae, Cobitidae, Gobiidae, Hemiramphidae, Mugilidae, Nandidae, Osphronemidae, Poeciliidae, and Sisoridae families show wide distribution in all states except Gujarat region of WG. Other families are reported across the central and southern WG and also from Goa and Maharashtra regions.
Distribution based on the family
Adrianichthyidae
is the fish family which includes ricefishes. Ricefishes are small ray-finned fishes found in freshwater and brackish waters. WG has two species of Adrianichthyidae family, Oryzias melastigma, and Oryzias setnai. As per the review, these species are distributed across the WG region of Karnataka and Maharashtra (Fig. 6.2.3). Oryzias melastigma and Oryzias setnai are commonly known as Estuarine ricefish and Indian ricefish respectively.
Ambassidae
is the family of glassfishes. This family comes under the order Perciformes and it consists of both freshwater and marine fishes. Ambassis gymnocephalus, Ambassis interrupta, Ambassis nalua, Chanda nama, Parambassis dayi, Parambassis ranga, Parambassis thomassi and Pseudambassis baculis are the Ambassidae species present in WG. These species are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.3). Ambassis nalua, Parambassis dayi, and Parambassis thomassi are the endemic species present in WG.
Anabantidae
are a fish family that includes climbing gouramies or climbing perches. As per the review, it is one of the smallest and widely distributed fish family present in the WG region. Anabas testudineus is the only species reported from the WG region. It is commonly known as climbing perch and it is categorized as data deficient species by IUCN red data list. This species shows distribution across Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.2.3).
Anguillidae
are the family of ray-finned fishes, which includes freshwater eels. Anguilla bengalensis, Anguilla bicolor and Channa marulius are the species present in WG, across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.4). According to IUCN conservation status, Anguilla bengalensis and Anguilla bicolor are categorized as near threatened species and Channa marulius is grouped as least concern.
Aplocheilidae
comes under the order Cyprinodontiformes. Aplocheilus is the only genera of this family present in WG. Aplocheilus blockii, A. dayi, A. lineatus, A. panchax and A.parvus are reported from Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.4). Aplocheilus lineatus is one of the widely distributed species in WG.
Ariidae
is the family of catfishes. This family includes marine, freshwater, and brackish water species. Arius dussumieri, Nemapteryx caelata and an unidentified Ariidae species have reported from the Southern WG (Fig. 6.2.4). As per the report, Arius dussumieri is reported from the Kerala region of WG (Nair et al., 1988) and Nemapteryx caelata is reported from Tamilnadu regions of WG (Chellappandian et al., 2014).
Badidae
is a small family of freshwater fishes. Members of this family are also known as Chameleonfishes. Out of two genera of this family, Badis is the only one genus is reported from the WG region. Badis badis and Badis britzi are the Badidae species reported from the WG regions of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.5). Badis badis is commonly known as Dwarf chameleon fish and it is grouped under least concern category by IUCN conservation status. Dahanukar et al (2015) reported the new species, Badis britzi from the Shimoga district of Karnataka.
Blenniidae
is the largest family consists of blennies. Entomacrodus vermiculatus, Omobranchus punctatus and Omobranchus zebra are the Blenniidae species present in the WG region. These species show higher distribution in all states of WG except Gujarat region (Fig. 6.2.5). According to the IUCN conservation status, all the Blenniidae species reported from the WG are listed under the category least concern.
Belonidae
family is a fish family consists of needlefishes. It is one of the widely distributed families present in the WG. Xenentodon cancila is the only species of the family Belonidae reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.5). Xenentodon cancila is a least concern species commonly known as Freshwater garfish.
WG region has only one species belongs to the family Carangidae, Caranx sansun. It is also known as Giant kingfish or yellowfin jack and it is reported from the WG region of Kerala (Nair et al., 1988) (Fig. 6.2.5).
Bagridae
are one of the largest families of catfish, it includes more than 200 species. WG has 23 species; Aorichthys sp, Batasio sharavatiensis, B. travancoria, Horabagrus brachysoma, H. nigricollaris, Mystus armatus, M. bleekeri, M. cavasius, M. gulio, M. keletius, M. krishnensis, M. malabaricus, M. menoda, M. montanus, M. oculatus, M. punctatus, M. vittatus, Rita gogra, R. kuturnee, R. pavimentatus, R. rita, Sperata aor, and S. seenghala. This family is distributed across all states of WG (Fig. 6.2.6). Species Batasio sharavatiensis and Horabagrus brachysoma are widely distributed across the Karnataka region of WG (Bhat, 2003). Mystus cavasius and Sperata seenghala are the diverse species in the Bagridae family and it is reported from all states of WG. Mystus krishnensis and Rita gogra are reported from the Bhadra river of Karnataka (Ahmad et al., 2013; Shahnawaz et al., 2010). Batasio travancoria and Horabagrus nigricollaris have higher distribution in southern WG. Mystus armatus, M. oculatus, M. punctatus and M. vittatus are highly distributed in the central and southern regions of WG. Rita rita shows higher distribution in WG region Maharashtra (Dahanukar et al., 2004). Mystus is the largest genera present in the WG and its species shows endemism. Batasio sharavatiensis, Mystus malabaricus, M. montanus, M. oculatus and M. punctatus are the endemic Bagridae species present in the WG. According to the IUCN red data list, Mystus punctatus is considered as critically endangered, Mystus vittatus, Horabagrus brachysoma and Batasio travancoria are categorized as vulnerable species, Horabagrus nigricollaris and Batasio sharavatiensis are grouped into endangered species and Mystus malabaricus as near threatened species.
Balitoridae
is the fish family which includes loaches. WG region has 28 species of Balitoridae species and has distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.7). Loaches are commonly known as Murangi in Kannada. More than 60% of the Balitoridae species present in the WG region are endemic. Balitora mysorensis, Bhavania australis, Clarias dayi, Homaloptera menoni, Homaloptera Montana, Homaloptera santhamparaiensis, Nemacheilus Anguilla, Nemacheilus keralensis, Nemacheilus monilis, Nemacheilus petrubanarescui, Nemacheilus pulchellus, Nemacheilus striatus, Nemachilichthys rueppelli, Schistura nagodiensis, Schistura sharavathiensis, Travancoria elongata, and Travancoria jonesi are the species endemic to WG. As per the literature, Balitora brucei is reported from Karnataka region of WG (Dahanukar et al., 2004). Balitora mysorensis and Bhavania australis show higher distribution in Karnataka region. Clarias dayi, Homaloptera Montana, Homaloptera pillaii, Nemacheilus trinagularis, Homaloptera menoni and Travancoria elongata is highly distributed in southern WG. Arunachalam, 2000 reported an endangered species Homaloptera santhamparaiensis, commonly known as Santhampara loach from the Kerala region of WG. Schistura nagodiensis, Nagodi loach and Schistura sharavathiensis, Sharavati loach are reported from the Karnataka region (Chandran et al., 2007). Nemacheilus monilis, N.petrubanarescui, N.pulchellus, Schistura nilgiriensis and Schistura semiarmatus show higher distribution in the central and southern WG. According to the IUCN conservation status, Balitora mysorensis, Nemacheilus keralensis and Schistura sharavathiensis are categorized as vulnerable species, Homaloptera Montana, H. santhamparaiensis, Nemacheilus petrubanarescui, N. pulchellus, N. striatus, Schistura nagodiensis, Travancoria elongata and Travancoria jonesi are listed under the Endangered category and Balitora brucei as near threatened species.
Channidae
is the family of fishes commonly known as snakeheads. It has two genera i.e., Channa and Parachanna. Channa is the only genera present in WG. Channa gachua, C. marulius, C. micropeltes, C. orientalis and C. punctatus are the species distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.8). Sreedharan (2004) reported Channa gachua from the WG region of Kerala. Channa marulius is reported from the Tunga and Bhadra river of Karnataka (Ahmad et al., 2013).
Cichlidae
is the family of fishes which includes Cichlids and comes under the order Perciformes. Etroplus maculates, E. suratensis and Oreochromis mossambica are the Cichlidae species present in the WG. These species are distributed across the Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.8).
Clariidae
is the family consists of freshwater air-breathing catfishes. This family comprises of 15 genera and 116 species. Clarias and Horaglanis are the two genera of this family reported from the WG. Clarias batrachus, C. dussumieri and Horaglanis krishnai are species reported from the Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.2.8). Clarias dussumieri and Horaglanis krishnai are the endemic species in WG. IUCN red data list categorized the widely distributed species, Clarias dussumieri as near threatened species and Horaglanis krishnai in data deficient category.
Clupeidae
is a family of ray-finned fishes. This family consists of 54 genera and 198 species. WG has 3 Clupeidae species, Dayella malabarica, Hilsa kelee, Tenualosa ilisha and are distributed across the region of Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.9). As per the review, Tenualosa ilisha is the only Clupeidae species reported from the WG region of Gujarat (Bhakta et al., 2016; Dash et al., 2017).
Cobitidae
is the family of true loaches, it consists of 29 genera and 257 species. WG has 5 Cobitidae species, Acantophthalmus bashai, Botia striata, Lepidocephalus guntea, Lepidocephalus thermalis and Pangio goaensis and has distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.9). Botia striata and Pangio goaensis are the species endemic to WG region. Botia striata is categorized as an endangered species while all other comes under least concern category. As per the review, Lepidocephalus guntea and Lepidocephalus thermalis are the widely distributed Cobitidae species.
Cyprinodontidae
is the family of pupfishes. It consists of 9 genera and 136 species. Only one species, Aphanius dispar is reported from the WG and the literature show it is distributed across the lower parts of rivers, streams and brackish waters of Karnataka and Goa (Fig. 6.2.9). It is a least concern species commonly known as Dispar topminnow or Arabian toothcarp.
Cyprinidae
is the fish family which includes freshwater cyprinids and the common members are carps and minnows. It consists of 381 genera and 3072 species of fishes. It is the largest family present in the WG region with 28 genera and 148 species. These species are widely distributed across all states of WG (Fig. 6.2.10a, 6.2.10b & 6.2.10c). As per the reviewed literature, Cyprinidae shows highest distribution in Maharashtra and Karnataka region of WG. Aspidoparia morar, Barilius evezardi, Chela cachius, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Devario fraseri, Garra gotylagotyla, Labeo bata, Labeo sindensis, Osteobrama cotiocunma, Osteobrama vigorsii, Parapsilorhynchus discophorus, Parapsilorhynchus prateri, Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus, Puntius arenatus, Puntius deccanensis, Puntius fraseri, Rasbora labiosa, and Salmostoma phulo are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra. Barilius vagra, Cyprinus carpio specularis, Labeo angra, Labeo boga, Labeo nigrescens, Puntius cauveriensis, Puntius pleurotaenia, Rasbora caverii, Rasbora rasbora and Salmostoma horai are the species shows the distribution in Karnataka region. Central WG is the abode of species, Barilius canarensis, Chela dadyburjori, Pethia setnai, Puntius coorgensis, Puntius narayani, Puntius phutunio and Tor putitora. Dahanukar et al (2004) reported, Horadandia brittani, Horalabiosa arunachalami and Puntius sharmai from the WG region of Kerala and Esomus thermoicos, Garra lissorhynchus, Hypselobarbus dobsoni, Hypselobarbus kurali, Puntius aruliustambiraparniei, Puntius rohani and Tor khudree malabaricus from the Tamilnadu region. Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Crossocheilus periyarensis, Danio neilgherriensis, Garra hughi, Garra mcclellandi, Garra menoni, Garra surendranathinii, Horalabiosa joshuai, Labeo dussumieri, Lepidopygopsis typus, Osteochilichthys longidorsalis, Puntius burmanicus, Puntius chalakkudaiensis, Puntius denisonii, and Puntius ophicephalus are the species which shows higher distribution in Southern WG. Barilius bakeri, B. canarensis, B. gatensis, Crossocheilus periyarensis, Danio neilgherriensis, Devario fraseri, Garra bicornuta, G. hughi, G. mcclellandi, G. menoni, Gonoproktopterus dubius, Gonoproktopterus kolus, Gonoproktopterus lithopidos, Gonoproktopterus thomassi, Horalabiosa arunachalami, Horalabiosa joshuai, Hypselobarbus dobsoni, Hypselobarbus kurali, Hypselobarbus micropogon, Labeo kawrus, Labeo potail, Osteobrama bakeri, Osteobrama neilli, Osteochilichthys brevidorsalis, Osteochilichthys longidorsalis, Parapsilorhynchus discophorus, Parapsilorhynchus prateri, Pethia setnai, Puntius arenatus, P. carnaticus, P. cauveriensis, P. deccanensis, P. denisonii, P. dubius, P. fasciatus, P. fraseri, P. ophicephalus, P. rohani, P. sahyadriensis, P. saranaorphoides, P. wynaadensis, Rasbora labiosa, Rohtee ogilbii, Salmostoma boopis and Tor mussullah are the 45 Cyprinidae species which are endemic to WG. According to the IUCN status, Gonoproktopterus thomassi, Horalabiosa arunachalami, Puntius bovanicus, P. deccanensis and P. wynaadensis are categorized as critically endangered species. Barilius canarensis, Crossocheilus periyarensis, Gonoproktopterus dubius, Hypselobarbus curmuca, H. micropogon, Labeo potail, Lepidopygopsis typus, Osteobrama cotiopeninsularis, Osteochilichthys longidorsalis, O. thomasi, Puntius arulius, P. cauveriensis, P. denisonii, P. dubius, P. fraseri, P. melanostigma, P. ophicephalus, P. sharmai, Schismatorhynchos nukta, Tor khudree, T. khudree malabaricus, T. mussullah and T. putitora are grouped as endangered species and Chela fasciata, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, Cyprinus carpio, Devario fraseri, Garra menoni, Gonoproktopterus kolus, Parapsilorhynchus discophorus, Pethia setnai, Puntius arenatus, P. pleurotaenia, P. rohani, P. sarana sarana and Salmostoma horai comes under the vulnerable category
Eleotridae
is the fish family which includes medium sized fishes closely related to gobies. This family contains 134 genera and 179 species. Eleotridae is one of the smallest families present in WG region and it includes only one species Eleotris fusca. It is distributed across the regions of southern WG (Fig. 6.2.11). It is a least concern species commonly known as Brown spinecheek gudgeon, Dusky sleeper.
Elopidae
is the family of ray-finned fishes consists of only one genus Elops. Elops machnata is the only Elopidae species reported from the southern WG region (Fig. 6.2.11). It is commonly known as ladyfish or Indo-pacific tarpon. According to IUCN conservation status, it is categorized as least concern species.
Gobiidae
is the one of the largest fish family consists of more than 2000 species. Gobies are the fishes included in this family. WG has 8 species Awaous grammepomus, Bathygobius fuscus, Brachygobius nunus, Glossogobius giuris, Periophthalmus variabilis, Sicyopterus fasciatus, Sicyopterus griseus and Stigmatogobius javanicus. These species are distributed across Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.2.11). As per the review, Glossogobius giuris is the widely distributed Gobiidae species in WG. Awaous grammepomus, Bathygobius fuscus and Periophthalmus variabilis show higher distribution in the WG region of Karnataka and Goa. Dahanukar et al (2004) reported Brachygobius nunus and Stigmatogobius javanicus from the Maharashtra regions of WG. Sicyopterus fasciatus and Sicyopterus griseus show higher distribution in southern WG.
Haemulidae
family includes fishes which are commonly known as grunts. This family comprises 19 genera and 133 species. Plectorhinchus gibbosus and Pomadasys argenteus are the Haemulidae species present in the WG region and it is distributed across the regions of Karnataka, Goa and Kerala (Fig. 6.2.12). As per the review, Plectorhinchus gibbosus is reported from Kerala region of WG (Nair et al., 1988). Pomadasys argenteus is highly distributed in Karnataka and also reported from Goa regions of WG (Dahanukar et al., 2004).
Hemiramphidae
is the family of fishes commonly known as halfbeaks. This family has 8 genera and 62 species. From the WG region, only two Hemiramphidae species are reported. They are Hyporhamphus limbatus and Hyporhamphus xanthopterus and has distributed across the region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.12). Hyporhamphus xanthopterus, commonly known as Vembanad halfbeak is an endemic species categorized under the vulnerable category is reported from the southern WG regions.
Engraulidae
is one of the smallest fish families present in WG region. It has 17 genera and 146 species. Stolephorus commersonnii is the only species reported from the Kerala region of WG (Sreedharan, 2004) (Fig. 6.2.12). It is commonly known as Devis's anchovy or white-bait.
Heteropneustidae
is also one of the smallest fish families, it consists only one genus and 5 species. Heteropneustes fossilis is the only species present in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.12). It is commonly known as stinging catfish and grouped in the least concern category.
Lutjanidae
is the family belongs to the order perciform, the members of this family are commonly known as snappers. These are marine fishes but also seen in estuaries and freshwaters. It has 17 genera and 110 species. Lutjanus johnii is the only species reported from the WG. It shows distribution in the Karnataka and Goa regions (Fig. 6.2.13). According to IUCN status, it is categorized as least concern and it is commonly known as Golden snapper or John’s snapper.
Mastacembelidae
is the family of fishes generally known as Spiny Eels. It has 3 genera and 86 species. It is one of the widely distributed families in the WG and it includes 4 species, Macrognathus guentheri, M. malabaricus, M. pancalus and Mastacembelus armatus. These species shows wide distribution across all states of WG (Fig. 6.2.13). According to the review, Mastacembelus armatus shows wide distribution across all states of WG. Murugan et al (2015) reported Macrognathus malabaricus from the WG region of Tamilnadu. Macrognathus guentheri shows higher distribution in Southern WG. Macrognathus pancalus is highly distributed in Karnataka and Kerala regions of WG.
Nandidae
family includes small freshwater fishes commonly known leaffishes. It has only 3 genera and 9 species and mostly observed in South Asia. Nandus nandus, Pristolepis fasciata and Pristolepis marginata are the Nandidae species present in WG and has distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.13). Pristolepis fasciata and Pristolepis marginata are the species which are endemic to WG region. All the Nandidae species are categorized as least concern by IUCN red data list.
Megalopidae
are the family of tarpons, large air-breathing fishes. This family comprises of 1 genus and 2 species, one is native to Atlantic and other to Indo-Pacific regions. Megalops cyprinoides is the species present in the WG. It shows the distribution in the WG regions of Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.14). It is commonly known as Ox-eye tarpon or Indo-Pacific tarpon and it is categorized as a data deficient species.
Mugilidae
is the family consists of 20 genera and 78 species. Members of this family are commonly known as Mullets. WG has 5 Mugilidae species, Liza macrolepis, Liza parsia, Mugil cephalus, Rhinomugil corsula and Valamugil cunnesius. Species of Mugalidae family are distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.14). As per the literature, Liza macrolepis and Mugil cephalus show higher distribution in Karnataka and Goa regions of WG. Valamugil cunnesius is reported from the Kerala region of WG (Nair et al, 1988).
Nemacheilidae
is the family of loaches comes under the order Cypriniforms. WG has 1 genus and 4 Nemacheilidae species out of total 46 genera and 650 species. Nemacheilus evezardi, Nemacheilus guentheri, Nemacheilus sinuatus and Oreonectes keralensis are distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.14). As per the review, Nemacheilus evezardi shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Maharashtra regions of WG. Nemacheilus sinuatus ie reported from the Nilgiri biosphere reserve (Daniels, 1993). A vulnerable species, Oreonectes keralensis is reported from the Kerala regions of WG (Radhakrishnan, 2002). Nemacheilus guentheri is the only Nemacheilidae species which is endemic to WG.
Notopteridae
family are commonly known as featherbacks or knifefishes. It consists of 4 genera and 10 species and commonly lives in freshwaters and brackish water. WG has 2 Notopteridae species; Notopterus chitala and Notopterus notopterus across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.15). The review shows that Notopterus chitala is distributed in the WG regions of Maharashtra (Dahanukar et al., 2004). Both the species as categorized as least concern by IUCN red data list.
Osphronemidae
family comes under the order perciforms and includes freshwater fishes known as gourami. Osphronemus goramy and Pseudosphromenus cupanus are the Osphronemidae species present in the Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.15). According to IUCN conservation status, these species are grouped as least concern species.
Pangasiidae
is the family of shark catfishes and it includes 4 genera and 28 species. WG has only one Pangasiidae species, Pangasius pangasius. It is commonly known as Pungas and distributed across the regions of southern WG (Fig. 6.2.15).
Poeciliidae
are the family of freshwater fishes comes under order Cyprinodontiformes. Gambusia affinis, Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus hellerii and Xiphophorus maculates are the species of this family present in WG. These species are distributed across Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.16). As per the review, Poecilia reticulata is the widely distributed species and Xiphophorus hellerii is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra. Xiphophorus maculatus shows the higher distribution in the southern WG (Raghavan et al., 2008).
Psilorhynchidae
is one of the smallest fish families present in the WG. Only one species, Psilorhynchus tenura is reported from the WG region of Karnataka (Ahmad et al., 2013). This species shows endemism in WG and it is categorized as critically endangered species by IUCN red data list (Fig. 6.2.16).
Salmonidae
is the family of ray-finned fishes comes under the order Salmoniformes. Freshwater whitefishes, Salmons, trouts and graylings are the members of this family. As per the literature, from WG region, Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii is the only one Salmonidae species is reported. It is reported from the Kerala region of WG (Radhakrishnan, 2002). This species is commonly known as Rainbow trout (Fig. 6.2.16).
Schilbeidae
is the family of catfishes, the members are generally known as Schilbid catfishes. This family has 15 genera and 67 species. Eutropiichthys goongwaree, Eutropiichthys vacha, Neotropius khavalchor, Proeutropiichthys taakree taakree, Pseudeutropius mitchelli and Silonia childreni are species reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.17). According to the reviewed literature, Eutropiichthys goongwaree and Eutropiichthys vacha commonly known as Goongwaree vacha and Batchwa vacha respectively, are reported from Maharashtra regions of WG (Dahanukar et al., 2004). Neotropius khavalchor and Proeutropiichthys taakree taakree show higher distribution in the WG region of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Pseudeutropius mitchelli and Silonia childreni are the two endangered and endemic species present in the WG.
Scatophagidae
is the family of scats. Scatophagus argus, commonly known as spotted scat has reported from the WG regions of Karnataka, Goa, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.17). This species is categorized as least concern and commonly seen in Estuaries, Harbours, Mangrove Sloughs, Lower Reaches of Freshwater Streams, especially with High Mineral Concentrations.
Sciaenidae
is the family of croakers. Johnius belangerii is the croaker commonly known as Belanger's croaker present in the WG region. This species shows the distribution in Karnataka and Goa regions of WG (Fig. 6.2.17).
Siluridae
family includes catfishes and it has 12 genera and 120 species. Ompok bimaculatus, O. pabo, Pterocryptis berdmorei, Silurus wynaadensis and Wallago attu are the species present in the WG. These Siluridae species shows distribution in entire states of WG (Fig. 6.2.18). As per the review, Ompok bimaculatus (Indian butter-catfish) is the widely distributed species. Dahanukar et al, (2004) reported Pterocryptis berdmorei from the WG regions of Karnataka. Silurus wynaadensis is the endemic species present in the WG region. As per the IUCN status, Silurus wynaadensis is considered as endangered species and Ompok bimaculatus, Ompok pabo and Wallago attu as near threatened species.
Sillaginidae
members are generally known as sand borers or Whitings. Sillago sihama is the Sillaginidae species present in the WG region. It is also known as Sand Whiting or Silver Sillago. Sillago sihama is a least concern species shows the higher distribution in the WG region of Kerala (Fig. 6.2.18).
Sisoridae
is the family of catfishes. WG has 12 Sisoridae species; Bagarius bagarius, Bagarius yarrelli, Gagata gagata, Glyptothorax anamalaiensis, G. annandalei, G. housei, G. lonah, G. madraspatnum, G. poonaensis, G. saisii and G. trewavasae. These species are distributed across the region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.19). As per the review, Bagarius bagarius, Gagata gagata, Glyptothorax poonaensis and Glyptothorax saisii shows higher distribution across the WG regions Karnataka. Glyptothorax anamalaiensis and Glyptothorax housei are highly distributed in the southern WG. Glyptothorax anamalaiensis, G. housei, G. poonaensis and G. trewavasae are the endemic species. According to IUCN conservation status, Glyptothorax anamalaiensis, Glyptothorax housei and Glyptothorax poonaensis are grouped as endangered species, Gagata itchkeea, Glyptothorax madraspatnum, G. saisii and G. trewavasae are categorized as vulnerable species and Bagarius bagarius and Bagarius yarrelli are categorized as near threatened species.
Soleidae
is the family of flatfishes. It consists of 32 genera and 174 species. Brachirus orientalis is the only Soleidae species present in the WG region. It is commonly known as Oriental-sole or Sole and has distributed in the WG region of Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.20).
Synbranchidae
is the family of swamp eels and it consists of 4 genera and 23 species. WG has only one genus, Monopterus. Monopterus eapeni, M. fossorius and M. indicus are the species distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.20). According to the Reviewed literatures, Monopterus indicus has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra (Dahanukar et al., 2004). Monopterus indicus is the Synbranchidae species which is endemic to WG. Monopterus fossorius is categorized under endangered species and Monopterus indicus is grouped as vulnerable species.
Syngnathidae
is the family of pipefishes. WG has 2 species, Ichthyocampus carce and Microphis cuncalus have distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka (Fig. 6.2.20). Ichthyocampus carce and Microphis cuncalus are commonly known as Indian freshwater pipefish and Crocodile-tooth pipefish respectively.
Synodontidae
is the fish family comprises of lizardfishes. It has 4 genera and 73 species. Harpadon nehereus (Bombay duck) is the Synodontidae species distributed across the WG region of Kerala (Vijayakumar et al., 2015) (Fig. 6.2.20).
Terapontidae
is the family consists of tigerperches or grunters. Terapon jarbua is the Species reported from the WG region of Kerala (Nair et al., 1988). It is also known as Jarbua Terapon or Tiger-perch and it is categorized under the least concern category (Fig. 6.2.21).
Tetraodontidae
family includes pufferfishes and it contains 29 genera and 200 species. Arothron immaculatus, Carinotetraodon travancoricus and Chelonodon patoca are the species which has distributed across the WG region of Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.21). Arothron immaculatus and Chelonodon patoca are the species reported from the WG region of Kerala (Nair et al., 1988). Carinotetraodon travancoricus is the vulnerable species and it also shows endemism to WG region.
Trichluridae
is a fish family generally includes cutlassfishes. WG has only one species of Trichluridae family out of 10 genera and 45 species. Lepturacanthus savala commonly known as Small-headed ribbonfish or ribbon fish is distributed across the WG region of Tamilnadu (Chellappandian et al., 2014) (Fig. 6.2.21).
Zenarchopteridae
is the fish family comes under the order Beloniformes and the members of this family are known as halfbeaks. WG has only one Zenarchopteridae species, Zenarchopterus striga. It has distributed across the regions of Karnataka and Goa (Fig. 6.2.21). Zenarchopterus striga is commonly known as Hooghly halfbeak.

Distribution of endemic species
Among the 335 species of Fishes, 88 species (26%) are endemic to WG (Fig. 22 & 23).

The endemic species are from the families Ambassidae, Bagridae, Balitoridae, Clariidae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Hemiramphidae, Nandidae, Nemacheilidae, Psilorhynchidae, Schilbeidae, Siluridae, Sisoridae, Synbranchidae, and Tetraodontidae (Fig. 6.2.24). The majority of the endemic species belongs to the family Cyprinidae (51%) followed by the family Balitoridae (20%) and Bagridae (6%). The families Hemiramphidae, Nemacheilidae, Psilorhynchidae, Siluridae, Synbranchida, and Tetraodontidae show only 1% endemism.

Distribution based on conservation status
According to the IUCN conservation status, fish species present in the WG were classified into different categories on the basis of threat status i.e., Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated (Fig. 6.2.25). Among the 335 fish species present in the WG region, 8 species were categorized as Critically Endangered species (CE), 43 species were classified as Endangered (EN), 27 species were considered as Vulnerable (VU), 12 species comes under the category Near Threatened (NT), 171 species were grouped under the Least Concern category and 17 species were categorized under the group Data Deficient (DD). Conservation Status for 57 species of amphibians was not evaluated (Fig. 6.2.26).

According to IUCN Red data list, 2% of the total fish population in WG comes under the critically endangered category. It includes Gonoproktopterus thomassi, Horalabiosa arunachalami, Mystus punctatus, Parapsilorhynchus prateri, Psilorhynchus tenura, Puntius bovanicus, Puntius deccanensis and Puntius wynaadensis. These species have distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.2.27). Most of the critically endangered species are endemic to WG and show higher distribution towards Karnataka and Maharashtra regions.
WG region has 43 endangered fish species. It shows that 13% of the total fish population present in the WG is categorized as Endangered. These endangered species are from the families Bagridae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Schilbeidae, Siluridae, Sisoridae, and Synbranchidae (Fig. 6.2.28). Endangered species were reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. According to the IUCN conservation status, 27 fish species present in the WG region were classified as Vulnerable (VU) species. It comprises the 8% of the total fish population present in the WG (Fig. 6.2.29). These vulnerable species belong to the families Bagridae, Balitoridae, Cyprinidae, Hemiramphidae, Nemacheilidae, Sisoridae, Synbranchidae, and Tetraodontidae. The species shows distribution across all regions of WG. More than 55% of the vulnerable species shows the distribution in the WG region of Karnataka and Kerala. Anguilla bengalensis, Anguilla bicolor, Bagarius bagarius, Bagarius yarrelli, Balitora brucei, Clarias dussumieri, Garra bicornuta, Mystus malabaricus, Ompok bimaculatus, Ompok pabo, Tor tor and Wallago attu are the 12 fish species which are considered as Near Threatened (NT) species (Fig. 6.2.30). This species distribution in all states of WG, but higher distribution is observed in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG.
According to the conservation status, the majority (171) of the fish species present in the WG were categorized under Least Concern category. Of the total population of fishes in WG, 51% were categorized as Least Concern species (Fig. 6.2.31a & 6.2.31b). These species were reported from all states of WG. In the WG region, 17 fish species were categorized under Data Deficient (DD), comprising the 5% of the total fish population (Fig. 6.2.32). The species are Anabas testudineus, Barilius evezardi, Cyprinus carpio comunis, Danio neilgherriensis, Eutropiichthys goongwaree, Gonoproktopterus lithopidos, Horaglanis krishnai, Hypselobarbus dobsoni, Megalops cyprinoides, Monopterus eapeni, Neotropius khavalchor, Puntius amphibius, Puntius burmanicus, Puntius mahecola, Puntius melanampyx, and Sicyopterus fasciatus has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. Conservation Status of 57 species of fishes was not evaluated, that comprises about 17% of the total number of species present in the WG (Fig. 6.2.33). The species from the families, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Bagridae, Aplocheilidae, Ariidae, Badidae, Soleidae, Gobiidae, Carangidae, Cyprinidae, Channidae, Synodontidae, Clupeidae, Sciaenidae, Trichluridae, Mugilidae, Mastacembelidae, Nemacheilidae, Cichlidae, Poeciliidae, Salmonidae, Engraulidae, and Zenarchopteridae. These species show distribution across the entire WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.

6.3. Amphibians
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata and class Amphibia. They can live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Class Amphibia has three orders, Anura, Urodela, and Apoda. There are 6400 amphibian species were reported from the world (Dodd, 2009).
Western Ghats has 248 species of Amphibians across 383 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of Western Ghats (W.G) region (Fig. 6.3.1). The review highlights studies have identified 215 species up to species level and 33 has up to genera level. WG region has 11 families of amphibians. The families such as Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ichthyophiidae, Indotyphlidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nasikabatrachidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranidae, Ranixalidae, and Rhacophoridae are present in the WG. Rhacophoridae is the largest family consists of 82 species and Nasikabatrachidae is the smallest family consists of only one amphibian species, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Fig. 6.3.2). Ranixalidae is widely distributed family, reported across all states of WG. Indotyphilidae is reported from all states except Gujarat. Dicroglossidae, Bufonidae, Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, Microhylidae and Nyctibatrachidae shows higher distribution in the WG portion of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Ichthyophiidae, Micrixalidae, and Nasikabatrachidae show higher distribution in the Central and Southern WG region.
Distribution based on the family
Among 11 amphibian families present in the WG, Ranixalidae has the highest distribution. Indirana is the only one genus belongs to this family. Indirana beddomii, I. brachytarsus, I. chiravasi, I. diplostictus, I. duboisi, I. gundia, I. leithii, I. leptodactylus, I. lonicrus, I. phynoderma, I. salelkari, I. sarojamma, I. semipalmata, I. tenuilingua, I. tysoni, and I. yadera are the members of Ranixalidae family present in the WG region (Fig. 6.3.3). These 16 members were distributed across the WG regions of Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Indirana beddomii, I. gundia, and I. semipalmata has higher distribution towards the central and southern regions of WG. Indirana brachytarsus, I. diplostictus, I. leptodactylus, and I. phynoderma are highly distributed in the Southern WG regions. Indirana tysoni and Indirana yadera were highly distributed in the WG regions of Karnataka and Kerala. Indirana leithii is distributed in the Northern regions of WG. A major distribution of Indirana chiravasi was seen in the Maharashtra regions of WG. Indirana lonicrus, Indirana duboisi and Indirana tenuilingua show distribution only in the WG regions of Karnataka. Indirana salelkari and Indirana sarojamma are the species present only in the Netravali and Ponmudi regions of Goa and Kerala respectively. Dahanukar et al., 2016 reported the new species of Ranixalidae species, Indirana duboisi, from the regions of Mookambika, Udupi district, Karnataka, Indirana tysoni and Indirana yadera from the WG regions of Kerala, Indirana sarojamma from the Ponmudi regions of Kerala and Indirana phynoderma from the Anamalai regions of Tamilnadu. Modak et al. 2015 reported a new species, Indirana salelkari from the Netravali regions of Goa. The majority of the Ranixalidae species are endemic to WG. Indirana leithii, I. beddomi, I. semipalmata, I. phynoderma, I. brachytarsus, I. leptodactylus, I. gundia, I. tenuilingua, I. lonicrus and I. diplostictus are the endemic species.
Indotyphlidae
is the next highly distributed Amphibian family present in the WG region. It is the family of common caecilians, 16 members of this family have distributed across the WG regions of Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.4). The family includes Gegeneophis carnosus, G. danieli, G. goaensis, G. krishni, G. madhavi, G. mhadeiensis, G. nadkarnii, G. primus, G. ramaswamii, G. seshachari, G. tejaswini, Indotyphlus battersbyi, I. maharashtraensis and 3 species, G. cfdanieli, G. cf. mhadeiensis and G. sp which has been identified only up to the genera level. Gegeneophis danieli, G. seshachari, Indotyphlus battersbyi and Indotyphlus maharashtraensis are the species shows higher distribution in WG regions of Maharashtra. Gegeneophis madhavai, G. carnosus, G. krishni and G. mhadeiensis has higher distribution in the WG regions of Karnataka. Gegeneophis ramaswamii, G. primus and G. tejaswini has distributed towards the Southern regions of WG. Gegeneophis goaensis is the species present in the WG regions of Goa. Gegeneophis danieli, G. ramaswamii, G. krishni, G. carnosus, G. madhavai, G. seshachari, Indotyphlus maharashtraensis and Indotyphlus battersbyi are the Indotyphlidae species which are endemic to WG.
Bufonidae
is the only family of true Toads. From the WG regions, 13 members of this family were reported. The members include Ansonia ornata, Ansonia rubigina, Duttaphrynus beddomii, D. fergusoni, D. hololius, D. melanostictus, D. microtympanum, D. parietalis, D. scaber, D. silentvalleyensis, Pedostibes tuberculosus, Duttaphrynus cf. microtympanum and D. sp (Fig. 6.3.5). Bufonidae family has distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Duttaphrynus melanostictus is the highly distributed species in the Bufonidae family; it shows distribution across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. Duttaphrynus fergusoni is a new Bufonidae species reported from the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamilnadu (Johnsingh, 2001). Most of the members of the Bufonidae family shows higher distribution in the regions of Central and Southern WG. The only species which shows higher distribution in the regions of Northern WG is Pedostibes tuberculosusis. Pedostibes tuberculosus, Duttaphrynus beddomii, D. parietalis, D. microtympanum, D. silentvalleyensis, Ansonia ornata and Ansonia rubigina are the Bufonidae species endemic to WG.
Dicroglossidae
is one of the largest amphibian families present in the WG region. The family includes 29 species of amphibians. This family shows higher distribution towards the regions of Central and Southern WG (Fig. 6.3.6). Fejervarya modestus, is a new Dicroglossidae species discovered by K. P. Dinesh et al in 2015 from the Shimoga District of Karnataka (Dinesh et al., 2015). Fejervarya keralensis, F. Sahyadrensis, F. brevipalmata, F. rufescens, F. nilagirica, F. mysorensis, F. caperata, F. kudremukhensis, F. murthii, F. parambikulamana, F. granosa, F. sauriceps, F. mudduraja, Minervarya sahyadris and Euphlyctis aloysii are the endemic species present in the WG.
Nasikabatrachidae
is the smallest endemic amphibian family (new discovery) present in the WG (Biju et al., 2008). Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is the only species belongs to this family and it distributed across the regions of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.7). Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensisis is commonly known as Pig-nosed Frog or Sahyadri Pig Nosed Frog, categorized under endangered category by IUCN Red List.
Ichthyophiidae
are the family of Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians. WG has two genera of Ichthyophiidae family; they are Ichthyophis and Uraeotyphlus. Ichthyophis beddomei, I. kodaguensis, I. longcephalus, I. malabarensis, I. tricolor. I cf. tricolor and I. sp are the species belongs to the genera Ichthyophis. Uraeotyphlus interruptus, U. malabaricus, U. menoni, U. narayani, U. oommeni and U. oxyurus are the species belongs to the genera Uraeotyphlus (Fig. 6.3.8). Most of the members of this family prefer moist evergreen or semi-evergreen habitats since it shows higher distribution towards the Central and Southern WG. Out of the 14 Ichthyophiidae species present in the WG region, Ichthyophis beddomei, I. malabarensis, I. tricolor, I. bombayensis, I. longicephalus, I. kodaguensis, Uraeotyphlus narayani, U. malabaricus, U. oxyurus and U. menoni are endemic to WG.
Micrixalidae
family contains only one genus, Micrixalus. WG region has 18 amphibian species belongs to the family Micrixalidae, shows higher distribution in the Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions (Fig. 6.3.9). Sandeep, 2015 reported most of the Micrixalidae species Micrixalus thampii, M. silvaticus, M. sali, M. sairandhri, M. phyllophilus, M. nigraventris, M. nelliyampathi, M. mallani, M. kurichiyari, M. herrei, M. adonis, M. elegans and M. frigidus from the WG regions of Kerala. Micrixalus fuscus, M. saxicola, M. nudis, M. phyllophilus, M. nigraventris, M. herrei, M. gadgili, M. silvaticus, M. frigidus and M. elegans are the species which are endemic to WG.
Microhylidae
is the family of Narrow-mouthed frogs. Microhyla rubra, M. ornata, M. sholigari, Ramanella montana, R. variegata, R. triangularis, R. mormorata, Uperodon anamalaiensis, U. systoma, U. globulosus, Melanobatrachus indicus, Kaloula taprobanica and K. pulchra are the species of Microhylidae family present in the regions of WG. Members of this family show higher distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.10). Ramanella montana, R. triangularis, R. mormorata and Melanobatrachus indicus are the Microhylidae species which are endemic to the WG.
Nyctibatrachidae
is family present only in the regions of India and Sri Lanka. It is the second largest amphibian family present in the WG region. Nyctibatrachus is the only genus belongs to this family. As per the review, 31 species of this family has highly distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.11). The majority of the Nyctibatrachidae species are endemic to WG. Nyctibatrachus major, N. danieli, N. petraeus, N. pygmaeus, N. deccanensis, N. minor, N. aliciae, N. vasanthi, N. beddomii, N. dattatreyaensis, N. humayuni, N. gavi, N. poocha, N. anamallaiensis, N. kempholeyensis, N. jog, N. pillaii, N. minimus, N. karnatakaensis, N. sanctipalustris, N. vrijeuni, N. acanthodermis, N. deveni, N. sylvaticus, N. shiradi, N. grandis and N. periyar are the endemic species. Nyctibatrachus indraneili is a new Nyctibatrachidae species from the Nilgiri District of Tamilnadu (Van Bocxlaer et al, 2012). Nyctibatrachus humayuni and Nyctibatrachus danieli shows higher distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra. Nyctibatrachus deveni, N. gavi, N. grandis, N. deccanensis, N. periyar and N. minimus shows higher distribution in Kerala regions. Nyctibatrachus jog, N. karnatakaensis, N. kempholeyensis, N. pygmaeus, N. petraeus and N. sylvaticus shows higher distribution in Karnataka regions of WG.
Ranidae
is one of the highly distributed amphibian families in the WG. Clinotarsus curtipes, Hylarana aurantiaca, H. malabarica, H. temporalis, H. sp, Indosylvirana doni, I. flavescens, I. indica, I. intermedius, I. magna, I. sreeni, I. urbis and Rana clamitans are the Ranidae species present in the WG regions (Fig. 6.3.12). In these Clinotarsus curtipes, Hylarana aurantiaca, H. malabarica, H. temporalis shows wide distribution across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Among the Ranidae species, Hylarana malabarica shows highest distribution across the regions of Maharahtra, Karnataka, and Kerala. Other Ranidae species are highly distributed in the central and southern regions of WG. Sandeep, 2015 has reported the species Indosylvirana doni, I. flavescens, I. indica, I. intermedius, I. magna, I. sreeni, I. urbis from the WG regions of Kerala. Among the 13 Ranidae species, Clinotarsu scurtipes, Hylarana aurantiaca, H. malabarica, Indosylvirana intermedius, I. flavescens, I. magna, I. indica and I. sreeni are the endemic species of WG region.
Rhacophoridae
is the largest amphibian family present, consists of 82 species and it has highly distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.13a & Fig. 6.3.13b). Biju et al., 2008 had discovered a new genus belongs to the family Rhacophoridae and it is named as Ghatixalus. The genus Ghatixalus has two species, Ghatixalus variabilis and Ghatixalus asterops. Philautus akroparallagi, P. graminirupes, P. ponmudi, P. bobingeri, P. kani, P. chotta, P. tuberohumerus, P. temporalis, P. amboli, P. bombayensis, P. wynaadensis, P. chalazodes, P. griet, P. jayarami, P. sushili, P. beddomii, P. tinniens, P. travancoricus, P. agasthyaensis, P. crustai, P. johnceei, P. munnarensis, P. dubois, P. luteolus, P. kadalarensis, P. kaikatti, P. marki, P. ochlandrae, P. glandulosus, P. charius, P. anili, P. nerostagona, P. occidentalis, P. chromasynchysi, P. cf amboli, Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus, R. malabaricus, R. calcadensis, R. lateralis, R. cflateralis, Ghatixalus variabilis, G. asterops, Raorchestes manohari, Raorchestes honnametti, R. resplendens, R. leucolatus, R. theuerkaufi, R. blandus, R. flaviventris, R. ravii, R. archeos, R. uthamani, Polypedates maculates and Polypedates pseudocruciger are the 54 Rhacophoridae species which are endemic to the WG region. Philautus pulcherrimus is a new record of Rhacophoridae species reported by Andrews et al (2005) from the protected areas of Kerala. Philautus chlorosommai is a new record of Green-eyed Bush frog reported by Bjiu and Franky (2008) from the Munnar regions of Kerala. Seshadri et al, (2012) discovered a new Rhacophoridae species, Raorchestes kakachi from the Kakachi region of Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu. Anil et al, (2011) discovered Philautus kadalarensis from Kadalar regions of Idukki District, Kerala, Philautus johnceei, Philautus crustai and Philautus agasthyaensis from Bonacaud regions of Kerala.

Distribution of endemic species
Among the 248 species of Amphibians, 154 species (62%) are endemic to WG (Fig. 6.3.14 & 6.3.15). All 11 families that are present in the WG region are endemic (Fig. 6.3.16).

Distribution based on conservation status
According to the IUCN conservation status, all the amphibian species present in the WG were classified into different categories on the basis of their threat status. Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated are the different categories (Fig. 6.3.17). Among the 248 Amphibian species present in the WG region, 4 species were grouped under extinct category, 14 species were categorized as Critically Endangered (CE), 30 species were categorized as Endangered (EN), 18 species were considered as Vulnerable (VU), 7 species comes under the category Near Threatened (NT), 38 species were grouped under the Least Concern category and 69 species were categorized under the group Data Deficient (DD). Conservation Status of 73 species of amphibians was not evaluated (Fig. 6.3.18).

Rhacophoridae species Philautus leucorhinus, Philautus temporalis, Philautus nasutus and Philautus variabilis are classified as extinct species by IUCN conservation status (Fig. 6.3.19). As per the review, these species show distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. All the 4 extinct species were reported from the WG region of Karnataka.
According to IUCN conservation status, 14 species from the families Dicroglossidae, Ranixalidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Rhacophoridae were considered as Critically Endangered (CE). Fejervarya murthii, Indirana gundia, Indirana phynoderma, Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis, Philautus chalazodes, Philautus griet, Philautus kaikatti, Philautus marki, Philautus munnarensis, Philautus ponmudi, Philautus sushili, Raorchestes resplendens and Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus are the critically endangered amphibian species present in the WG regions. These species have distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.3.20).
WG region has 30 endangered amphibian species. 12% of the total amphibian population present in the WG is categorized as Endangered. These endangered species are from the families Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nasikabatrachidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranixalidae and Rhacophoridae (Fig. 6.3.21). Endangered species were reported from the WG regions of Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. According to the IUCN conservation status, 18 amphibian species present in the WG region were categorized as Vulnerable (VU) species. It comprises the 7% of the total amphibian population present in the WG (Fig. 6.3.22). These vulnerable species belong to the families Bufonidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranidae, Ranixalidae, and Rhacophoridae. The species shows distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.
Cinotarsus curtipes, Duttaphrynus parietalis, Hylarana temporalis, Micrixalus fuscus, Philautus beddomii, Ramanella montana and Raorchestes honnametti are the 7 amphibian species from the families Ranidae, Bufonidae, Micrixalidae, Rhacophoridae, Microhylidae was considered as Near Threatened (NT) species (Fig. 6.3.23). These species show higher distribution towards the central and southern regions of WG. According to the conservation status, 38 amphibian species present in the WG were categorized under Least Concern category. Of the total population of amphibians in WG, 15% were categorized as Least Concern species (Fig. 6.3.24). These species were reported from the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.
In the WG region, 69 amphibian species were categorized under the category Data Deficient (DD), comprising the 28% of the total amphibian population (Fig. 6.3.25). The species under Data Deficient category belong to the families Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ichthyophiidae, Indotyphlidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranixalidae, and Rhacophoridae, distributed across the Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG. Conservation Status of 73 species of amphibians was not evaluated, that comprises almost 30% of the total number of species present in the WG (Fig. 6.3.26). The conservation status of the amphibians from the families Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ichthyophiidae, Indotyphlidae, Micrixalidae, Microhylidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranidae, Ranixalidae, and Rhacophoridae are not evaluated. These species show distribution across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.

6.4. Reptiles
Reptiles are tetrapod animals belongs to the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata and class Reptilia. They are cold-blooded animals with low metabolic rate and poor body insulation. Reptiles are known as true friends of farmer. There are more than 8200 species of reptiles present in the world. Class Reptilia includes 4 major orders, Testudines, which includes turtles, order Crocodylia includes crocodiles, alligators, and gharials, order Squamata including snakes and lizards and order Rhynchocephalia includes tuatara (Dodd, 2016).
Western Ghats has 197 species of Reptiles across 165 locations as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu state portions of WG region (Fig. 6.4.1). As per reviewed literature, 186 species has identified up to species level and 11 has identified only up to genera level.WG region has 19 families of reptiles. The families are Agamidae, Boidae, Chamaeleonidae, Colubridae, Crocodylidae, Elapidae, Gekkonidae, Geoemydidae, Gerrhopilidae, Lacertidae, Pythonidae, Scincidae, Testudinidae, Trionychidae, Typhlopidae, Uropeltidae, Varanidae, Viperidae, and Xenodermidae. Among these 19 reptilian families present in the WG, Colubridae is the largest family with 43 species. Chamaeleonidae, Crocodylidae, Pythonidae, and Varanidae are the smallest reptilian families present in the WG region (Fig. 6.4.2). As per the review, Elapidae, Pythonidae and Viperidae are the widely distributed families, reported from the WG regions of all the states. Agamidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Trionychidae, and Varanidae are reported from all states except Goa. Chamaeleonidae, Typhlopidae, Uropeltidae shows higher distribution in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamilnadu region of WG. Geoemydidae and Gerrhopilidae show the higher distribution in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. And the families, Crocodylidae, Lacertidae, Testudinidae, and Xenodermidae show the higher distribution in the Central and Southern WG region.
Distribution based on the family
Agamidae
is the reptilian family which includes lizards. Calotes andamanensis, C. calotes, C. elliotti, C. grandisquamis, C. nemoricola, C. rouxii, C. versicolor, C. sp, Draco dussumieri, Otocryptis beddomii, Psammophilus blanfordanus, P. dorsalis, Psammophis longifrons, Sitanalaticeps, S. ponticeriana, Salea horsfieldi and Salea anamallayana are the Agamidae species present in the WG region (Fig. 6.4.3). These species show distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Most of the Agamidae species show higher distribution towards the central and Southern regions of WG. Psammophis longifrons and Sitana laticeps show higher distribution in the Maharashtra region of Western Ghtas. As per the review, Otocryptis beddomii, Salea anamallayana and Salea horsfieldi are the species which shows distribution only in the Southern WG. Calotes rouxii, C. versicolor and Sitana ponticeriana show distribution in the Gujarat region of WG. Calotes andamanensis shows distribution only in the Tamil Nadu regions of WG. Calotes elliotti, C. grandisquamis, C. nemoricola, C. rouxii, Draco dussumieri, Otocryptis beddomii, Salea anamallayana and Salea horsfieldi are the members of Agamidae family endemic to the WG. According to the IUCN red list, Otocryptis beddomii is the only species in Agamidae family categorized as endangered species.
Boidae
is a reptilian family consists of non-venomous snakes. Eryx is the only genus of Boidae family reported from the WG. As per the review, Eryx whitakeri, E.conica, E. johnii and an unidentified Eryx species are distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.4). Among the 4 species, Eryx conia and E. johnii show a wide distribution in the WG region. Eryx whitakeri is the only endemic species of Boidae family and it shows higher distribution across the WG region of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Eryx whitakeri is a protected species, which is protected by including in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Chamaeleonidae
is one of the smallest reptilian families present in the WG. Chamaeleo zeylanicus is the only species of the Chamaeleonidae family distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.4). Chamaeleo zeylanicus is commonly known as the Asian Chameleon or Indian Chameleon and it is considered as the least concern species by IUCN.
Colubridae
is the largest snake family present in the WG region. The family consists of 43 species and it is distributed across WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.5a & Fig. 6.4.5b). As per the reviewed literature, Argyrogena fasciolatus, Coluber gracilis, Coronella brachyuran, Lycodon flavomaculatus, Lycodon striatus and Sibynophis subpunctatus show distribution only in the Northern WG especially in the Maharashtra region. While other species shows distribution across the WG region. Ganesh et al (2013) reported 24 Colubridae species, Ahaetulla cf nasuta, A. pulverulenta, Amphiesma beddomei, A. monticola, A. stolata, Atretium schistosum, Boiga beddomei, B. ceylonensis, B. forsteni, B. nuchalis, B. trigonata, Chrysopelea ornate, Coelognathus helena monticollaris, Dendrelaphis ashoki, D. chairecacos, D. girii, D. grandoculis, Lycodon aulicus, L. travancoricus, Macropisthodon plumbicolor, Oligodon affinis, Ptyas mucosus, Rhabdopsolivaceus and Xenochrophis piscator from the Karnataka region of central WG. Colubridae family shows highest endemism (18 species), Ahaetulla dispar, A. perroteti, Amphiesma beddomei, A. monticola, Boiga nuchalis, Coelognathus helena helena, Coelognathus helena monticollaris, Dendrelaphis ashoki, D. chairecacos, D. girii, D. grandoculis, Liopeltis calamaria, Oligodon affinis, O. brevicauda, O. taeniolatus, O. travancoricus, O. venustus and Rhabdops olivaceus are endemic species. According to the IUCN conservation status, Ahaetulla perroteti and Dendrelaphis chairecacos are categorized as endangered species, Oligodon brevicaudais considered as vulnerable species and Ahaetulla dispar and Ptyas mucosus as near threatened species. The species, Ahaetulla dispar, A. nasuta, A. pulverulenta, Amphiesma stolata, Argyrogena fasciolatus, Atretium schistosum, Boiga beddomei, B. ceylonensis, B. forsteni, B. nuchalis, B. trigonata, Chrysopelea ornate, Coelognathus helena helena, Coelognathus helena monticollaris, Coluber gracilis, Coronella brachyuran, Dendrelaphis ashoki, D. girii, D. grandoculis, D. tristis, Lycodon aulicus, L. flavomaculatus, L. striatus, L. travancoricus, Oligodon affinis, O. arnensis, O. brevicauda, O. travancoricus, O. venustus, Ptyas mucosus, Rhabdops olivaceus, Sibynophis subpunctatus and Xenochrophis piscator are legally protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 in the Schedule IV.
Elapidae
family is the family of venomous snakes. It is one of the highly distributed families in WG. Bungarus caeruleus, B. sindanus, Calliophis beddomei, C. bibroni, C. castoe, C. melanurus, C. nigrescens, Naja naja, Ophiophagus Hannah and Serpentes sp. are the Elapidae species and have distributed across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.6). As per the review, Ophiophagus hannah and Naja naja are the only Elapidae species reported from the WG region of Goa (Crook et al., 2015). Amit Sayyed reported Bungarus sindanus from the Satara district of Maharashtra (Amit Sayyed, 2016). Ganesh et al (2013) reported Calliophis beddomei from the WG region of Karnataka. Calliophis beddomei, Calliophis bibroni, and Calliophis nigrescens are the species which are endemic to the WG. Ophiophagus hannah commonly known as King Cobra is categorized as a vulnerable species by IUCN conservation status. The species Bungarus caeruleus, Calliophis bibroni, C. castoe, C. melanurus, Naja naja and Ophiophagus hannah are legally protected by including in the Schedule II and Calliophis nigrescens and C. beddomei are listed in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Crocodylidae
is the family of crocodiles. As per the reviewed literatures, WG has only one species of crocodile, Crocodylus palustris. It shows higher distribution in the WG regions, such as Kerala and Maharashtra (Fig. 6.4.6). Crocodylus palustris is commonly known as Broad-snouted Crocodile or Marsh Crocodile and it is categorized as a vulnerable species by IUCN conservation status.
Gekkonidae
is the reptilian family which includes geckos. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG has 35 species of Geckos (Fig. 6.4.7a & 6.4.7b). Mirza et al (2014) discovered Cnemaspis girii, a new Gekkonidae species from the Satara region of Maharashtra. Cyriac and Umesh, 2014 discovered a new species, Cnemaspis kottiyoorensis from the Kannur district of Kerala and Hemidactylus parvimaculatus is discovered by Chandramouli and Ganesh, (2011) from WG region of Kerala. As per the review, Cnemaspis heteropholis, C. indraneildasii, Geckoella albofasciatus, Hemidactylus cf brookii, H. prashadi and H. frenatus shows higher distribution in the Karnataka region of WG (Ganesh et al, 2013). Cnemaspis girii, Hemidactylus gracilis, H. flaviviridis and H. sataraensis shows higher distribution in the northern WG. Geckoella collegalensis, Hemidactylus brooki, H. flaviviridis and H. leschenaulti are the Gekkonidae species reported from the WG region of Gujarat (Raju Vyas, 2004). Cnemaspis beddomei, C. gracilis, C. heteropholis, C. indica, C. indraneildasii, C. littoralis, C. mysoriensis, C. nairi, C. nilagirica, C. ornata, C. sisparensis, C. wynadensis, Geckoella albofasciatus, G. deccanensis, Hemidactylus anamallensis, H. maculates, H. prashadi and H. sataraensis are the endemic species present in the WG region. According to the IUCN conservation status, Cnemaspis indica, C. indraneildasii, and Hemidactylus sataraensis are categorized as vulnerable and Cnemaspis wynadensis is categorized as endangered species.
Geoemydidae
is the family of turtles. As per the review, WG has 3 Geoemydidae species; Melanochelys trijuga, Melanochelys trijugacoronata and Vijayachelys silvatica. These species are reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.8). Melanochelys trijuga coronate, commonly known as Indian pond terrapin is reported from the Kannur district of Kerala (Sreedharan, T.P, 2004). Vijayachelys silvatica is the only Geoemydidae species which is endemic to WG region. It is categorized as endangered species and it is legally protected under Schedule 1 of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and CITES.
Gerrhopilidae
is the family of blindsnakes. As per the review, Gerrhopilus thurstoni, Typhlops beddomii, Typhlops tindalli and an unidentified Typhlops species are present across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.8). Palot, 2015 reported Gerrhopilus thurstoni from the WG region of Kerala. Typhlops beddomii shows higher distribution in the WG region of Maharashtra (Sayyed, 2016). Daniels, 1993 reported Typhlops tindalli from the Central and Southern WG. All the Gerrhopilidae species present in the WG region, except the unidentified species are endemic to WG. Typhlops beddomii and Typhlops tindalli are legally protected under the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Lacertidae
are the family of wall lizards or true lizards. Only one genus, Ophisops has reported from the WG region. Ophisops beddomei, Ophisops jerdonii and Ophisops leschenaultia are the Lacertidae species reported from the WG. These species shows higher distribution in the Karnataka and Maharashtra regions (Fig. 6.4.9). Ganesh et al, 2007 reported Ophisops leschenaultia, commonly known as Leschenault’s Lacerta from the WG region of Karnataka. From the review, Ophisops jerdonii show higher distribution in the Maharashtra region (Sayyed, 2016).
Pythonidae
is one of the smallest families present in the WG. Indian rock python, Python molurus is the Pythonidae species present in the WG. It is reported from the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.9). According to the IUCN conservation status, Python molurus is categorized under the vulnerable category and it is legally protected by including in the Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Scincidae
is the reptilian family which includes skinks. It is one of the most diverse reptilian families present in the WG. WG has 26 Scincidae species across the regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.10). As per the review, Lygosoma lineata and Mabuya trivittata are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Sayyed, 2016). Murthy, 1983 reported Kaestlea bilineata, Kaestlea laterimaculata, Kaestlea travancorica, Ristella beddomii, Scincella palnica and Sphenomorphus dussumieri from the WG region of Tamilnadu. Harikrishnan et al, (2012) reported Barred tree skink, Dasia johnsinghi from the Tamilnadu regions of WG. Dasia subeaeruleum, Kaestlea beddomii, K. bilineata, K. laterimaculata, K. palnica, K. travancorica, Mabuya beddomii, M. clivicola, M. gansi, Ristella beddomii, Ristella guentheri, Ristella rurkii and Sphenomorphus dussumieri are the Scincidae species endemic to WG. IUCN conservation status categorized Dasia subeaeruleum and Mabuya clivicola as endangered species and Kaestlea laterimaculata as vulnerable species.
Testudinidae
are the Tortoises family, WG has 3 Testudinidae species, Geochelone elegans, Indotestudo forstenii and Indotestudo travancoria. These species have distributed across the WG region of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.11). Ullas Karanth and Krithi Karanth, (2007) reported Indotestudo forstenii from the WG region of Karnataka and is legally protected by including in Appendix II of CITES. Indotestudo travancoria is the endemic Testudinidae species, which is legally protected by including in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and CITES. According to IUCN conservation, Geochelone elegans and Indotestudo travancoria are categorized as vulnerable species and Indotestudo forstenii is categorized as endangered species.
Trionychidae
is the family of Soft-shelled turtles. As per the review, WG has 2 Trionychidae species; Lissemys punctata and Nilssonia leithii. These species have distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.11). IUCN conservation status categorized Nilssonia leithii as vulnerable species and it is commonly distributed in the Satara regions of Maharashtra.
The reptilian family Typhlopidae includes blindsnakes. Ramphotyphlops braminus and Rhinotyphlops acutus are the Typhlopidae species present in the WG. These species show wide distribution in the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.12).
Xenodermidae
family includes snake species. Xenodermidae species, Xylophis stenorhynchus, Xylophis captaini and Xylophis perroteti are distributed across the WG region of Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.12). As per the report, Xylophis captaini shows higher distribution in Kerala (Subramanian et al, 2015). Palot, (2015) reported Xylophis stenorhynchus and Xylophis perroteti from the WG regions of Kerala. All the three Xenodermidae species present in the WG shows endemism and are legally protected by including in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Uropeltidae
is the family of non-venomous shield-tailed snakes. WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu consists 31 different types of Uropeltidae species (Fig. 6.4.13a & 6.4.13b) Palot, (2015) reported Uropeltis woodmasoni, U. smithi, U. rubromaculatus, U. rubrolineata, U. petersi, U. ocellatus, U. myhendrae, U. macrorhyncha, U. liura, U. beddomii, U. arcticeps madurensis, U. pulneyensis, U. maculates, Teretrurus sanguineus, Rhinophis travancoricus, R. sanguineus, Plecturus guentheri, P. perroteti, Platyplectrurus trilineatus, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Melanophidium wynaudense, M. punctatum, M. bilineatum and Brachyophidium rhodogaster from the WG region of Kerala. Chandramouli and Ganesh, (2011) reported Uropeltis dindigalensis from the WG region of Tamil Nadu. Among the 31 Uropeltidae species present in WG, 28 species are endemic. Brachyophidium rhodogaster, Melanophidium bilineatum, M. punctatum, M. wynaudense,Platyplectrurus madurensis, Platyplectrurus trilineatus, Plectrurus canaricus, Plectrurus perroteti , P. guentheri, Rhinophis sanguineus, R. travancoricus, Teretrurus sanguineus, Uropeltes maculates, U. pulneyensis, U. arcticeps madurensis, U. beddomii, U. ceylanica, U. dindigalensis, U. elliotti, U. liura, U. macrolepis, U. macrorhyncha, U. myhendrae, U. ocellatus, U. petersi, U. phipsonii, U. rubrolineata, U. rubromaculatus, U. smithi and U. woodmasoni are the endemic species. According to the IUCN conservation status, Melanophidium bilineatum and Uropeltis phipsonii are considered as vulnerable, and Rhinophis travancoricus and Platyplectrurus madurensis are considered as endangered species. The legally protected Uropeltidae species are Brachyophidium rhodogaster, Melanophidium bilineatum, M. punctatum, M. wynaudense, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Platyplectrurus trilineatus, Plectrurus canaricus, P. perroteti, P. guentheri, Rhinophis sanguineus, Teretrurus sanguineus, Uropeltis arcticeps madurensis, U. beddomii, U. ceylanica, U. dindigalensis, U. elliotti, U. liura, U. myhendrae, U. ocellatus, U. petersi, U. phipsonii, U. rubromaculatus, U. smithi and U. woodmasoni, these species are included in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Viperidae
is the family of venomous snakes. There are 7 Viperidae species; Daboia russelii, Echiscarinatus, Hypnalehypnale, Trimeresurus gramineus, Trimeresurus macrolepis, Trimeresurus malabaricus and Trimeresurus strigatus has been reported from the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.4.14). As per the review, Echis carinatus shows higher distribution in the northern WG (Yadav and Yankanchi, 2014; Sayyed, 2016). Sawant et al, (2010) reported Hypnale hypnale, Trimeresurus gramineus and Trimeresurus malabaricus from the WG region of Goa. Khairnar, (2009) reported the distribution of Daboia russelii in the Nashik region of Maharashtra. Trimeresurus macrolepis, T. malabaricus and T. strigatus are endemic to WG. Daboia russelii and Echis carinatus are included in Schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act. Trimeresurus gramineus, T. macrolepis, T. malabaricus and T. strigatus are included in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Varanidae
is one of the smallest reptilian families present in the WG. This family includes carnivorous lizards. WG has only one Varanidae species, Varanus bengalensis. It is commonly known as Bengal Monitor Lizard or Common Indian Monitor. It is distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 6.4.14).

Distribution of endemic species
Among the 197 species of reptiles, 102 species (52%) are endemic to WG (Fig. 6.4.15 & Fig. 6.4.16). Among the 19 reptilian families present in the WG, 12 families are endemic (Fig. 6.4.17).

Distribution based on conservation status
According to the IUCN red data list, all reptilian species present in the WG are grouped as Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated on the basis of their threat status (Fig. 6.4.18). Among the 197 Reptiles present in the WG region, 10 species were categorized as Endangered (EN). 13 species were considered as Vulnerable (VU). 11 species comes under the category Near Threatened (NT). 78 species were categorized under the Least Concern category. 23 species were categorized under the category Data Deficient (DD). Conservation Status of 62 species of reptiles was not evaluated (Fig. 6.4.19).

According to the IUCN conservation status, 13 species from 7 reptilian families are categorized as endangered species. Otocryptis beddomii, Ahaetulla perroteti, Dendrelaphis chairecacos, Cnemaspis wynadensis, Vijayachelys silvatica, Dasia subeaeruleum, Mabuya clivicola, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Rhinophis travancoricus and Indotestudo forstenii are the endangered reptilian species present in WG. As per the review, these species are distributed in the central and southern regions of WG (Fig. 6.4.20). It comprises 5% of the total reptilian population present in the WG.
WG has 13 vulnerable reptilian species under 9 families. The vulnerable species include, Oligodon brevicauda, Cnemaspis indica, Cnemaspis indraneildasii, Hemidactylus sataraensis, Kaestlea laterimaculata, Indotestudo travancoria, Melanophidium bilineatum, Uropeltis phipsonii, Crocodylus palustris, Ophiophagus hannah, Python molurus, Nilssonia leithii and Geochelone elegans. These species show distribution in the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 6.4.21). It shows that 7% of the total reptilian population in the WG is vulnerable. As per the review, Cnemaspis indraneildasii is reported from the WG region of Karnataka. Nilssonia leithii and Hemidactylus sataraensis are reported only in Maharashtra region and Geochelone elegans is reported from Tamilnadu region.
WG has 11 near threatened reptilian species. These species include Ahaetulla dispar, Cnemaspis heteropholis, Cnemaspis nairi, Cnemaspis ornata, Cnemaspis sisparensis, Hemidactylus anamallensis, Uropeltis smithi, Ptyas mucosus, Melanochelys trijuga, Typhlops sp and Hypnale hypnale. The species shows distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 6.4.22). As per the review, Cnemaspis heteropholis is reported from the WG region of Karnataka. According to the IUCN conservation status, 78 reptilian species present in the WG comes under the category least concern. The least concern species are reported from entire WG (Fig. 6.4.23). The least concern species are from the families Agamidae, Chamaeleonidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Trionychidae, Uropeltidae, Varanidae, Viperidae, and Xenodermidae. Most of the reptilian species (70%) present in WG comes under this category. IUCN categorize 23 reptilian species present in the WG under the category data deficient. It comprises 12% of the total reptilian population present in WG. Data Deficient species belong to the families Colubridae, Elapidae, Gekkonidae, Gerrhopilidae, Scincidae, Uropeltidae, and Xenodermidae (Fig. 6.4.24). Conservation Status of 62 species of reptiles has not evaluated, that comprises almost 31% of the total number of species present in the WG (Fig. 6.4.25). The conservation status of the reptiles from the families Agamidae, Colubridae, Gekkonidae, Geoemydidae, Scincidae, Testudinidae, and Uropeltidae are not evaluated. These species show distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

6.5. BIRDS
Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates belongs to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata and Class Aves. Their characteristic features include the presence of feathers, toothless beaked jaws, hard-shelled eggs, four-chambered heart and lightweight skeleton. There are 9702 bird species identified across the globe (Sreedharan, 2004).
As per the reviewed literature, Western Ghats has 529 species of Bird species across 119 locations. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu state portions of Western Ghats (WG) region (Fig. 6.5.1). The review highlights studies have identified 528 species up to species level and one species, Gallinago sp has identified only up to genera level. WG region has 85 avian families. Among these, Accipitridae is the largest family consists of 43 species and has many small families which consist of only one species (Fig. 6.5.2a & 6.5.2b). As per the literature, the majority of the avian families are distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. The families like Emberizidae, Glareolidae, Gruidae, Phoenicopteridae, Pteroclidae, and Rostratulidae are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra. Dromadidae and Stercorariidae are observed in the Karnataka region. Cathartidae and Pelecanidae are the avian families reported from the Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG respectively.
Distribution based on the family
Accipitridae
is the largest avian family present in the WG. This family comes under the order Accipitriformes and consists of birds with strongly hooked bills such as eagles. WG region has 43 species of Accipitridae family and shows distribution across the regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.3a & 6.5.3b). As per the review, Ictinaetus malayensis is the widely distributes Accipitridae species in WG. Aegypius monachus, commonly known as Cinereous vulture or Eurasian black vulture is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Kasambe & Khan, 2015). Pawar et al (2010) reported Aquila clanga, Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, Aquila pomarina, Milvus migrans govinda and Milvus migranslineatus from the Maharashtra region. Aviceda jerdoni, Buteo buteo japonicus and Sarcogyps calvus are reported from Tamilnadu regions of WG (Johnsingh, 2001). Aravind et al (2001) reported the sightings of Circus cyaneus from Karnataka regions of WG. Praveen & Nameer (2009) reported the sightings of Buteo buteo and Ichthyophaga humilis in Kerala regions. According to the IUCN red data list, Sarcogyps calvus, Gyps indicus and G. bengalensis are categorized as critically endangered species, Neophron percnopterus and Aquila nipalensis are classified as endangered species, Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Aquila heliaca and Aquila clanga as vulnerable species and Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, Ichthyophaga humilis, Circus macrourus and Aegypius monachus as near threatened species.
Acrocephalidae
are a family of oscine passerine birds and the members are commonly known as warblers. Acrocephalus aedon, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, Acrocephalus dumetorum, Acrocephalus stentoreus and Hippolais caligata are the Acrocephalidae species reported from the WG and it has distributed across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.4). The review shows that Blyth's Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) is the widely distributed species of this family. Acrocephalus aedon is highly distributed in southern WG. Acrocephalus bistrigiceps commonly known as Paddy field warbler or Black-browned reed warbler is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Ramchandra, 2013).
Aegithinidae
is one of the smallest avian families, which includes the bird iora. Common Iora, Aegithina tiphia is the only Aegithinidae species present across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.4).
Alaudidae
is the family of birds comes under the order Passeriformes. WG has 11 Alaudidae members and they are commonly called as Larks. Alauda arvensis, Alauda gulgula, Ammomanes phoenicura, Calandrella raytal, Eremopterix grisea, Galerida cristata, Galerida deva, Galerida malabarica, Mirafra affinis, Mirafra cantillans and Mirafra erythroptera are the species present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.4). Alauda arvensis is reported from Tamilnadu regions of WG (Johnsingh, 2001). Ramchandra, 2013, reported Calandrella raytal and Tuljapurkar et al (2013) reported Galerida deva from the Maharashtra region of WG. Galerida cristata is highly distributed in the WG region of Karnataka (Sowmya & Jayappa, 2016).
Alcedinidae
are Kingfisher family comes under the order Coraciiformes. WG has 8 species of Alcedinidae birds, they are Alcedo atthis, Alcedo meninting, Ceryle rudis, Ceyx erithacus, Halcyon coromanda, Halcyon pileata, Halcyon smyrnensis and Pelargopsis capensis.These species show distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.5). Halcyon coromanda (White-breasted Kingfisher or Ruddy Kingfisher) is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Pawar et al, 2010). Halcyon smyrnensis is the widely distributed Alcedinidae species. All the species are listed under the least concern category.
Anatidae
is the avian family which includes ducks, swans, and geese. Anas acuta, A. clypeata, A. crecca, A. penelope, A. platyrhynchos, A. poecilorhyncha, A. querquedula, A. strepera, Anser indicus, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Dendrocygna javanica, Nettapus coromandelianus, Sarkidiornis melanotos and Tadorna ferruginea are the 15 species distributed across the Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.5). Majority of the Anatidae species Anas clypeata, A.penelope, A. querquedula, A. strepera, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Sarkidiornis melanotos and Tadorna ferruginea shows higher distribution in Maharashtra region (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013; Pawar et al, 2010). As per review, Dendrocygna javanica shows wide distribution.
Anhingidae
is a family of waterbirds commonly known as Darters or snake-birds. Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) is the only species reported from the central and southern WG (Fig. 6.5.6). According to IUCN conservation status, it is categorized as near threatened species.
Apodidae
is the family comes under the order Apodiformes and the members are commonly known as Swifts. Apus affinis, A. apus, A. pacificus, Chaetura gigantea, Chaetura sylvatica, Collocalia unicolor, Tachymarptis melba and Zoonavena sylvatica are reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.6). As per the review, Karuthedathu et al (2014) reported Apus apus from the Kasargod district of Kerala. Chaetura gigantea and Chaetura sylvatica shows higher distribution in WG region of Kerala (Radhakrishnan, 2002).
Bucerotidae
are the family of Hornbills. The species Anthracoceros coronatus, Buceros bicornis, Ocyceros birostris and Ocyceros griseus are observed from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.6). Malabar Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) is commonly seen in Karnataka and Kerala regions. Ocyceros birostris commonly known as Indian Grey Hornbill is reported from the regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Ocyceros griseus (Malabar grey hornbill) is an endemic species and shows distribution across WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. IUCN conservation status categorized Buceros bicornis and Anthracoceros coronatus as near threatened species.
Ardeidae
are the family of herons. Ardea alba, A. cinerea, A. goliath, A. purpurea, Ardeola grayii, Botaurus stellaris, Bubulcus coromandus, Bubulcus ibis, Butorides striatus, Dupetor flavicollis, Egretta garzetta, E. gularis, E. intermedia, Gorsachius melanolophus, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, I. minutuis, I. sinensis, Mesophoyx intermedia and Nycticorax nycticorax are the species distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.7). Ardea goliath is reported from the WG region of Maharatra (Ramchandra, 2013). Among 19 species, Ardea alba, Ardeola grayii, Bubulcus ibis, Butorides striatus and Egretta garzetta shows higher distribution in WG. Ixobrychus minutuis, I. sinensis, and I. cinnamomeus show higher distribution in WG region of Maharashtra.
Artamidae
is the family of passerine birds. Artamus fuscus is the only Artamidae species reported from the WG region. It is also known as ashy woodswallow and has distributed across the Central and Southern WG (Fig. 6.5.7).
Burhinidae
family consists of birds which are commonly known as thick-knees or stone curlews. These species are usually found in dry, tropical climates. Burhinus indicus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Esacus magnirostris and Esacus recurvirostris are the Burhinidae species present WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.8). Burhinus indicus, Esacus magnirostris, and Esacus recurvirostris show higher distribution in WG region of Maharashtra. The species Burhinus oedicnemus is endemic to WG and has higher distribution in Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
Campephagidae
is a family of songbirds commonly known as shrikes. Coracina macei, Coracina melanoptera, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, Pericrocotus divaricatus, Pericrocotus ethologus, Pericrocotus flammeus and Pericrocotus roseus are the species reported from the WG region across the states, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.8). Pericrocotus divaricatus and Pericrocotus ethologus show higher distribution in WG region of Maharashtra. Rosy Minivet (Pericrocotus roseus) shows higher distribution in Karnataka region.
Caprimulgidae
is the family consists of nocturnal birds such as nightjars. WG has 5 species of Nightjars; they include Caprimulgus affinis, C. asiaticus, C. atripennis, C. indicus and C. macrurus. These species are distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.8). Caprimulgus affinis and Caprimulgus atripennis show higher distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra and Karnataka respectively. All the Caprimulgidae species present in the WG region are categorized as least concern.
Cathartidae
is the family of vultures. Coragyps atratus is the Cathartidae species present in WG, commonly known as American black vulture. As per the review, this species has distributed across the Kerala region of WG (Fig. 6.5.9). IUCN conservation status listed this species under least concern category.
Charadriidae
is the avian family which includes plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. Charadrius alexandrinus, C. dubius, C. mongolus, Pluvialis squatarola, Vanellus gregarious, V. indicus and Vanellus malabaricus are the species present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.9). As per the review, Charadrius mongolus and Pluvialis squatarola show higher distribution in the WG region of Karnataka. Vanellus gregarius is a critically endangered species reported from the Maharashtra region.
Chloropseidae
is the family of small passerine birds commonly known as leafbirds. Chloropsis aurifrons, C. cochinchinensis and C. jerdoni are the leafbirds reported from the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.9). According to IUCN Red data list, Chloropsis cochinchinensis is categorized as near threatened species and Chloropsis aurifrons and Chloropsis jerdoni as least concern species.
Ciconiidae
is the avian family consists of storks. Anastomus oscitans, Ciconia ciconia, Ciconia episcopus and Mycteria leucocephala are the stork species present in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.10). As per the literatures, Ciconia ciconia and Ciconia episcopus shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Maharashtra regions of WG. IUCN conservation status categorized the species Ciconia ciconia (White Stork) and Ciconia episcopus (Woolly-necked Stork) as vulnerable species, Mycteria leucocephala (Painted Stork) as near threatened species and Anastomus oscitans as least concern species.
Cisticolidae
is the family of small passerine birds. WG has 7 Cisticolidae species; includes Cisticola juncidis, Orthotomus sutorius, Prinia gracilis, P. hodgsonii, P. inornata, P. socialis and P. sylvatica. These species have distributed across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.10).
Coraciidae
is the avian family comes under the order Coraciiformes. Coracias benghalensis and Eurystomus orientalis are the species present in WG. These least concern species are distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.10). As per the review, Coracias benghalensis (Indian roller) is the widely distributed Coraciidae species, while Eurystomus orientalis shows higher distribution in southern WG.
Columbidae
is the family of doves and pigeons. Chalcophaps indica, Columba elphinstonii, Columba livia, Ducula aenea, Ducula badia, Spilopelia chinensis, Spilopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia decaocto, Streptopelia orientalis, Streptopelia chinensis, Streptopelia tranquebarica, Treron affinis, T. bicinctus, T. phoenicopterus and T. pompadora are the Columbidae species present in the WG. These species have distributed across the region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.11). As per the review, Streptopelia orientalis and Streptopelia tranquebarica show higher distribution in the WG region of Maharashtra (Padhye et al, 2007; Goodale et al, 2014). Barve and Warrier (2013) reported Treron bicinctus from the WG region of Karnataka. Columba elphinstonii and Treron affinis are the endemic species and it is categorized as vulnerable and least concern species respectively.
Dromadidae
is the avian family which consists of Crab-plovers. Dromas ardeola is the only Dromadidae species present in WG. It shows distribution in the WG region of Karnataka (Sowmya & Jayappa, 2016) (Fig. 6.5.11).
Corvidae
is the avian family which consists of crows, rooks, magpies, treepies etc. Corvus macrorhynchos, Corvus splendens, Dendrocitta leucogastra and Dendrocitta vagabunda are the Corvidae species widely present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.12). Dendrocitta leucogastra commonly known as Southern Treepie is an endemic species present in the WG. It is a least concern species and it is protected by including in Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Dicruridae
is the family of Drongos. WG has 7 species of drongos, they are, Dicrurus adsimilis, Dicrurus aeneus, Dicrurus caerulescens, Dicrurus hottentottus, Dicrurus leucophaeus, Dicrurus macrocercus and Dicrurus paradiseus. These Dicruridae species are distributed across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.12). Dicrurus hottentottus (gray drongo) shows higher distribution in Karnataka regions of WG. All the Dicruridae species present in WG are categorized under least concern category.
Emberizidae
is the family of seed-eating passerine birds commonly known as buntings. Emberiza bruniceps, Emberiza buchanani, Emberiza lathami and Emberiza melanocephala are the species present in WG. As per the review, these least concern species are highly distributed in Maharashtra region of WG (Fig. 6.5.12).
Cuculidae
is the family of cuckoos comes under the order Cuculiformes. Cacomantis passerines, Cacomantis sonneratii, Centropus bengalensis, Centropus chlororhynchos, Centropus sinensis, Centropus toulou, Clamator coromandus, Clamator jacobinus, Cuculus canorus, Cuculus micropterus, Cuculus poliocephalus, Cuculus sparverioides, Eudynamys scolopaceus, Hierococcyx sparverioides, Hierococcyx varius, Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii, Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus, Phaenicophaeus tristis, Phaenicophaeus viridirostris and Surniculus lugubris are the species present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.13). As per the review, Centropus bengalensis is reported from Maharashtra of WG (Ramchandra, 2013). Centropus chlororhynchos, Cuculus sparverioides, and Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus show higher distribution in WG regions of Karnataka (Aravind et al, 2001). Centropus toulou and Cacomantis passerinus has higher distribution in Southern WG (Radhakrishnan, 2002) and Hierococcyx sparverioides was reported from Tamilnadu region of WG (Johnsingh, 2001).
Dicaeidae
is the family which includes flowerpeckers. This family consists of two genera, Prionochilus and Dicaeum. Dicaeum is the only genera reported from the WG region, it includes the species; Dicaeum agile, D. concolor, D. erythrorhynchos and D. minullum. These Dicaeidae species are distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.13). All the species comes under the least concern category and shows wide distribution.
Estrildidae
family includes small passerine birds. WG has 7 Estrildidae species, Amandava amandava, Lonchura atricapilla, L. kelaarti, L. malabarica, L.malacca, L. punctulata and L. striata. These species show distribution in the WG areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.14). The literatures show that, majority of this species shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Lonchura atricapilla is reported from the WG region of Karnataka (Sowmya & Jayappa, 2016).
Falconidae
is the avian family comes under the order Falconiformes. Falco chicquera, F. jugger, F. naumanni, F. peregrinus, F. peregrinus calidus, F. peregrinus perigrenator, F. subbuteo and F. tinnunculus are the Falconidae species present in the WG. These species are distributed in the WG areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.14). As per the literatures, Falco chicquera is commonly known as Red-headed falcon (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013) and Falco peregrinus calidus and Falco peregrinus perigrenator are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Kasambe & Khan, 2015). Johnsingh (2001) reported Falco jugger from WG region of Tamilnadu regions. According to the IUCN conservation status, Falco naumanni is categorized as vulnerable species and Falco chicquera and Falco jugger are categorized as near threatened species.
Fringillidae
is the family which includes finches. The only one Fringillidae species reported from the WG is Carpodacus erythrinus. It is a least concern species commonly known as common rosefinch and it is seen in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.14).
Hirundinidae
are the family of swallows and martins. WG has10 Hirundinidae species, it includes Delichon urbica, Hirundo concolor, H. daurica, H. domicola, H. fluvicola, H. rupestris, H. rustica, H. smithii, H. tahitica and Riparia chinensis. These species show distribution across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu and all these species are categorized as least concern (Fig. 6.5.15). As per the literatures, Delichon urbica reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu (Johnsingh, 2001). Balakrishnan (2010) reported Hirundo domicola from the WG region of Kerala and Riparia chinensis is from Maharashtra (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013).
Jacanidae
is the avian family which contains jacanas. Hydrophasianus chirurgus and Metopidius indicus are the two Jacanidae species present in WG, across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.15). As per the literatures, Hydrophasianus chirurgus shows higher distribution in Maharashtra regions. IUCN red data list listed these species in the least concern category.
Hemiprocnidae
are the family of Treeswifts. Hemiprocne coronata is the Hemiprocnidae species reported from the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.15). It is commonly known as Crested Treeswift and categorized under the least concern group.
Laniidae
is the family of carnivorous passerine birds commonly known as shrikes. Lanius cristatus, L. isabellinus, L. meridionalis, L. schach, L. schach erythronotus and L. vittatus are the Laniidae species present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.16). As per the review, Lanius cristatus and Lanius schach are the widely distributed species in WG region. Lanius schach erythronotus commonly known as Rufous-backed Long-tailed Shrike is reported from the Maharashtra region of WG (Kasambe & Khan, 2015).
Laridae
family comes under the order Charadriiformes and it includes Gulls and Terns. There are 11 species from Laridae family were reported from the WG region. Chlidonias hybrida, Gelochelidon nilotica, Larus brunnicephalus, Larus heuglini, Onychoprion anaethetus, Sterna aurantia, Sterna dougallii, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus bengalensis, Thalasseus bergii and Xema sabini are the species which has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.16). As per the literatures reviewed, Gelochelidon nilotica and Larus brunnicephalus are reported from Maharashtra region of WG (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013). Majority of the Laridae species such as Larus heuglini, Sterna dougallii, Thalasseus bengalensis, Thalasseus bergii, Xema sabini and Onychoprion anaethetus shows higher distribution in Karnataka region.
Glareolidae
is the family of water birds. Cursorius coromandelicus is the only Glareolidae species commonly known as Indian Courser present in the WG region of Maharashtra (Fig. 6.5.16).
Leiothrichidae
is the avian family consists of old world passerine birds. It commonly includes Babblers and laughing thrushes. WG has 12 species from the family Leiothrichidae, it includes Garrulax cachinnans, G. delesserti, G. jerdoni, G. jerdoni fairbanki, Trochalopteron fairbanki, Turdoides affinis, T. caudata, T. malcolmi, T. striatus, T. subrufa, T. subrufus hyperythrus and T. subrufus subrufus. These species show distribution across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.17). The species Garrulax cachinnans, G. delesserti, G. jerdoni fairbanki, Trochalopteron fairbanki, Turdoides subrufa, Turdoides subrufus hyperythrus and Turdoides subrufus subrufus are endemic to WG. As per the review, many of the Leiothrichidae species such as Garrulax cachinnans, Garrulax jerdoni, Garrulax jerdoni fairbanki and Turdoides subrufus hyperythrus show higher distribution in southern WG. Turdoides malcolmi is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013). According to IUCN conservation status, Garrulax jerdoni fairbanki and Trochalopteron fairbanki are categorized as near threatened species.
Locustellidae
is an avian family consists of small insectivorous songbirds. Chaetornis striata, Locustella naevia and Schoenicola platyura are the species which has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.17). As per the review, Chaetornis striata is reported from the Tamilnadu regions of WG (Kanagavel et al, 2014). IUCN red data list grouped the species Chaetornis striata and Schoenicola platyura as vulnerable species. Schoenicola platyura is the species which is endemic to WG.
Irenidae
is the family of small passerine birds. Irena puella (Asian fairy bluebird) is the Irenidae species present in the WG. It is a least concern species and has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.17).
Megalaimidae
is the avian family consists of Asian barbets. Megalaima is the only genera of the family Megalaimidae present in the WG and it consists of 6 species, Megalaima asiatica, M. haemacephala, M. malabarica, M. rubricapilla, M. viridis and M. zeylanica. These species show distribution in the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.18). As per the literatures, Megalaima asiatica is reported from the WG of Maharashtra. Megalaima haemacephala and Megalaima malabarica are the endemic species present in WG.
Meropidae
is the family of Bee-eaters. Merops leschenaulti, M. orientalis, M. persicus, M. philippinus and Nyctyornis athertoni are the Meropidae species present across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.18). Merops leschenaulti and Merops philippinus are the widely distributed species. Merops persicus commonly known as Blue-cheeked Bee-eater is distributed in the WG of Maharashtra and Blue-beared Bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) is highly distributed in Karnataka region.
Monarchidae
is the avian family of passerine birds which commonly includes paradise flycatchers, larks, and shrikebills. Hypothymis azurea and Terpsiphone paradisi are the two Monarchidae species present in WG. These species have distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.18). These species are commonly known as Black-naped Monarch and Asian paradise flycatcher and are categorized as least concern species.
Motacillidae
is the family of small passerine birds with long tails. Anthus campestris, A. hodgsoni, A. nilghiriensis, A. rufulus, A. similis, A. trivalis, Dendronanthus indicus, Dendronanthus indicus, Motacilla alba dukhunrnsis, M. caspica, M. cinerea, M. citreola, M. flava, M. flava melanogrisea and M. maderaspatensis are the members of Motacillidae family present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.19). As per the review, Anthus campestris, Motacilla alba dukhunrnsis, Motacilla flava melanogrisea and Motacilla citreola are reported from the Maharashtra region. Anthus trivalis shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Maharashtra and Anthus similis shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Kerala regions of WG. Radhakrishnan (2002) reported Motacilla caspica from the Idukki regions of Kerala. Anthus nilghiriensis commonly known as Nilgiri pipit is an endemic species present in WG and it is classified as near threatened species by IUCN.
Gruidae
is the family birds with long legs and long necks, commonly known as cranes. This family comes under the order Gruiformes. Grus virgo is the only Gruidae species reported from the WG. This least concern species is commonly known as Demoiselle crane and shows higher distribution across the WG region of Maharashtra (Fig. 6.5.19).
Muscicapidae
is one of the largest and diverse families present in WG. There are 36 Muscicapidae species were reported from the entire WG region (Fig. 6.5.20). As per the review, Brachypteryx major albiventris and Brachypteryx major major, commonly known as White-bellied Shortwing shows higher distribution in southern WG. Eumyias sordida is highly distributed in the WG region of Karnataka (Barve & Warrier, 2013). Ficedula albicilla, commonly known as Red-throated flycatcher and Ficedula superciliaris (White-browed Blue Flycatcher) are reported from Maharashtra region (Kasambe & Khan, 2015). Ramchandra 2013, reported Oenanthe oenanthe from WG region of Maharashtra. Phoenicurus fuliginosus is the only Muscicapidae species reported from WG region of Goa (Vannur & Hiragond, 2016). Radhakrishnan (2002) reported Turdus merula bourdilloni from the Kerala region of WG and Turdus merula simillimus is reported from Karnataka region (Aravind et al, 2001). Brachypteryx major albiventris, Brachypteryx major major, Cyornis pallipes, Eumyias albicaudatus and Ficedula nigrorufa are the Muscicapidae species which are endemic to WG region. According to IUCN conservation status, Brachypteryx major albiventris, Brachypteryx major major and Ficedula subrubra are categorized as vulnerable species and Eumyias albicaudatus, Eumyias sordida, and Ficedula nigrorufa as near threatened species.
Nectariniidae
is family of passerine birds includes sunbirds and spiderhunters. WG has 8 species of Nectariniidae family, they include Aethopyga siparaja, Aethopyga vigorsii, Arachnothera longirostra, Cinnyris asiaticus, Cinnyris lotenius, Leptocoma minima, Leptocoma zeylonica and Nectarinia asiatica. These species are distributed across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.21). As per the review, Aethopyga siparaja shows higher distribution in northern WG. Aethopyga vigorsii and Leptocoma minima are the endemic species present in WG.
Oriolidae
is the family of passerine birds. Oriolus is the only genera present in WG. Oriolus chinensis, O. kundoo, O. oriolus, O. tenuirostris and O. xanthornus are the species present the WG of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.21). As per the review, Oriolus oriolus shows higher distribution towards the Central and Southern WG. Aravind et al (2001) reported Oriolus tenuirostris, commonly known as Slender-billed oriole from the WG region of Karnataka.
Otididae
is the avian family which includes Bustards. Ardeotis nigriceps and Sypheotides indicus are the two Otididae species present in WG. These species show distribution in Maharashtra and Karnataka regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.21). Tuljapurkar et al (2013) reported a critically endangered species, Ardeotis nigriceps from the WG region of Maharashtra. Sypheotides indicus has distributes across the WG region of Karnataka. It is categorized as an endangered species.
Paridae
is the avian family comes under the order Passeriformes and it generally includes Tits. Parus aplonotus, P. cinereus, P. major, P. nuchalis and P. xanthogenys are the Paridae members present in WG. These species are distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.22). The literatures show that, Parus aplonotus and Parus cinereus are highly distributed in WG region of Maharashtra. Parus nuchalis is a vulnerable species which is highly distributed in the Karnataka region of WG.
Passeridae
family includes sparrows. WG has 2 types of Passeridae species, Passer domesticus and Petronia xanthocollis. These are least concern species and has distributed across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.22).
Pandionidae
is the family of Osprey. Pandion haliaetus is the species reported from the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.22). It is a least concern species observed near shallow waters, suburban and urban environments.
Pelecanidae
is the family of large water birds commonly known as Pelicans. Pelecanus philippensis is the Spot-billed pelican or Grey pelican reported from the Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.22). According to IUCN status, it is categorized as near threatened species.
Pellorneidae
is the family of ground babblers. Alcippe poioicephala, Graminicola bengalensis and Pellorneum ruficeps are the Pellorneidae species present in the WG. These species have distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.23). The review shows that Graminicola bengalensis is reported from Maharashtra region of WG (Ramachandra, 2013). All the species are categorized as least concern.
Phalacrocoracidae
is the family of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags. Microcarbo niger, Myophonus caeruleus, Phalacrocorax carbo and Phalacrocorax fuscicollis are the species present in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.23). As per the review, Microcarbo niger, Myophonus caeruleus and Phalacrocorax carbo shows the wide distribution in the WG. Myophonus caeruleus (whistling thrush)
and Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (great cormorant) show higher distribution in WG region of Karnataka. Phylloscopidae
is a new avian family consists of insectivorous birds. This family contains two genera, Seicercus and Phylloscopus. WG region has only one genus, Phylloscopus and the species includes are Phylloscopus griseolus, P. affinis, P. collybita, P. collybita tristis, P. magnirostris, P. nitidus, P. occipitalis, P. trochiloides and P. tytleri. These species show distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.23). As per review, Phylloscopus griseolus and Phylloscopus collybita show higher distribution in WG regions Maharashtra and Karnataka. Phylloscopus humei (Hume's Leaf-warbler), Phylloscopus nitidus (bright-green warbler) are reported from Maharashtra region. Phylloscopus tytleri is a near threatened species which shows higher distribution towards southern WG.
Phasianidae
is the avian family of heavy ground-living birds. It generally includes junglefowl, pheasants etc. WG has 14 species of Phasianidae family; they are Coturnix chinensis, C. coromandelica, C. coturnix, Francolinus pictus, Francolinus pondicerianus, Galloperdix lunulata, Galloperdix spadicea, Gallus gallus domesticus, Gallus sonneratii, Pavo cristatus, Pavo muticus, Perdicula argoondah, Perdicula asiatica and Perdicula erythrorhyncha. These species are distributed across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.24). As per the review, Coturnix chinensis, Coturnix coromandelica, Francolinus pictus and Perdicula argoondah are the species which shows higher distribution in Maharashtra region, while Gallu gallus domesticus shows higher distribution in southern WG. Pavo muticus (Ramchandra, 2013) is an endangered species which is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra.
Phoenicopteridae
is a wading bird family which includes flamingos. Phoenicopterus roseus is the species present in the WG region of Maharashtra (Fig. 6.5.24). It is a least concern species commonly known as Greater flamingo.
Pittadae
is one of the smallest avian families present in WG. Pitta brachyura commonly known as Indian Pitta is reported from the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.24). According to IUCN red data list, Pitta brachyura is categorized as a least concern species.
Picidae
is the family of woodpeckers. WG has 15 species of the family Picidae they are Campephilus imperialis, Chrysocolaptes festivus, Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, Dendrocopos maharattensis, Dendrocopos nanus, Dinopium benghalense, Dinopium javanense, Dryocopus javensis, Hemicircus canente, Jynx torquilla, Micropternus brachyurus, Picumnus innominatus, Picus chlorolophus and Picus xanthopygaeus. These species show distribution in the areas of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.25). As per the literatures, Campephilus imperialis shows higher distribution Kerala region of WG. Chrysocolaptes festivus and Dendrocopos maharattensis show higher distribution in Maharashtra region. According to IUCN conservation status, Campephilus imperialis, commonly known as Imperial woodpecker is categorized as critically endangered species. The Picidae species, Picus xanthopygaeus, Picumnus innominatus, Dryocopus javensis and Dendrocopos nanus are legally protected by including in Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Ploceidae
is an avian family comes under the order Passeriformes. Ploceus benghalensis, P.megarhynchus, and P. philippinus are the three Ploceidae species present in WG. Distribution of these species has been reported from Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.25). Ploceus megarhynchus and Ploceus benghalensis are reported from the WG of Maharashtra (Ramchandra, 2013). Ploceus megarhynchus is commonly known as Himalayan Baya Weaver or yellow weaver and it is considered as a vulnerable species.
Podargidae
is the family of nocturnal birds, commonly known as frogmouths. Batrachostomus moniliger is the only Podargidae species reported in WG. it is distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.25). This species is categorized as least concern and it is also known as Sri Lanka Frogmouth or Ceylon frogmouth.
Psittacidae
is the avian family which includes parakeets. Loriculus vernalis, Psittacula columboides, P. cyanocephala, P. eupatria and P. krameri are the species present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.26). According to IUCN conservation status, Psittacula eupatria is considered as near threatened species and the reviews show that it is highly distributed in Karnataka and Maharashtra region WG. Psittacula columboides is the endemic species present in WG.
Podicipedidae
is the family comes under the order Podicipediformes and its members are generally known as grebes. Tachybaptus ruficollis is the only Podicipedidae species present in the WG region. This species has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.26). Tachybaptus ruficollis is a least concern species commonly known as little grebe and seen in small and shallow wetlands.
Pteroclidae
is an avian family comes under the order Pteroclidiformes and its members are commonly called as Sandgrouse. Pterocles exustus is the only species present in WG region of Maharashtra (Fig. 6.5.26). It is commonly known as Indian Sandgrouse or Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse. These least concern species are generally seen in barren plains, dry stubbles, and sun-baked ploughed lands.
Rallidae
is a large family of ground-living birds. Amaurornis phoenicura, Fulica atra, Gallicrex cinerea, Gallinula chloropus, Porphyrio porphyrio, Rallina euryzonoides and Rallus striatus are the Rallidae species reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.26).
Pycnonotidae
is the family of Bulbuls. WG has 13 species of bulbuls across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. The species are, Acritillas indica, Alophoixus flaveolus, Hypsipetes ganeesa, Hypsipetes leucocephalus, Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Pycnonotus cafer, Pycnonotus gularis, Pycnonotus jocosus, P. leucotis, P. luteolus, P. melanicterus, P. priocephalus and P. xantholaemus (Fig. 6.5.27). As per the review, Acritillas indica is widely distributed in the WG region. Alophoixus flaveolus, White-browed Bulbul reported from the WG region of Karnataka (Barve & Warrier, 2013) and Hypsipetes madagascariensis is reported from Kerala region (Radhakrishnan, 2002). Pycnonotus leucotis is reported from the Maharashtra region of WG. Pycnonotus priocephalus and Pycnonotus gularis are endemic to WG. Some of the Pycnonotidae species, Pycnonotus gularis, Pycnonotus leucotis and Pycnonotus luteolus present in the WG are protected by Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. According to the IUCN status, Pycnonotus xantholaemusis classified as vulnerable species and Pycnonotus priocephalus is categorized as near threatened species.
Recurvirostridae
is the bird family comes under the order Charadriiformes. Himantopus himantopus is the only Recurvirostridae species present in the WG region. It is commonly known as Black-winged stilt and has distributed in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.27). It prefers shores of large inland water bodies and estuarine or coastal habitats and it is also categorized as least concern species.
Rhipiduridae
is the avian family that includes fantails. Rhipidura is the only one genus of this family present in WG region and the species are Rhipidura albicollis, R. albogularis, R. aureolaand R. hypoxantha. These species are distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.27). The literature shows that Rhipidura albogularis (White-spotted fantail) and Rhipidura hypoxantha (White-throated fantail or Yellow-bellied fantail) are reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Kasambe & Khan, 2015; Ramchandra, 2013).
Scolopacidae
is one of largest avian families present in the WG. Actitis hypoleucos, Calidris ferruginea, C. minuta, C. pugnax, Gallinago gallinago, G. nemoricola, G. sp, G. stenura, Limosa lapponica, Limosa limosa, Scolopacidae rusticola, Tringa erythropus, T. glareola, T. nebularia, T. ochropus, T. stagnatilis, T. totanus and Xenus cinereus are Scolopacidae species present across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.28). As per the review, Calidris ferruginea and Xenus cinereus are highly distributed in Karnataka region (Sowmya &Jayappa, 2016). Calidris minuta, Calidris pugnax, Tringa glareola, Tringa stagnatilis, and Limosa lapponica show higher distribution in Maharashtra region. Gallinago nemoricola is reported from Kerala region of WG (Radhakrishnan, 2002). Aravind et al (2001) Gallinago stenura and Scolopacidae rusticola are reported from Karnataka. According to IUCN Red data list, Gallinago nemoricola is grouped as vulnerable species and Calidris ferruginea, Limosa lapponica and Limosa limosa are categorized as near threatened species.
Rostratulidae
is the family of wader birds commonly painted-snipes. Rostratula benghalensis is the only Rostratulidae species present WG. It is reported from the Maharashtra region of WG (Fig. 6.5.28). Rostratula benghalensis is commonly known as greater snipe and it is sighted in pond sides, shrubby vegetations and muddy patches.
Strigidae
is the family of true owls. Asio flammeus, Athene brama, Bubo bengalensis, Bubo bubo, Bubo coromandus, Bubo nipalensis, Glaucidium radiatum, Heteroglaux blewitti, Ketupa zeylonensis, Ninox obscura, Ninox scutulata, Otus bakkamoena, Otus lettia, Otus sunia, Strix leptogrammica and Strix ocellata are the Strigidae species present across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.29). As per the review, Asio flammeus and Bubo bengalensis show higher distribution in WG region of Maharashtra, Heteroglaux blewitti shows higher distribution towards northern WG. Sidhu et al (2010) reported Ninox obscura commonly known as Hume's hawk owl or Hume's bookbook from WG region of Kerala. IUCN conservation status categorized Heteroglaux blewitti as critically endangered species and all other Strigidae species were categorized as least concern.
Sittidae
family includes small passerine birds commonly known as Nuthatch. Sitta is the genus present in WG region and species are Sitta castanea and Sitta frontalis. They are commonly known as Chestnut-bellied nuthatch and Velvet-fronted nuthatch. These least concern species are distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.29).
Sturnidae
is the family of small to medium-sized passerine birds consisting of the starlings and mynas. WG has 10 species of Sturnidae family; they are Acridotheres fuscus, A. ginginianus, A. tristis, Gracula indica, Gracula religiosa, Gracupica contra, Sturnia blythii, Sturnia malabarica, Sturnia pagodarum and Sturnus roseus. These species are distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.30). Acridotheres fuscus, Acridotheres tristis and Sturnia malabarica are highly distributed species. Gracula indica and Graculareligiosa, commonly known as Common hill Myna or Southern hill Myna shows higher distribution in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Acridotheres ginginianus is highly distributed in Maharashtra and the species, Gracupica contra is reported from WG region of Maharashtra (Kasambe & Khan, 2015). Barve and Warrier (2013), reported an endemic species, Sturnia blythii from the WG region of Karnataka.
Stercorariidae
is the family of seabirds, it mainly includes Skuas. Stercorarius parasiticus and Stercorarius pomarinus are the two Stercorariidae members present in WG. These species has mainly distributed across the WG region of Karnataka (Fig. 6.5.30). Stercorarius parasiticus and Stercorarius pomarinus are commonly known as Arctic Skua and Pomarine Skua respectively. These species are categorized as least concern species.
Stenostiridae
is a family of small passerine birds such as flycatchers. Culicicapa ceylonensis, commonly known as Grey-headed flycatcher and it has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.30).
Sylviidae
members are known as old world Warblers. Chrysomma sinense, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia curruca halimodendri and Sylvia hortensis are the Sylviidae species present in WG regions Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.31). Sylvia curruca halimodendri is reported from the WG region of Maharashtra (Tuljapurkar et al, 2013).
Tephrodornithidae
is the avian family comes under the order Passeriformes. WG has 4 species of Tephrodornithidae family; they are Hemipus picatus, Tephrodornis gularis, T. pondicerianus and T. sylvicola. These species are distributed across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu region of WG (Fig. 6.5.31). Hemipus picatus is the widely distributed species. Tephrodornis gularis and Tephrodornis sylvicola show higher distribution in WG region of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Tephrodornis sylvicola commonly known as Malabar woodshrike is an endemic species present in WG.
Threskiornithidae
is the family which includes wading birds. Platalea leucorodia, Plegadis falcinellus, Pseudibis papillosa and Threskiornis melanocephalus are the Threskiornithidae species present in WG. These species are distributed across the region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.31). Threskiornis melanocephalus is near threatened species widely found in the Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala regions of WG.
Timaliidae
is the avian family which includes old world passerine birds. Dumetia hyperythra, Macronous gularis, Pomatorhinus horsfieldii and Rhopocichla atriceps are the 4 Timaliidae species present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.32). Macronous gularis commonly known as Yellow-breasted babbler is reported from the WG of Maharashtra (Ramchandra, 2013). All other Timaliidae species are widely distributed in the WG region.
Trogonidae
is the family of the order Trogoniformes and it consists of Trogons. WG has two Trogonidae species, Cypsiurus balasiensis and Harpactes fasciatus commonly known as Asian palm swift and Malabar Trogon respectively. These are least concern species and shows distribution in WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.32).
Turdidae
are the family of Thrushes. Geokichla citrina, Geokichla wardii, Turdus merula, Turdus simillimus and Zoothera dauma are the members of Turdidae family present in WG. The species are distributed across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.32). As per the review, Geokichla citrina and Turdus merula are the highly distributed species. Turdus simillimus shows higher distribution in WG region of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Zoothera dauma and Geokichla wardii are highly distributed in southern WG region.
Turnicidae
is the avian family which includes Buttonquails. Turnix suscitator, Turnix sylvaticus, and Turnix tanki are the species present in WG region. Members of this family has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.32). All the species are categorized as least concern by IUCN red data list.
Tytonidae
is the avian family which includes Barn owls and Bay owls. WG has 3 species from Tytonidae family, it includes Phodilus badius, Tyto alba, and Tyto capensis. This family has distributed across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.5.33). As per review, Phodilus badius and Tyto capensis show higher distribution in southern WG. Tytoalba commonly known as Barn owl is the highly distributed Tytonidae species.
Upupidae
is the family of Hoopoes. Upupa epops is the only Upupidae species present in WG. It is generally known as Eurasian Hoopoe or Common Hoopoe and it has distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.33).
Zosteropidae
is an avian family which includes the passerine birds commonly known as White-eyes. Zosterops palpebrosus (Oriental White-eye) is present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.33). It is a least concern species commonly seen in open landscapes and interior forests.

Distribution of endemic species
Among the 529 species of birds, 28 species (5%) were Endemic to WG (Fig. 6.5.34 & 6.5.35).

The endemic species are from the families Bucerotidae, Burhinidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, Leiothrichidae, Locustellidae, Megalaimidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Nectariniidae, Psittacidae, Pycnonotidae, Sturnidae, and Tephrodornithidae (Fig. 6.5.36). The majority of endemic species belongs to the family Leiothrichidae (21%) followed by the family Muscicapidae (17%) and Pycnonotidae (14%). The families Columbidae, Megalaimidae, and Nectariniidae show 7% endemism and Bucerotidae and Burhinidae shows 4% endemism. The families with least number of endemic species are Locustellidae, Motacillidae, Psittacidae, Sturnidae and Tephrodornithidae (3%).

Distribution based on conservation status
According to the IUCN conservation status, all the birds species present in the WG were classified into different categories on the basis of their threat status. Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern and Not Evaluated are the different categories (Fig. 6.5.37). Among the 529 Bird species present in the WG region, 7 species were categorized as Critically Endangered (CE), 4 species were categorized as Endangered (EN), 18 species were considered as Vulnerable (VU), 28 species comes under the category Near Threatened (NT) and421 species were grouped under the Least Concern category. Conservation Status of 51 species of birds was not evaluated.The majority of bird species present in the WG region were categorized under least concern category (Fig. 6.5.38).

According to IUCN conservation status, Ardeotis nigriceps, Campephilus imperialis, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus, Heteroglaux blewitti, Sarcogyps calvus and Vanellus gregariusare considered as Critically Endangered (CE) bird species present in WG. These species have distributed across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.39).The majority of these species are present in the WG region of Maharashtra.
WG region has 4 endangered (EN) bird species. These endangered species are Aquila nipalensis, Neophron percnopterus, Pavo muticus and Sypheotides indicus (Fig. 6.5.40). Endangered species were reported from the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu.
According to the IUCN conservation status, 18 bird species (3%) present in the WG region were categorized as Vulnerable (VU). It comprises the 3% of total bird population present in the WG (Fig. 6.5.41). These vulnerable species belong to the families Accipitridae, Ciconiidae, Columbidae, Cuculidae, Falconidae, Locustellidae, Muscicapidae, Paridae, Ploceidae, Pycnonotidae, and Scolopacidae. The species shows distribution across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.
In the WG region, 28 bird species were categorized under the category near threatened (NT), comprising the 5% of total bird population (Fig. 6.5.42). The species under near threatened category are belongs to the families, Accipitridae, Anhingidae, Bucerotidae, Burhinidae, Chloropseidae, Ciconiidae, Falconidae, Laridae, Leiothrichidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Pelecanidae, Phylloscopidae, Psittacidae, Pycnonotidae, Scolopacidae and Threskiomithidae, distributed across the Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu regions of WG.
Majority of the bird species present in the WG region were listed under least concern category. WG has 421 least concern bird species, it comprises 80% of the total bird population present in the WG. These species are distributed across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.5.43a & 6.5.43b).
Conservation Status of 51 species of birds was not evaluated, that comprises almost 10% of the total number of species present in the WG (Fig. 6.5.44). The conservation status of the birds of the 22 families was not evaluated. These species show distribution across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu.

6.6. Mammals
Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates belongs to the Phylum chordata. Other characteristic features include, four-chambered heart, single jaw bone, sweat glands and presence of hair on the body. Females process mammary glands that secrete milk to nourish their young ones. Globally 4629 mammalian species were described (Sreedharan, 2004).
Western Ghats has 161 species of Mammals across 148 locations, as per the reviewed literature. The study sites include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu state portions of Western Ghats (WG) region (Fig. 6.6.1). The literature highlights studies have identified 156 species up to species level and 5 species has up to genera. WG region has 32 families of mammals. They are Bovidae, Canidae, Cercopithecidae, Cervidae, Elephantidae, Emballonuridae, Equidae, Erinaceidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hipposideridae, Hyaenidae, Hystricidae, Leporidae, Lorisidae, Megadermatidae, Molossidae, Muridae, Mustelidae, Pholidota, Platacanthomyidae, Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, Sciuridae, Soricidae, Suidae, Tragulidae, Tupaiidae, Ursidae, Vespertilionidae, and Viverridae. Vespertilionidae is the largest family consists of 25 species present in the WG. Elephantidae, Erinaceidae, Hyaenidae, Hystricidae, Leporidae, Pholidota, Platacanthomyidae, Suidae, Ursidae, and Tupaiidae are the smallest families consist of only one species, Elephas maximus, Hemiechinus nudiventris, Hyaena hyaena, Hystrix indica, Lepus nigricollis, Manis crassicaudata, Platacanthomys lasiurus, Sus scrofa, Melursus ursinus and Anathana ellioti respectively (Fig. 6.6.2). Cercopithecidae, Felidae, Hipposideridae, Hystricidae, Muridae, Rhinolophidae, Suidae, Ursidae, and Vespertilionidae are widely distributed mammalian family, reported across the regions of WG. Families like Bovidae, Canidae, Leporidae, Pteropodidae, Sciuridae, Tragulidae, and Viverridae show higher distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Taminadu. Elephantidae, Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae, Mustelidae and Soricidae are the families show higher distribution in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG. Equidae, Molossidae, and Platacanthomyidae has distributed across southern WG region. Erinaceidae, Rhinopomatidae and Tupaiidae reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu.
Distribution based on the family
Bovidae
are the mammalian family includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, sheep, goats, muskoxen and cattle. WG has 11 species of Bovidae family Antilope cervicapra, Bos gaurus, Bos taurus, Bos taurus primigenius, Bubalus bubalis, Capra hircus, Capra hircus aegagrus, Capra indicus, Nilgiritragus hylocrius, Ovis sp and Tetracerus quadricornis distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.3). Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiritragus hylocrius is the endemic species has distributed across the Southern WG. Capra indicus shows higher distribution in the WG areas of Kerala (Vijayakumar et al., 2015). According to the IUCN Red list, Nilgiritragus hylocrius is categorized as endangered species. Other Bovidae species, As per the review, Bos gaurus (Indian bison) is most widely distributed mammalian species present in the WG. Antilope cervicapra, Bubalus bubalis and Tetracerus quadricornis are categorized as near threatened, endangered and vulnerable respectively. Nilgiritragus hylocrius, Antilope cervicapra, and Bos gaurus are legally protected by including in the Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act. Tetracerus quadricornis, commonly known as Four-horned Antelope is legally protected by including in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, Appendix III of CITES.
Erinaceidae
is the mammalian family which includes hedgehogs. It is one of the smallest families present in the WG. Only one species of this family, Hemiechinus nudiventris is reported from the WG part of Tamilnadu (Srinivas et al., 2013; Johnsingh, 2001) (Fig. 6.6.3). It is commonly known as Madras hedgehog or Bare-bellied hedgehog. According to IUCN Red list, it is considered as least concern species.
Canidae
family includes carnivore mammals like domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, dingoes etc. Canis aureus, Canis familiaris, Canis lupus, Cuon alpines and Vulpes bengalensis are the canidae species present in the WG. As per the review, it shows higher distribution in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.4). Canis familiaris is reported by Padmanabhan and Sujana (2008) from Palakkad district of Kerala.Canis aureus and Cuon alpines show wide distribution across the WG region. Cuon alpines is also considered as endangered species by IUCN and it is legally protected by including in Schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix II of CITES. Canis lupus is the Indian Grey Wolf species which is protected by Appendix II of CITES shows higher distribution in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamilnadu portions of WG. While Vulpes bengalensis shows higher distribution in the WG areas of Karnataka and Tamilnadu only and it is legally protected by including in the schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Common Jackal or Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus) is legally protected by Indian Wildlife Protection Act, Schedule III and Appendix III of CITES.
Emballonuridae
are the family of sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats. Taphozous longimanus, T. melanopogon, T. saccolaimus, T. nudiventris and T. theobaldi are 5 Emballonuridae members present in the WG. These species have distributed across the central and southern WG (Fig. 6.6.4). Korad et al (2007) reported Taphozous longimanus, T. nudiventris, T. saccolaimus and T. theobaldi from the Karnataka region of WG.
Cercopithecidae
is the family of monkeys. Macaca fascicularis, Macaca radiata, Macaca silenus, Macaca sp, Semnopithecus dussumieri, Semnopithecus entellus, Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos, Semnopithecus priam and Trachypithecus johnii are the Cercopithecidae members distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.5) As per the reviewed literatures, Macaca fascicularis is highly distributed in the WG region of Kerala (Vijayakumar et al., 2015). According to the IUCN red list conservation status, Macaca silenus, Trachypithecus johnii and Semnopithecus priam are categorized as endangered, vulnerable and near threatened species respectively. These species show higher distribution in the central and southern WG. Bonnert macaque, Macaca radiata has widely distributed across the Goa, Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamilnadu regions of WG. Semnopithecus dussumieri is the Cercopithecidae species present in WG region of Goa (Kumara and Singh, 2011). Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos is reported from the WG regions of Karnataka and Kerala and it is commonly known as Common langur. Macaca silenus is the endemic Cercopithecidae species present in the WG region. Trachypithecus johnii is legally protected by Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 as amended up to 1991 by including in Schedule II Part I and Appendix II of CITES. Similarly, Semnopithecus priam in Appendix I of CITES and Schedules II, Part I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 amended up to 2002. Semnopithecus entellus in schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 as amended up to 1991 and Appendix I of CITES, Semnopithecus dussumieri in Appendix I of CITES and Schedule II, Part II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1973. Macaca silenus in Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I, Part I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 amended up to 2002. Macaca radiata is protected under Schedule II, Part I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Hyaenidae
is one of the smallest mammalian families present in the WG. Hyaena hyaena is the only member of this family present in WG region. It is commonly known as striped hyaena and has distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.5). According to IUCN conservation status, Hyaena hyaena is categorized as near threatened species and it is legally protected by including in Schedule III of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix III of CITES.
Cervidae
family is commonly known as ‘deer family’. WG has 3 species of Cervidae family, Axis axis commonly known as Indian Spotted Deer, Muntiacus muntjak (Barking Deer) and Rusa unicolor (Sambar Deer). These species are highly distributed in the WG areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.6). According to IUCN conservation status, Rusa unicolor is categorized as vulnerable species. All the three Cervidae species present in the WG are legally protected by including in Schedule III of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Elephantidae
are the family of large, herbivorous mammals, elephants and mammoths. It one of the small families present in WG consists of only one species, Elephas maximus. As per the review, it has distributed across the WG region of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.6). As per IUCN, it is an endangered species and legally protected by Indian Wildlife Protection Act by categorizing under Schedule I.
Equidae
family comprises horses, donkeys, and zebras. Equus africanus, Equus africanus asinus, Equus ferus caballus and an unidentified Equus species were reported from the southern WG regions (Fig. 6.6.7). Equus africanus and Equus ferus caballus are widely distributed in the WG region of Tamilnadu (Chellappandian et al., 2014) and Equus africanus asinus is reported from the Kerala region (Vijayakumar et al., 2015). IUCN categorize Equus africanus as a critically endangered species.
Felidae
is the cat family which includes cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, tiger, and domestic cat. WG has 7 Felidae members; they are Felis catus, Felis chaus, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, Prionailurus bengalensis, Prionailurus rubiginosus and Prionailurus viverrinus. This is one of the highly distributed families across the WG region of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.7). Panthera tigris is the widely distributed felidae species, as per the review, it is the only Felidae species reported from the WG region of Gujarat (Trivedi and Soni, 2006). According to IUCN red list, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, and Prionailurus rubiginosus are grouped as vulnerable, endangered species and near threatened species respectively. As per the legal protection Panthera pardus, Prionailurus bengalensis and Prionailurus rubiginosus are included in the Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act. Srinivas et al (2013) reported Prionailurus viverrinus, commonly known as Fishing Cat from the WG regions of Tamilnadu and it is also legally protected by adding in Appendix II of CITES.
Herpestidae
family is the mammalian family of small carnivores popularly known for mongoose. Herpestes brachyurus, Herpestes edwardsii, Herpestes fuscus, Herpestes javanicus, Herpestessmithiiand Herpestes vitticollis are the Herpestidae species present in the WG region. It has distributed across the areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.8). As per the reviewed literature, Herpestes brachyurus (Kumara, 2007) and Herpestes javanicus (Ali et al., 2006) are reported from the WG region Karnataka. Herpestes brachyurus is a near threatened species. Indian Brown Mongoose, Herpestes fuscus, Ruddy Mongoose, Herpestessmithii and Stripe-necked Mongoose, Herpestes vitticollis are the legally protected Herpestidae species present in WG. Herpestes fuscus and Herpestes vitticollis are included in Schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Herpestes smithii is included in Appendix III of CITES and schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Hystricidae
is one of the smallest and widely distributed mammalian families present in the WG. This family includes large terrestrial rodents, Porcupines. Hystrix indica is the only species present across the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.8). Hystrix indica is commonly known as Indian porcupine or Indian crested porcupine. As per the IUCN status, it is considered as least concern species and it is legally protected by including under Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act. It shows a habitat preference of Rocky Hillsides, Tropical and Temperate Shrublands, Grasslands, Forests, Arable Lands, Plantations, and Gardens.
Hipposideridae
is the family of leaf-nosed bat. WG has 6 Hipposideridae species, Hipposideros ater, Hipposideros fulvus, Hipposideros galeritus, Hipposideros lankadiva, Hipposideros Pomona and Hipposideros speoris distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.9) As per the review, Hipposideros ater has reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu (Johnsingh, 2001; Basil et al., 2015; Korad et al., 2007). Hipposideros lankadiva is reported from the Maharashtra region of WG (Korad et al., 2007).
Leporidae
is the mammalian family includes rabbits and hares. It is one of the smallest family present in the WG which consists of only one species, Lepus nigricollis. It is distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.9). It is commonly known as Indian Hare or Black-naped Hare. According to IUCN, Lepus nigricollis is categorized as least concern and legally protected by including in Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Mustelidae
is the family of carnivorous mammals including otter, marten etc. Amblonyx cinereus, Lutra lutra, Lutrogale perspicillata, Martes gwatkinsii and Mellivora capensis are the Mustelidae species distributed across the WG region of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.10). Gubbi et. al., (2014) reported Mellivora capensis, commonly known as Honey Badger from the WG region of Karnataka. Martes gwatkinsii (Nilgiri marten) is the only Mustelidae species which is endemic to WG. According to IUCN red list, Amblonyx cinereus, Lutrogale perspicillata and Martes gwatkinsii are categorized as vulnerable species and Lutra lutra is considered as near threatened species. Amblonyx cinereus is legally protected by including in Schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 as ammended upto 1999 and Appendix II of CITES. Lutrogale perspicillata, Mellivora capensis, and Martes gwatkinsii are legally protected by including in Appendix II of CITES, Appendix III of CITES and schedule II Part II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Appendix III of CITES respectively.
Molossidae
is the family of free-tailed bats belongs to the order Chiroptera. WG has 4 species, Otomops wroughtoni, Tadarida aegyptiaca and Tadarida plicata and has distributed across the regions of southern WG (Fig. 6.6.10). As per the review, Otomops wroughtoni is reported from the Kerala region of WG and legally protected by included in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act amended in 2006. Tadarida plicata is reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu (Korad, 2007).
Muridae
is the mammalian family of rodents. It is one of the largest and widely distributed mammalian families present in the WG. Bandicota bengalensis, B. indica, B. sp, Golunda ellioti, Millardiakondana, M. meltada, Mus booduga, Mus cervicolor paillica, M. famulus, M. musculus, M. platythrix, M. sp, Rattus ranjiniae, R. rattus, Rattus rattus wroughtoni, R. rufescens, R. satarae, Tatera indica, Vandeleuria nilagirica and V. oleracea are the Muridae species distributed in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.11). As per the review, Rattus ranjiniae is reported from the WG regions of Kerala (Nameer et al., 2015), Tateraindica is reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu (Johnsingh, 2001) and Mus cervicolor paillica is reported from Kerala regions (Radhakrishnan, 2003) and Millardiakondana from Maharashtra region of WG (Talmale et al., 2013). Rattus rattus wroughtoni, Rattus satarae and Vandeleuria nilagirica are the species endemic to WG and it is highly distributed in the Karnataka region of WG (Molur and Singh, 2009). Majority of Muridae species are legally protected. These species are added in the schedule V of Indian Wildlife Protection Act which includes, Bandicota bengalensis, B. indica, Golunda ellioti, Millardiakondana, M. meltada, Mus booduga, Mus cervicolorpaillica, M. famulus, Rattus ranjiniae, Rattus rattus wroughtoni, R. satarae, Tatera indica, Vandeleuria nilagirica and Vandeleuria oleracea.
Megadermatidae
family includes false vampire bats. Megaderma is the only one genera present in the WG region. Megaderma lyra and Megaderma spasma are the two Megadermatidae species present in the regions of central and southern WG (Fig. 6.6.11). Both species were considered as least concern by IUCN Red data list.
Pteropodidae
is the mammalian family belongs to the order Chiroptera consists of fruit bats. WG has 6 Pteropodidae species, which comprises Cynopterus brachyotis, Cynopterus sphinx, Eonycteris spelaea, Latidens salimalii, Pteropus giganteus and Rousettus leschenaultia. These species are distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.12). As per the reviewed literatures, Eonycteris spelaea is reported from the WG region of Kerala (Korad et al., 2007). Cynopterus brachyotis shows higher distribution in Karnataka and Tamilnadu regions of WG. According to the IUCN conservation status, Latidens salimalii is categorized as endangered species. Cynopterus brachyotis, Cynopterus sphinx, Rousettus leschenaultia and Cremnomys blanfordi included in Schedule V of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Latidens salimalii is included in the Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Platacanthomyidae
is one of the smallest rodent families present in the WG. Platacanthomys lasiurus is the only one species of Platacanthomyidae family distributed across the regions of Southern WG (Fig. 6.6.12). It is commonly known as Malabar spiny dormouse and it is endemic to WG. According to IUCN conservation status, it is categorized as vulnerable species and protected according to Indian Wildlife Protection Act, Schedule V.
Rhinolophidae
is the family of Horseshoe bats. It is one of the widely distributed mammalian families present in the WG. Members of Rhinolophidae family present in the WG region are Cremnomys blanfordi, Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus beddomei, Rhinolophus Lepidus, Rhinolophus luctus, Rhinolophus pusillus and Rhinolophus rouxii. These species are distributed across Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.13). Korad et al (2007) reported Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus pusillus, Rhinolophus beddomei, Rhinolophus rouxii and Rhinolophus luctus are the from the Western Ghats region. Cremnomys blanfordi are legally protected by including under Schedule V of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Rhinopomatidae
is the family of insectivorous mouse-tailed bats. Rhinopoma is the only genera of Rhinopomatidae family present in the WG. Rhinopoma hardwickii and Rhinopoma microphyllum are the two species present across the WG region of Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.13). These species are classified under least concern category.
Manidae
is the only mammalian family belongs to the order Pholidota and this family has only one genus, Manis. Manis crassicaudata is the only Manidae species present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.13). This species is commonly known as Indian Pangolin. Indian Wildlife Protection Act, Schedule It is categorized as endangered species and included in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Soricidae
is the mammalian family which commonly includes shrews. Feroculus feroculus, Suncus dayi, Suncus etruscus, Suncus montanus, Suncus murinus and Suncus niger are the Soricidae species present in WG region and it has distributed across the WG region of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.14). As per the review, Feroculus feroculus is reported from the Western Ghats region of Kerala (Radhakrishnan, 2002). Suncus dayi is the only Soricidae species which is endemic to WG and it is categorized as endangered species. Suncus murinus, commonly known as House Shrew is the highly distributed species in the WG.
Lorisidae
is the family of strepsirrhine primates which includes arboreal mammals like lorises, pottos, and angwantibos. WG has 3 Lorisidae species; it includes Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus and Loris tardigradus. These are distributed across the regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.14). Loris tardigradus is an endangered species reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu (Johnsingh, 2001; Seshadri and Ganesh. 2011). Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus and Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus are legally protected and included in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Suidae
is the family of pigs, hogs, or boars. Sus scrofa is the only one Suidae species present in the WG. It is distributed in the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.14). This species is included in the Schedule I and III of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Sciuridae
is the family contains squirrels. Ammospermophilus interpres, Funambulus palmarum, Funambulus sublineatus, Funambulus tristriatus, Funamhulus layardi, Petaurista petaurista, Petaurista philippensis, Petinomys fuscocapillus, Ratufa indica and Ratufa macroura are the Sciuridae family present in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.15). Funambulus tristriatus is the only Sciuridae species which is endemic to WG. As per the IUCN conservation status, Funambulus sublineatus and Ratufa macroura are categorized as vulnerable and near threatened species respectively. According to the reviewed literatures, Funamhulus layardi and Ammospermophilus interpres are reported from Kerala region of WG (Radhakrishnan, 2002; Vijayakumar et al., 2015). Petaurista petaurista is reported from the Karnataka region (Ali et al., 2006). Petaurista petaurista, Petaurista philippensis, and Ratufaindica are the legally protected species under Schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Petinomys fuscocapillus is under Schedule I. Ratufa macroura is included in Schedule II and CITES.
Tragulidae
is the family which includes the species of deer-mouse. Moschiola indica and Moschiola meminna are the two species present in the WG region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.15). Moschiola indica (Indian deer mouse) is legally protected by including in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act.
Vespertilionidae
is the largest bat family which includes evening bats or common bats. It is the largest bat family present in the WG. There are 25 species; Barbastella leucomelas darjelingensis, Harpiocephalus harpia, Harpiocephalus harpia madrassius, Hesperoptenus tickelli, Hypsugo savii, Kerivoula hardwickii, Kerivoula lenis, Kerivoula picta, Mimiopterus fuliginosus, Miniopterus schreibersii, Miniopterus pusillus, Murina cyclottis, Myotis horsfieldii, Myotis montivagus, Pipistrellus affinis, Pipistrellus ceylonicus, Pipistrelluscoromandra, Pipistrellus javanicus, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Pipistrellus mimus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Scotophilus kuhlii and Scotophilus heathii. These species are distributed across the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.16). Barbastella leucomelas darjelingensis, Hesperoptenus tickelli, Mimiopterus fuliginosus, Miniopterus pusillus, Myotis horsfieldii, Myotis montivagus, Pipistrellus ceylonicus and Scotophilus kuhlii are reported from the Tamilnadu regions of WG (Wordley et al., 2014). Radhakrishnan, 2002 reported Harpiocephalus harpia madrassius from the WG region of Kerala. Hypsugo savii, Kerivoula hardwickii and Kerivoula lenis are reported from the Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala respectively (Korad, 2007).
Viverridae
is the family consists of small-medium sized animals such as otter, civet etc. WG has Lutrogale perspicillata, Paradoxurus hermaphrodites, Paradoxurus jerdoni, Viverra civettina, Viverricula indica are the Viverridae species. These species has distributed across the region of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.17). Lutrogale perspicillata is the Smooth Coated Otter is considered as vulnerable and Malabar Civet, Viverricula indica is categorized as critically endangered species. Viverra civettina is the endemic species present in the WG, it is commonly known as Malabar civet, Malabar large-spotted civet. Paradoxurus jerdoni, Lutrogale perspicillata, Viverricula indica are legally protected species.
Tupaiidae
is the mammalian family of tree shrews. WG has only one Tupaiidae species, Anathana ellioti. It is commonly known as South Indian Tree shrew or Madras tree shrew. Srinivas et al (2013) reported Anathana ellioti from the Tamilnadu regions of WG (Fig. 6.6.17).
Ursidae
is one of the smallest mammalian family present in the WG. Melursus ursinus, commonly known as Sloth bear is the Ursidae species distributed in the regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.17). According to the IUCN Red data list, it is categorized under the Category vulnerable and it is legally protected by including in the Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and Appendix I of CITES.

Distribution of endemic species
Among the 161 species of Mammals, 10 species (6%) are Endemic to WG (Fig. 6.6.18 & Fig. 6.6.19). All the 11 families present in the WG region are endemic. Funambulus tristriatus, Macaca silenus, Martes gwatkinsii, Nilgiritragus hylocrius, Platacanthomys lasiurus, Rattus rattus wroughtoni, Rattus satarae, Suncus dayi, Vandeleuria nilagirica and Viverra civettina are the endemic mammalian species present in WG.

Distribution based on conservation status
According to the IUCN conservation status, all the mammalian species present in the WG were classified into different categories on the basis of their threat status. Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated are the different categories (Fig. 6.6.20). Among the 161 mammals present in the WG region, 3 species were categorized as Critically Endangered (CE), 14 species were categorized as Endangered (EN), 13 species were considered as Vulnerable (VU), 8 species comes under the category Near Threatened (NT), 95 species were grouped under the Least Concern category and 1 species were categorized under the group Data Deficient (DD). Conservation Status of 27 species of amphibians was not evaluated (Fig. 6.6.21).

Fig. 6.6.20. Spatial distribution of the Mammalian species according to IUCN status.
Equus africanus, Millardia kondana and Viverra civettina are classified as critically endangered species by IUCN conservation status (Fig. 6.6.22). As per the literatures, these species shows distribution in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. In these Equus africanus were reported from the WG region of Tamilnadu, Millardia kondana is reported from Maharashtra and Viverra civettina shows higher distribution in Karnataka region of WG.
According to IUCN conservation status, 14 mammalian species such as Bubalus bubalis, Cuon alpines, Elephas maximus, Feroculus feroculus, Latidens salimalii, Loris tardigradus, Macaca silenus, Manis crassicaudata, Mus famulus, Nilgiritragus hylocrius, Panthera tigris, Rattus ranjiniae, Suncus dayi and Vandeleuria nilagirica are the endangered mammalian species present in the WG regions.These species has distributed across the WG regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu (Fig. 6.6.23).
WG region has 13 vulnerable mammalian species. That shows 8% of the total mammalian population present in the WG is categorized as vulnerable. Amblonyx cinereus, Funambulus sublineatus, Lutrogale perspicillata, Martes gwatkinsii, Melursus ursinus, Panthera pardus, Platacanthomys lasiurus, Prionailurus viverrinus, Rattus satarae, Rusa unicolor, Suncus montanus, Tetracerus quadricornis and Trachypithecus johnii (Fig. 6.6.24).These vulnerable species were reported from all regions of WG except Goa.
Antilope cervicapra, Herpestes brachyurus, Hyaena hyaena, Lutra lutra, Miniopterus schreibersii, Prionailurus rubiginosus, Ratufa macrouraand Semnopithecus priam are the 8 mammalian species from the families were considered as Near Threatened (NT) species (Fig. 6.6.25). These species were distributed in the WG regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. These species show higher distribution towards the central and southern regions of WG. According to the conservation status, 95 mammalian species present in the WG were categorized under Least Concern category. Of the total population of mammals in WG, 59% were categorized as Least Concern species (Fig. 6.6.26). These species are reported from 25 families of the WG region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. In the WG region, only 1 mammalian species was categorized under the category Data Deficient (DD). Otomops wroughtoni is the species under Data Deficient category reported from the WG region Kerala (Fig. 6.6.27).
Conservation Status of 27 species of mammals was not evaluated, that comprises almost 17% of the total number of species present in the WG (Fig. 6.6.28). The conservation status of the mammals from the families Bovidae, Canidae, Cercopithecidae, Equidae, Felidae, Lorisidae, Muridae, Sciuridae, Soricidae, Tupaiidae, and Vespertilionidae are not evaluated. These species show distribution across all regions of WG except Gujarat.

6.7. Endemic fauna distribution across latitude gradients
According to the latitudinal range, Western Ghats region has divided into 14 one-degree grids (110 x 110 sq.km) and 7 two-degree grids (220 x 220 sq.km). Endemic and non-endemic species population and percentage endemism of species per one-degree and two-degree grid were estimated (Table: 6.7.1 & 6.7.2) (Fig. 6.7.1 & 6.7.2). The distribution of Endemic and non-endemic species shows higher diversity in southern WG followed by central and northern WG. Logistic trend lines were fitted to find out the pattern of endemism.

Fishes
As per the literatures, 40 endemic fishes were reported from the latitudinal grids 10-110 and 14-150, hence these grids shows higher endemism (45.45%). No endemic species were reported from the latitudinal range of 20-210 and 21-220 (Fig. 6.7.3).
The endemic distribution of fishes also shows a declining pattern in the two-degree latitudinal grid. The highest percentage endemism is estimated at 10-120 (51.13%) latitude range and lowest at 18-200 range (20%) (Fig. 6.7.4).
Amphibians
Amphibians show higher diversity in the latitudinal range of 10-110 and the least diversity is estimated in the 21-220 Latitude. Endemism is also higher in 10-110 (44.15% endemism) and least endemism in 20-210 (0.64% endemism). The latitudinal range of 21-220 shows zero endemism (Fig. 6.7.5).
In two-degree grid, the percentage endemism shows a declining range, higher endemism is estimated at 10-120 (35.88%) latitude range and lower at 20-220 range (0.4%) (Fig. 6.7.6).
Reptiles
Reptiles show higher diversity and endemism in the latitudinal range of 8-90 (53 endemic species and 51% endemism) and the least is estimated in the 21-220 Latitude. As per the literatures reviewed, no endemic reptiles were reported from the latitude range of 21-220 (Fig. 6.7.7).
In two-degree grid, the percentage endemism and species diversity shows a declining pattern, higher is estimated at 8-100 grid, with a diversity of 70 endemic species and 68% endemism. Only 2 endemic species is reported from the grid 20-220, hence it is the grid with lowest endemism (1.9% endemism) (Fig. 6.7.8).
Birds
As per the literatures, 24 endemic birds were reported from the grid 10-110, hence it shows higher endemism (85%) and no endemic species were reported from the latitudinal range of 16-170, 20-210 and 21-220 (Fig. 6.7.9).
The endemic distribution of birds also shows a declining range in the two-degree latitudinal grid. The highest percentage endemism is estimated at 10-120 (89.28%) latitude range and lowest at 20-220 range (0%) (Fig. 6.7.10).
Mammals
In mammals, highest diversity and endemism is reported from the latitudinal range of 8-90 and 9-100 (80% endemism per grid). No endemic mammalian species were reported from the latitudinal range from 160 to 220 (Fig. 6.7.11).
In two-degree grid, mammalian percentage endemism per grid and species diversity shows a declining pattern, higher is estimated at 8-100 grid, with a diversity of 9 endemic species and 90% endemism. From the grids, 16-180, 18-200 and 20-220 no endemic species were reported. Hence these grids show 0% endemism (Fig. 6.7.12).