Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats

Abstract: The Western Ghats has maximum number of crustose lichens represented by 618 taxa followed by foliose and fruticose with 269 and 62 species respectively. The Nilgiri Biosphere area of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu has been better explored for lichens while other localities remain under explored. Hence, among different states Tamil Nadu has the highest number of lichens with 657 taxa followed by Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra with 336, 288 and 91 taxa respectively. The lichens recorded from Goa are included under Maharashtra as they are few in number, while no records from Gujarat are available. In case of Tamil Nadu most of the lichens are from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The article enumerates the occurrence of 949 taxa of lichens in Western Ghats with high percentage of endemism (26.7%), which is highest for any Lichenogeographic regions in India. Graphidaceous, Parmelioid, Physcioid, Pyrenocarpous and Thelotremataceous lichens dominate the region. This article also discusses the history of lichenological investigation in Western Ghats, economic importance of lichens of the region and their conservation problems.

Introduction

The symbiotic association between an alga and a fungus has resulted in a new life form called lichen. It is present in a wide range of habitats throughout the world and dominates terrestrial ecosystems (about 8%). 20,000 species of lichens have been reported globally. The Indian subcontinent has 2,450 species of lichens, of which India alone has about 2040 species (Awasthi, 2000).

Western Ghats (here after referred as WGs) is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, which stretches from Tapti valley in the north of Gujarat to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, covering a distance of 1600 km with over 100 km wide. The WGs runs through different states of south-western India such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and covers various types of vegetation including evergreen, tropical deciduous, scrub, montane, subtropical temperate forests and grasslands. The diversity of higher plant flora and fauna has been studied in great detail since European colonization in India. Although there has been substantial research in terms of medicinal and ecosystem values, the lower plants such as lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes, algae and fungi have not received desired attention.

Lichenological investigations in India and Western Ghats: History

Lichens of India are being studied since 1753 AD. Linnaeus mentioned the occurrence of Lichen fuciformis (L.) DC. ( Rocella montagnei Bél.) from India, in his masterpiece ‘Species Plantarum'. Eric Acharius (1810, 1814) the father of Lichenology describes lichens in his classical works ‘Lichenographia Universalis' and ‘Synopsis Methodica Lichenum'. There after the Indian lichens have been described by various lichenologists.

Bélanger (1838) was the first person to study the lichens of WGs, who described a total of 40 taxa from Pondicherry and Coromandel Coast of which six were new to science. Montagne (1842), Stirton (1876, 1879), Hue (1898, 1899, 1900a,b, 1901), Jatta (1902, 1905, 1911), Smith (1926), Choisy (1931), Santesson (1952), Moreau and Moreau (1952) were the important European lichenologists who studied lichens of WGs. Awasthi (1965) and Singh (1964) have compiled lichens described by various researchers till 1960s including that of WGs.

Quraishi (1928) and Chopra (1934) were the pioneer lichenologists in India who studied the Himalayan lichens. Dr. D.D. Awasthi, ‘Father of Indian Lichenology', started the study of lichens in a systematic way. His work on lichens of WGs was first published in 1957 (Awasthi, 1957), which reported new species, like Parmelia (Hypogymnia) pseudobitteriana (from Kodaikanal). The school of lichenology at Lucknow University contributed a lot to the lichens of Nilgiri and Palni Hills (Singh 1984). The lichenological investigation in WGs was strengthened during 1960's with the setting up of the school of lichenology at Agarkar Research Institute (‘Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science'), Pune. Lichenology laboratory of National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and Botanical Survey of India have compiled vast information on the lichens of WGs. Singh (1980) consolidated the lichenological investigation between 1966-1977. Upreti (1992, 1995, 1997) and Upreti and Nayaka (2000, 2003) updated the developments in Indian lichenology.

Status of lichen diversity in WGs

Catalogue of the lichens from India, Nepal, Pakistan and Ceylon (Awasthi, 1965) lists around 250 taxa of WGs lichens. 225 taxa were added to the lichens of WGs during 1966-1977 (Singh, 1980). Patwardhan (1983), and Singh and Sinha (1997) estimation, shows 800 lichen species in WGs. Kumar and Stephen (1997a) in their attempt to consolidate information have listed 315 and 771 lichen taxa (Kumar and Stephen 1999), mainly based on macro and microlichen keys of Awasthi (1988,1991).

The present communication attempts to update the list of lichens for WGs. The nomenclature changes are incorporated by following Egan (1987) and CABI Bioscience Database (http://www.indexfungorum.org/index.htm). There are 949 lichen taxa in WGs belonging to 929 species, 20 varieties, 150 genera and 54 families, which is around 45% of the total lichens in India, the highest for any lichenogeographical region in the country. The crustose lichen dominates in WGs represented by 618 taxa followed by foliose lichens and fruticose lichens, which are represented by 269 and 62 taxa respectively. Out of the 949 lichen taxa the occurrence of 10 are doubtful in WGs. The highest number of endemic lichens (253 species (26.7%)) is present; of which 210 are found only in WGs while remaining 43 occur in other lichenogeographical regions of India (Table 4).

Parmeliaceae with 137 species belonging to 22 genera is the dominant family in the WGs while Graphis is the dominant genus with 49 species. 10 dominant lichen families and 16 dominant genera are listed in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Perithecia bearing lichens (Pyrenocarpous) mostly with crustose thallus (needs a more or less smooth and soft surface) exhibit their luxuriance in the WGs represented by 177 taxa, belonging to lichen families Arthopyreniaceae, Astrotheliaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Strigulaceae, Trichotheliaceae, Trypetheliaceae, Verrucariaceae. The Pamelioid, Graphidaceous, Physcioid and Thelotremataceous lichens with 137, 103, 90 and 72 species respectively also dominates the area.

Except for numerical and some nomenclature changes, the status of lichen diversity recorded in the present study from WGs (Table 3) is similar to the earlier reports (Singh and Sinha, 1997). The lichens in most parts of WGs are tropical in nature, while the higher altitudes of Nilgiri, Palni Hills and Kodaikanal support the growth of temperate lichens.

Economic importance of lichens

The lichens have been household items of Indians since ancient times as medicines and in various cultural events (Kumar and Upreti, 2001). ‘Shipal' in Atharveda (1500 B.C) is the first record of lichen used as medicine. The vernacular name ‘Charila' is widely used in Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine in India. The Sanskrit synonyms of lichens are ‘Shailaya' and ‘Shila Pushp' (Shila = rock, Pushp = flower). Lichens are used in the preparation of an indigenous perfume named ‘Otto' (the Hina Attar) at Kannauj, a town of Uttar Pradesh, which has been famous for the past 800 years for its perfume production. The common condiments used in food dishes called ‘Gharm Masala', ‘Meat Masala', ‘Sambar Masala' also contains lichen powder or whole plants as a major ingredient. The lichens have around 700 secondary metabolites, of which 550 are unique Most of these secondary metabolites have antibiotic properties and the much-exploited one is the usnic acid. Among the 949 lichen taxa of WGs, a total of 23 species that have well documented ethnic or commercial utilization are marked in Table 4 (Upreti et al., 2005). The lichens are sensitive to air pollution and microclimatic changes. Hence, widely considered as bioindicators and constitute an important component of biodiversity in a region.

Conservation of WGs lichens

The factors responsible for loss of lichen diversity in India (Upreti, 1995) include the change in the ecological conditions, forest cover, loss of habitat and increase of the urban and industrial areas. The anthropogenic activities in hilly regions such as ‘Jhoom' cultivation, agriculture, mineral extraction, tourism, hydroelectric and road building projects are leading to the rapid deterioration of lichen rich habitats. Over exploitation and selective removal of economically important lichens by local people pose serious threat to the lichens in India. Collected from the temperate regions of the Himalayas lichens are used indigenously and also exported. The Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal hills are the main areas of lichen collection in India. Few ethnic groups in the central Indian region of Madhya Pradesh and in certain localities of WGs also collect these plants. In the last five decades lichens of India has considerably declined in diversity and abundance. The raw material required for the various uses of lichens is quite high. The lichens weigh very little when dry, thus a vast bulk of these plants is required. 320 tons of lichens are annually utilized for different purpose in Nepal and adjoining regions of India (Moxham, 1986). Approximately 750 metric tons of lichens are brought in annually from the Uttaranchal hill and 800 metric tons from other regions of India, including Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Assam; of this about 50-80 metric tons are exported (Shah, 1997). The study of lichen samples available in local markets of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu yielded 11 species of lichens (Upreti et al., 2005). Quantitative studies have not been carried out in WGs to assess the amount of lichen collected, utilized, exported and its effect on particular lichen species or whole lichen diversity of the region.

Scope for lichenological investigation in WGs

Despite numerous studies in WGs, there still remain a number of interesting protected areas and special habitats such as Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka, Sanctuaries in Goa, forests of Gujarat, mangrove vegetation in the west coast to be explored for lichen. So far most of the survey and collection have been made from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The mangrove vegetation has richer folicolous lichens and up to date only 39 species of them are recorded from WGs. The lichenological data from Nilgiri and Palni Hills is outdated and reassessment of lichen diversity in the area should be carried out. Some of the lichen species such as Bulbothrix bulbochaeta (Hale) Hale, Hypotrachyna dodapetta Hale and Patw, Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale and Ahti, P. disparile (Nyl.) Hale, P. erhizinosum (Awasthi) Awasthi, P. kamatii Patw. and Prabhu, P. xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, and Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) An addition of minimum 200 species can be expected if thorough exploration of lichens is carried out in the WGs. Bioprospecting lichen wealth is another interesting aspect to be attempted in the WGs. The scarcity of trained personnel for lichenology in India has lead to insufficient or non-exploration of many important and interesting localities in the country. It has become a necessity to create awareness among the students, common people, forest officials and authorities regarding the importance of lichens and the actions to be taken to conserve their diversity now.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for providing laboratory facilities work, to Dr. G. P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad for providing information regarding WGs lichens and to Mrs. Poonam for helping in data entry.

Table 1 : Dominant lichens families in Western Ghats arranged in decreasing order of species richness. Top

Table 2 : Dominant lichen genus (more than 20 species) in Western Ghats arranged in decreasing order of species richness. Top

Table 3 : Distribution of lichens in different lichenogeographical regions. (Singh and Sinha (1987) with updation for WGs) Top

Table 4 : List of lichens described from Western Ghats, their family, growth form, distribution in different states and status. (Note : K=Kerala, TN=Tamil Nadu, KN=Karnataka, M=Maharashtra, + = present, – = absent, EI = endemic to India, EWG = endemic and found only in Western Ghats, OD = occurrence doubtful, * = lichens with ethnic or economic importance, and # = foliicolous). Top

Sl. No.	Taxa	Family	Growth Form	K	TN	KN	M	Status
				1	2	3	4
1	Anthracothecium assamiense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EI
2	Anthracothecium austroindicum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
3	Anthracothecium awasthii	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
4	Anthracothecium borbonicum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
5	Anthracothecium confine	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
6	Anthracothecium corticatum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
7	Anthracothecium depressum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
8	Anthracothecium globeliferum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
9	Anthracothecium goaense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
10	Anthracothecium gonistomum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
11	Anthracothecium himalayense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
12	Anthracothecium himalayense var. pseudohimalayense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
13	Anthracothecium indicum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EI
14	Anthracothecium macrosporum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
15	Anthracothecium maculatum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
16	Anthracothecium manipurense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
17	Anthracothecium megaspermum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
18	Anthracothecium ochrotropum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
19	Anthracothecium oculatum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
20	Anthracothecium platystomum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
21	Anthracothecium pustiliferum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
22	Anthracothecium pyrenuloides	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
23	Anthracothecium seminudum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
24	Anthracothecium staurosporum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
25	Anthracothecium thwaitesii	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
26	Anthracothecium variolosum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
27	Arthonia inconspicua	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
28	Arthonia medusula	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
29	Arthonia pellea	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
30	Arthonia recedens	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
31	Arthonia reniformis	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
32	Arthonia tumidula	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+
33	Arthopyrenia alboatra	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
34	Arthopyrenia clavaeformis	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

35	Arthopyrenia fraxinii	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
36	Arthopyrenia indusiata	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
37	Arthopyrenia lapponina	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
38	Arthopyrenia nidulans	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
39	Arthopyrenia punctiformis	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
40	Arthopyrenia subnexa	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
41	Arthopyrenia terminata	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
42	Arthothelium abnorme	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EI
43	Arthothelium achromaticum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
44	Arthothelium albescens	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
45	Arthothelium anomalum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
46	Arthothelium awasthii	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EI
47	Arthothelium chiodectoides	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+
48	Arthothelium chlorofuscum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
49	Arthothelium corticatum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
50	Arthothelium deplantatum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
51	Arthothelium dispersum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
52	Arthothelium distentum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
53	Arthothelium fuscoroseum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
54	Arthothelium karnatakanse	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
55	Arthothelium keralense	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
56	Arthothelium maculatum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
57	Arthothelium nigrescens	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
58	Arthothelium nigrodiscum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
59	Arthothelium plicatum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
60	Arthothelium ramosum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
61	Arthothelium saxicolum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
62	Arthothelium subruanum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
63	Arthothelium verruculosum	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
64	Arthothelium zahlbrucknerii	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
65	Aspicilia cinerea	Hymeneliaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
66	Astrothelium ochrothelizum	Astrotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
67	Bacidia alutacea	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
68	Bacidia apiahica	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
69	Bacidia fusconigrescens	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
70	Bacidia fusconigrescens var. oleosa	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
71	Bacidia incongruens	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EI
72	Bacidia laurocerasi	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
73	Bacidia medialis	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
74	Bacidia millegrana	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
75	Bacidia nigra	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG/OD
76	Bacidia personata	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
77	Bacidia phaeolomoides	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
78	Bacidia polychroa	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

79	Bacidia psorina	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
80	Bacidia rubella	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
81	Bacidia rufescens	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
82	Bacidia spadicea	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
83	Bacidia subletorum	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
84	Bacidia submedialis	Bacidiaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+
85	Bacidina apiahica	Lecanoraceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
86	Badimia pallidula	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
87	Baeomyces soredifer	Beomycetaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
88	Brigantiaea ionoexcipula	Brigantiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
89	Brigantiaea leucoxantha	Brigantiaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
90	Brigantiaea nigra	Brigantiaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EWG
91	Brigantiaea pulchra	Brigantiaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
92	Buellia aethalea	Brigantiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
93	Buellia aggredians	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
94	Buellia betulinoides	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
95	Buellia ceylanensis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
96	Buellia conformis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
97	Buellia confusa	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
98	Buellia curatellae	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
99	Buellia curtisii	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
100	Buellia disconformis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
101	Buellia disjecta	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+	EWG
102	Buellia flavella	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
103	Buellia flavelloides	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
104	Buellia glaucotheca	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
105	Buellia granularis	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
106	Buellia hemispherica	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
107	Buellia indica	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
108	Buellia inornata	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
109	Buellia insignis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
110	Buellia isidiophora	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
111	Buellia nilgiriensis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
112	Buellia palniensis	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
113	Buellia pleiotera	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
114	Buellia sororioides	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
115	Buellia stigmea	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
116	Buellia stillingiana	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
117	Buellia subsororioides*	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
118	Buellia substigmea	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
119	Bulbothrix bulbochaeta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
120	Bulbothrix isidiza	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
121	Bulbothrix meizophora*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
122	Bulbothrix sensibilis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
123	Bullatina aspidota	Gomphillaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
124	Byssolecania fumosonigricans	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–

125	Byssoloma leucoblepharum	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
126	Byssoloma subdiscordans	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
127	Byssophragmia monospora	Uncertain affinity	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
128	Calicium abietinum	Caliciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
129	Calicium glaucellum	Caliciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
130	Calicium robustellum	Caliciaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
131	Calopadia fusca	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
132	Calopadia puiggarii	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
133	Calopadia subceorulescens	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
134	Caloplaca ferruginea	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
135	Caloplaca flavorubescens	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
136	Caloplaca malaensis	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
137	Caloplaca pindarensis	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
138	Caloplaca sipeana	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
139	Caloplaca vitellinula	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
140	Campylothelium nitidum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
141	Candelaria concolor	Candeleriaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
142	Candelaria indica	Candeleriaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
143	Canomaculina subsumpta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
144	Canomaculina subtinctoria*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
145	Canoparmelia carneopruinata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
146	Canoparmelia cinerascens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
147	Canoparmelia crozalsiana	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
148	Canoparmelia ecaperata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
149	Canoparmelia pustulescens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
150	Canoparmelia texana*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
151	Catapyrenium lachneum	Verrucariaceae	Foliose	–	–	–	+
152	Catillaria endochroma	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
153	Catillaria intermixta	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
154	Catillaria leptocheila	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
155	Catillaria leptocheiloides	Catillariaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
156	Catillaria nilgiriensis	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
157	Catillaria obscura	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
158	Catillaria pulverea	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
159	Catillaria versicolor	Catillariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
160	Cetrelia olivetorum	Catillariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
161	Chiodecton hypochnoides	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
162	Chiodecton leptosporum	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
163	Chrysothrix candelaris	Chrysothricacae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
164	Cladonia bacillaris	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
165	Cladonia caespiticia	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
166	Cladonia ceratophylla	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
167	Cladonia chlorophaea	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
168	Cladonia cornuta	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
169	Cladonia crispata	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
170	Cladonia farinacea	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–

171	Cladonia fimbriata	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
172	Cladonia furcata	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
173	Cladonia macilenta	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
174	Cladonia polydactyla	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
175	Cladonia ramulosa	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
176	Cladonia scabriuscula	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
177	Cladonia vulcanica	Cladoniaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
178	Clathroporina duplicascens	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
179	Coccocarpia erythroxyli	Coccocarpiaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
180	Coccocarpia palmicola	Coccocarpiaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
181	Coccocarpia pellita	Coccocarpiaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
182	Collema auriforme	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
183	Collema callibotrys	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
184	Collema callybotrys var. coecophyllizum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
185	Collema coccophyllum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
186	Collema conglomeratum var. crassiculum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
187	Collema crispum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
188	Collema furfuraceum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
189	Collema glaucophthalmum	Collemataceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
190	Collema glaucothalmum var. implicatum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
192	Collema leptaleum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
191	Collema leptaleum var. bilosum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
193	Collema nigrescens	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
194	Collema pulcellum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	+
195	Collema rugosum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
196	Collema subflaccidum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
197	Collema subnigrescens	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
198	Cornicularia muricata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	+	–
199	Cryptothecia albomaculata	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
200	Cryptothecia anamalaiensis	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
201	Cryptothecia awasthii	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
202	Cryptothecia culbersonae	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
203	Cryptothecia emergens	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
204	Cryptothecia faveolata	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
205	Cryptothecia groenhartii	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
206	Cryptothecia involuta	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EI
207	Cryptothecia lunulata	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+
208	Cryptothecia macroacarpa	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
209	Cryptothecia macrospora	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
210	Cryptothecia nilghiriensis	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
211	Cryptothecia stirtonii	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
212	Cryptothecia subnidulans	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
213	Cryptothecia subtecta	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–

214	Cryptothecia verrucominuta	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
215	Cryptotheica porosa	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
216	Cyphelium sessile	Caliciaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
217	Degelia plumbea	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
218	Dendriscocaulon intricatulum	Uncertain affinity	Crustose	+	–	–	–	OD
219	Dendriscocaulon umhausense	Uncertain affinity	Crustose	–	+	–	–
220	Dermatocarpon vellereum	Verrucariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
221	Diploschistes actinostomus	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
222	Diploschistes candissimus	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
223	Diploschistes cinereocaesis	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
224	Diploschistes megalosporus	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
225	Diploschistes muscorum subsp. bartlettii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
226	Diploschistes muscorum subsp. muscorum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
227	Diploschistes rampoddensis	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
228	Diploschistes scruposus	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
229	Diplotomma pharcidium	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
230	Diplotomma proximatum	Physciaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
231	Dirinaria aegialita	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
232	Dirinaria aegialita var. angelica	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
233	Dirinaria applanata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
234	Dirinaria applanata var. endochroma	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
235	Dirinaria confluens	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
236	Dirinaria consimilis	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
237	Dirinaria picta	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
238	Endocarpon pusillum	Verrucariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+
239	Erioderma meiocarpum	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
240	Erioderma polycarpon	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
241	Everniastrum cirrhatum*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
242	Everniastrum nepalense*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
243	Everniastrum vexans	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
244	Fellhanera bouteillei	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
245	Fellhanera fuscatula	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
246	Fellhanera rhapidophylli	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
247	Fellhanera semecarpi	Pilocarpaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
248	Flavoparmelia caperata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
249	Flavopuctelia flaventior*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
250	Fuscopannaria adanata	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
251	Fuscopannaria coerulescens	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
252	Glyphis cicatricosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
253	Glyphis confluents	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
254	Graphina andamanica	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
255	Graphina canaliculata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
256	Graphina cleistoblephara	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–

257	Graphina confluens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
258	Graphina dimorphodes	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
259	Graphina epixantha	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
260	Graphina fissofurcata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
261	Graphina hololeuca	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
262	Graphina incrustans	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
263	Graphina junghunii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
264	Graphina macella	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
265	Graphina marcescens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
266	Graphina nanodes	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
267	Graphina nylanderi	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
268	Graphina obtecta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
269	Graphina obtecta var. tuberculosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
270	Graphina panhalensis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
271	Graphina parilis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
272	Graphina perticosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
273	Graphina philippina	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
274	Graphina subnitida	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
275	Graphina subserpentina	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
276	Graphis afzelii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	+
277	Graphis ajarekarii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
278	Graphis anfructuosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
279	Graphis anguillaeformis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
280	Graphis aphanes	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	+
281	Graphis arecae	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EWG
282	Graphis asahinae	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
283	Graphis assimilis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
284	Graphis capillaceae	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EWG
285	Graphis celata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
286	Graphis ceylanica	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
287	Graphis congesta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
288	Graphis dumastii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
289	Graphis duplicata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
290	Graphis exalbata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	+
291	Graphis foliicola var. major	Graphidaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–	EWG
292	Graphis garoana	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
293	Graphis glaucescens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
294	Graphis glauconigra	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
295	Graphis grammatis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EWG
296	Graphis guimarana	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
297	Graphis homichlodes	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
298	Graphis hossei	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
299	Graphis illinata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
300	Graphis illota	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
301	Graphis inquinata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

302	Graphis intermediella	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
303	Graphis intritica	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
304	Graphis karstenii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
305	Graphis lineola	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
306	Graphis longiramea	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EI
307	Graphis marginata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
308	Graphis modesta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
309	Graphis nakanishiana	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
310	Graphis nigroglauca	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+
311	Graphis patwardhanii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
312	Graphis persicina	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	+
313	Graphis persulcata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
314	Graphis proserpens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
315	Graphis pyrrhocheiloides	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
316	Graphis schizograpta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
317	Graphis scripta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
318	Graphis sikkimensis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EI
319	Graphis striatula	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
320	Graphis subassimilis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
321	Graphis subvirginea	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
322	Graphis tenella	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
323	Graphis triticea	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EWG
324	Graphis vittata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	+
325	Gyalectidium filicinum	Gomphillaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
326	Haematomma puniceum	Haematommataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
327	Helminthocarpon subalbatum	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
328	Heppsora indica	Lecideaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
329	Heterocyphelium leucampyx	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	–	–	+	–
330	Heterodermia albicans	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
331	Heterodermia angustiloba	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
332	Heterodermia boryi	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
333	Heterodermia comosa	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
334	Heterodermia coronata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
335	Heterodermia dentritica	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
336	Heterodermia diademata*	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
337	Heterodermia dissecta	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
338	Heterodermia flabellata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
339	Heterodermia hypocaesia	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
340	Heterodermia hypoleuca	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
341	Heterodermia incana	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
342	Heterodermia isidiophora	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
343	Heterodermia japonica	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
344	Heterodermia leucomela*	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
345	Heterodermia obscurata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–

346	Heterodermia podocarpa	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
347	Heterodermia pseudospeciosa	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
348	Heterodermia speciosa	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
349	Heterodermia togashii	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
350	Heterodermia tremulans*	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
351	Hyperphyscia adglutinata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
352	Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
353	Hypogymnia zeylanica	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
354	Hypotrachyna awasthii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+	EWG
355	Hypotrachyna boquetensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
356	Hypotrachyna costaricensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
357	Hypotrachyna crenata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
358	Hypotrachyna degelii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
359	Hypotrachyna dodapetta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
360	Hypotrachyna endochlora	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
361	Hypotrachyna exsecta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
362	Hypotrachyna imbricatula	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
363	Hypotrachyna immaculata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
364	Hypotrachyna infirma	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
365	Hypotrachyna intercalanda	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
366	Hypotrachyna kingii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
367	Hypotrachyna livida	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
368	Hypotrachyna masonhalei	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
369	Hypotrachyna microblasta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
370	Hypotrachyna neodissecta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
371	Hypotrachyna orientalis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
372	Hypotrachyna osseoalba	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
373	Hypotrachyna physcioides	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
374	Hypotrachyna revoluta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
375	Hypotrachyna rockii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
376	Hypotrachyna thryptica	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–	EWG
377	Laurera aurantiaca	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
378	Laurera columellata	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
379	Laurera fusispora	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
380	Laurera keralensis	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
381	Laurera kundaraensis	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
382	Laurera madriporiformis	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
383	Laurera megasperma	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
384	Laurera subbenguelensis	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
385	Laurera subphaeomelodes	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
386	Laurera tuberculosa	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
387	Laurera vezdae	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
388	Lecanactis quassiae var. plurilocularis	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
389	Lecanora albella	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
390	Lecanora alophana	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+

391	Lecanora andina	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
392	Lecanora argentata	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
393	Lecanora caesiorubella	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
394	Lecanora cancilians	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
395	Lecanora carpinea	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
396	Lecanora chlarotera	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+
397	Lecanora cinereofusca	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	+	–	+
398	Lecanora cinereofusca var. himalayensis	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
399	Lecanora coronulans	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
400	Lecanora fimbriatula	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+
401	Lecanora flavidofusca	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
402	Lecanora flavidomarginta	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
403	Lecanora helva	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	+	–	+
404	Lecanora impudens	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
405	Lecanora indica	Lecanoraceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
406	Lecanora insignis	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
407	Lecanora intumescens	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
408	Lecanora iseana	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
409	Lecanora leprosa	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
410	Lecanora melanommata	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
411	Lecanora perplexa	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
412	Lecanora pseudargentata	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
413	Lecanora psundistera	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
414	Lecanora pulicaris	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
415	Lecanora subalbellina	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
416	Lecanora subimmersa	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
417	Lecanora subrugosa	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
418	Lecanora sulphurescens	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
419	Lecanora tropica	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
420	Lecanora varia	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
421	Lecidea oreinodes	Lecideaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
422	Lecidella enteroleucella	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
423	Lecidella parasema	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
424	Leioderma sorediatum	Pannariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
425	Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula	Imperfect lichenized fungi	Crustose	–	+	–	–
426	Leptogium adpressum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
427	Leptogium austro-americanum	Collemataceae	Foliose	+	–	+	+
428	Leptogium azureum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
429	Leptogium brevissonii	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
430	Leptogium burgessii	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
431	Leptogium burnetiae var. hirsutum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
432	Leptogium chloromelum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	+
433	Leptogium cochleatum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–

434	Leptogium corticola	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
435	Leptogium cyanescens	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
436	Leptogium denticulatum	Collemataceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
437	Leptogium fallax	Collemataceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
438	Leptogium furfuraceum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
439	Leptogium gelatinosum	Collemataceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
440	Leptogium indicum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	–	–	+	EI
441	Leptogium inflexum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
442	Leptogium isidiocellum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
443	Leptogium marginellum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
444	Leptogium milligranum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
445	Leptogium molluccanum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
446	Leptogium papillosum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
447	Leptogium phyllocarpum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
448	Leptogium pichneum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
449	Leptogium platynum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
450	Leptogium saturninum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
451	Leptogium ulvaceum	Collemataceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
452	Leptorhaphis epidermidis	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
453	Letrouitia aureola	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
454	Letrouitia domingensis	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
455	Letrouitia flavocrocea	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
456	Letrouitia muralis	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
457	Letrouitia transgressa	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
458	Letrouitia vulpina	Letrouitiaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
459	Lithothelium indicum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
460	Lobaria adscripturiens	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
461	Lobaria discolor	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
462	Lobaria discolor var. subinterversaens	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
463	Lobaria japonica	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
464	Lobaria retigera*	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
465	Lopadium coorgianum	Lopadiaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
466	Lopadium palniense	Lopadiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
467	Lopadium pezizoideum	Lopadiaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
468	Maronea constans	Fuscideaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
469	Mazosia bambusae	Opegraphaceae	Crustose #	+	–	–	–
470	Mazosia melanophthalma	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
471	Mazosia phyllosema	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
472	Mazosia rotula	Opegraphaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
473	Megalospora pruinata	Megalosporaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
474	Megalospora sulphurata	Megalosporaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
475	Megalospora tuberculosa	Megalosporaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
476	Menegazzia terebrata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
477	Mycomicrothelia nonensis	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
478	Mycomicrothelia thelena	Arthopyreniaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–

479	Myelochroa aurulenta*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
480	Myelochroa denegans	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
481	Myelochroa indica	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
482	Myelochroa irrugans	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
483	Myelochroa perisidians	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
484	Myelochroa xantholepis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
485	Myriotrema anamalaiensis	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
486	Myriotrema clandestinum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
487	Myriotrema compunctum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
488	Myriotrema concretum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
489	Myriotrema elachistoteron	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
490	Myriotrema fissurinum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
491	Myriotrema glaucescens	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
492	Myriotrema glaucophaenum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
493	Myriotrema microporum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
494	Myriotrema norstictideum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
495	Myriotrema terebrans	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
496	Myriotrema trypaneoides	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
497	Myriotrema wightii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
498	Nadvornikia diplotylia	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	–	–	+	–
499	Ocellularia albo-olivacea	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
500	Ocellularia allosporoides	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
501	Ocellularia arecae	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
502	Ocellularia asiatica	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
503	Ocellularia auberiana	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
504	Ocellularia berkeleyana	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
505	Ocellularia canara	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
506	Ocellularia canariana	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
507	Ocellularia diacida	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
508	Ocellularia garoana	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
509	Ocellularia groenhartii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EWG
510	Ocellularia jamesii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
511	Ocellularia karnatakensis	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
512	Ocellularia leucina	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
513	Ocellularia mahabalei	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
514	Ocellularia neomasonhalei	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
515	Ocellularia papillata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
516	Ocellularia patwardhanii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
517	Ocellularia perforata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
518	Ocellularia platystoma	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
519	Ocellularia pseudoexanthismocarpa	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
520	Ocellularia subperforata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
521	Ocellularia terebrata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
522	Ocellularia thelotremoides	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–

523	Ocellularia udupiensis	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
524	Ocellularia verrucoisidiata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
525	Ocellularia verrucomarginata	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
526	Ochrolechia africana	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
527	Ochrolechia androgyna	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
528	Ochrolechia subpallescens	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
529	Ochrolechia subviridis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
530	Opegrapha filicina	Opegraphaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–	EWG
531	Opegrapha leptoterodes	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
532	Opegrapha longula	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
533	Opegrapha prosodea	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
534	Opegrapha rufescens	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
535	Opegrapha subvulgata	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
536	Opegrapha viridis	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
537	Opegrapha vulgata	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
538	Pannaria complanata	Pannariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–	EWG
539	Pannaria emodi	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
540	Pannaria leucosticta	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
541	Pannaria nilgherrensis	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
542	Pannaria rubiginosa	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
543	Pannaria stylophora	Pannariaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
544	Paraparmelia murina	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
545	Paraparmelia pustulescens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
546	Parmelia erumpens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
547	Parmeliella conopleoides	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
548	Parmeliella pannosa	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
549	Parmeliella papillata	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
550	Parmeliella philippina	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
551	Parmeliella tryptophylla	Pannariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
552	Parmelinella simplicoir	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–	EWG
553	Parmelinella wallichiana*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
554	Parmelinopsis cryptochlora	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
555	Parmelinopsis expallida	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
556	Parmelinopsis horrescens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
557	Parmelinopsis spumosa	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
558	Parmentaria keralaensis	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
559	Parmentaria maculata	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
560	Parmentaria occulata	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
561	Parmentaria oligospora	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
562	Parmentaria operta	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
563	Parmentaria verrucosareolata	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
564	Parmotrema abessinicum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
565	Parmotrema andinum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
566	Parmotrema austrosinense*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
567	Parmotrema awasthii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–	EWG
568	Parmotrema chinense	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–

569	Parmotrema cooperi	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
570	Parmotrema crinitoides	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
571	Parmotrema crinitum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
572	Parmotrema cristiferum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	+	–	EI
573	Parmotrema defectum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
574	Parmotrema dilatatum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
575	Parmotrema direagens	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
576	Parmotrema disparile	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
577	Parmotrema erhizinosum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
578	Parmotrema grayanum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
579	Parmotrema hababianum*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
580	Parmotrema indicum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
581	Parmotrema kamatii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–	EWG
582	Parmotrema margaritatum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
583	Parmotrema mellissii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
584	Parmotrema mesotropum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
585	Parmotrema nilgherrense*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
586	Parmotrema planatilobatum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
587	Parmotrema praesorediosum*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
588	Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
589	Parmotrema rampoddense	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
590	Parmotrema saccatilobum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	–	+
591	Parmotrema sanctae-angelii*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
592	Parmotrema stuhlmannii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
593	Parmotrema stuppeum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
594	Parmotrema subarnoldii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
595	Parmotrema tinctorum*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
596	Parmotrema tsavoense	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
597	Parmotrema vartaki	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–	EWG
598	Parmotrema xanthinum	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
599	Peltigera canina	Peltigeraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
600	Peltigera collina	Peltigeraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
601	Peltigera didactyla	Peltigeraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
602	Peltula euploca	Peltulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
603	Pertusaria acuta	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
604	Pertusaria albescens	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
605	Pertusaria amara	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
606	Pertusaria amarkantakensis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
607	Pertusaria cinchonae	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
608	Pertusaria colorata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
609	Pertusaria concinna	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
610	Pertusaria coronata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
611	Pertusaria dehiscens var. depressoir	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
612	Pertusaria depressa	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

657	Phaeographis leightonii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
658	Phaeographis medusiformis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
659	Phaeographis nilgiriensis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
660	Phaeographis platycarpa var. indica	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
661	Phaeographis subdividens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
662	Phaeographis submaculata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
663	Phaeographis submarcescens	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
664	Phaeographis subtigrina	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
665	Phaeophyscia ciliata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
666	Phaeophyscia hispidula	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
667	Phaeophyscia orbicularis	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
668	Phaeophyscia sciastra	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
669	Phylliscum testudinum	Lichinaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
670	Phyllopsora buettneri	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
671	Phyllopsora corralina	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	+	+	+
672	Phyllopsora haemophaea	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
673	Phyllopsora kiiensis	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
674	Phyllopsora manipurensis	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	–	+	+
675	Phyllopsora parvifolia	Biotoraceae	Foliose	+	+	+	–
676	Physcia aipolia	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
677	Physcia alba	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
678	Physcia crispula	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
679	Physcia dimidiata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
680	Physcia integrata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
681	Physcia stellaris	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
682	Physcia tribacia	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
683	Physcia tribacoides	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
684	Physcidia cylindrophora	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
685	Pleurotrema aggregatum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
686	Pleurotrema filisporum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
687	Pleurotrema flavopallidum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
688	Pleurotrema horrisii	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
689	Pleurotrema immersum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
690	Pleurotrema indicum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
691	Pleurotrema karnatakense	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
692	Pleurotrema macrosporum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
693	Pleurotrema megaspermum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
694	Pleurotrema monosporum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
695	Pleurotrema muelleri	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EWG
696	Porina americana	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
697	Porina angustata	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	+	EI
698	Porina atriceps	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	+	+	–	–
699	Porina atroperiostiola	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+	EWG
700	Porina aurantiaca	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
701	Porina chrysophora	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–

702	Porina cupreola	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
703	Porina decamera	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
704	Porina dolichophora	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
705	Porina elliptica	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
706	Porina epiphylla	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	+	+	+	–
707	Porina epiphylla var. antriceps	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	+	+	–	–
708	Porina fulvella	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
709	Porina glaucoflava	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
710	Porina halei	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	+	EWG
711	Porina innata	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
712	Porina interestes	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
713	Porina internigrans	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
714	Porina interspersa	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
715	Porina isidiata	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
716	Porina karnatakensis	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	+	+	+	–	EWG
717	Porina limbulata	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
718	Porina mastoidea	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	+
719	Porina microcarpa	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	–	+	–	EWG
720	Porina monocarpa	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
721	Porina multiloculata	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	+	+	+	–	EWG
722	Porina nilgiriensis	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–	EWG
723	Porina nitidula	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
724	Porina ochrostoma	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
725	Porina octomera	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
726	Porina pallescens	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
727	Porina palniensis	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–	EWG
728	Porina platystoma	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+
729	Porina rufula	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
730	Porina santessonii	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	+	+	EWG
731	Porina semecarpi	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
732	Porina subcutanea	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
733	Porina subgigantospora	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EI
734	Porina subhibernica	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EI
735	Porina subinterestes	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EI
736	Porina subsanctirosae	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EWG
737	Porina thaxteri	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
738	Protoblastenia russula	Psoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
739	Pseudocyphellaria argyracea	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
740	Pseudocyphellaria aurata	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
741	Pseudocyphellaria crocata	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
742	Pseudocyphellaria intricata	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
743	Pseudopyrenula pupula	Lobariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
744	Psorella isidiophora	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
745	Psorella psorina	Biotoraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
746	Psoroma hispidulum	Pannariaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–	EWG
747	Punctelia borreri	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–

748	Punctelia neturalis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
749	Punctelia rudecta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
750	Punctelia subrudecta	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
751	Pyrenastrum oblistescens	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
752	Pyrenula aducta	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
753	Pyrenula anamalaiensis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
754	Pyrenula aspistea	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+
755	Pyrenula cayennensis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
756	Pyrenula citiformis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
757	Pyrenula comirana	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
758	Pyrenula cuyabensis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
759	Pyrenula elegans	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
760	Pyrenula glabrescens	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
761	Pyrenula immersa	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
762	Pyrenula immissa	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–	EI
763	Pyrenula interducta	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
764	Pyrenula introducta	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EI
765	Pyrenula karnatakensis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
766	Pyrenula kurzii	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
767	Pyrenula leucostoma	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
768	Pyrenula limae	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
769	Pyrenula macularis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
770	Pyrenula mamillana	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
771	Pyrenula mamillata	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
772	Pyrenula mastophorizans	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
773	Pyrenula melaleuca	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
774	Pyrenula microcarpoides	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
775	Pyrenula minarum	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
776	Pyrenula nanospora	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
777	Pyrenula nitens	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
778	Pyrenula nitida	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
779	Pyrenula obscurior	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
780	Pyrenula ochraceoflava	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
781	Pyrenula ochraceoflavens	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
782	Pyrenula oculata	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
783	Pyrenula oxysporiza	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
784	Pyrenula pinguis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
785	Pyrenula pluricarpa	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
786	Pyrenula subacutalis	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	+	EI
787	Pyrenula subcamptospora	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
788	Pyrenula subglabriuscula	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
789	Pyrenula sublaevigata	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
790	Pyrenula submastophora	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
791	Pyrenula subnitidella	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
792	Pyrenula suboligocarpa	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
793	Pyrenula zeylanica	Pyrenulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–

794	Pyrgidium montellicum	Sphrinctrinaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–
795	Pyrgillocarpon indicum	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	+	–	+	–
796	Pyrgillus javanicum	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	+	–	–	–
797	Pyrrhospora russula	Lecideaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
798	Pyxine asiatica	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–	EWG
799	Pyxine austroindica	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–	EWG
800	Pyxine berteriana	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
801	Pyxine coccifera	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
802	Pyxine cocoes	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
803	Pyxine cocoes var. prominula	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
804	Pyxine cognata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
805	Pyxine coralligera	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
806	Pyxine cylindrica	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	+	–	EWG
807	Pyxine keralensis	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–	EWG
808	Pyxine meissenerina	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
809	Pyxine minuta	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
810	Pyxine nilgiriensis	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–	EWG
811	Pyxine palniensis	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–	EWG
813	Pyxine petricola	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
812	Pyxine petricola var. pallida	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	–	+	–
814	Pyxine reticulata	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
815	Pyxine sorediata	Physciaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
816	Pyxine subcinerea	Physciaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
817	Ramalina africana	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
818	Ramalina arabum	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
819	Ramalina Berteri	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	–	+	–	EWG
820	Ramalina celastri	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
821	Ramalina farinacea	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
822	Ramalina fraxinea	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
823	Ramalina geniculata	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
824	Ramalina inflata	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
825	Ramalina leiodea	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
826	Ramalina nervulosa	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	+	–	+	–
827	Ramalina pacifica	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	+	+	+	–
828	Ramalina roesleri	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
829	Ramalina subpusilla	Ramalinaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
830	Relicina abstrusa	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
831	Relicina sydneyensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
832	Relicinopsis dahlii	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
833	Relicinopsis malaccensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
834	Rimelia cetrata	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
835	Rimelia reticulata*	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	+	+	+
836	Rinodina badiella	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
837	Rinodina oxydata	Physciaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

838	Roccella montagnei	Rocellaceae	Fruticose	–	–	+	–
839	Rolfidium peltatum	Biotoraceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
840	Schismatomma atomellum	Uncertain-Arthoniales	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
841	Schismatomma incurvulum	Uncertain-Arthoniales	Crustose	–	+	–	–
842	Schistophoron tenue	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	–	+	–	–
843	Sclerophyton indicum	Opegraphaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
844	Solorina saccata	Peltigeraceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
845	Sphaerophorus diplotypus	Sphaerophorus	Fruticose	+	–	–	–	EWG
846	Sphinctrina angelica	Sphinctrinaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
847	Sphinctrina gomphilloides	Sphinctrinaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
848	Sphinctrina nitidula	Sphinctrinaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
849	Sphinctrina tubaeformis	Sphinctrinaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
850	Sporopodium xantholeucum	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
851	Staurothele fissa	Verrucariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	+
852	Stereocaulon austroindicum	Stereocalaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
853	Sticta cyphellulata	Lobariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
854	Sticta damaecornis	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
855	Sticta filicina	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
856	Sticta fuliginosa	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
857	Sticta limbata	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
858	Sticta nylanderiana	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
859	Sticta orbicularis	Lobariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
860	Sticta platyphylloides	Lobariaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
861	Sticta sylvatica	Lobariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
862	Sticta weigelli	Lobariaceae	Foliose	+	+	–	–
863	Stirtonia monospora	Arthoniaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
864	Strigula complanata	Strigulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
865	Strigula elegans	Strigulaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
866	Strigula maculata	Strigulaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
867	Strigula nemathora	Strigulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
868	Strigula nitidula	Strigulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
869	Strigula subelegans	Strigulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
870	Strigula subtillissima	Strigulaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
871	Tapellaria bilimbioides	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–	EWG
872	Tapellaria phyllophilla	Ectolechiaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
873	Teloschistes flavicans	Teloschistaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
874	Tephromela atra	Lecanoraceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
875	Thelocarpon palniensis	Acarosporaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
876	Thelotrema alboannuliforme	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
877	Thelotrema alborosellum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
878	Thelotrema annuloelevatum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
879	Thelotrema armellense	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
880	Thelotrema canarense	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG

881	Thelotrema confertum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
882	Thelotrema exertum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
883	Thelotrema hiatum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
884	Thelotrema indicum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
885	Thelotrema kalakkadense	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
886	Thelotrema kamatii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
887	Thelotrema laceratulum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	+	+
888	Thelotrema lepademersum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
889	Thelotrema lepadinum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
890	Thelotrema lepadodes	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
891	Thelotrema leprieurii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
892	Thelotrema leprocarpum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
893	Thelotrema peoltii	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
894	Thelotrema porinoides	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
895	Thelotrema pseudoexanthismocarpum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
896	Thelotrema pycnoporellum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
897	Thelotrema santense	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
898	Thelotrema subkeralense	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
899	Thelotrema tuberculiferum	Thelotremataceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
900	Tricharia allostrigosa	Gomphillaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
901	Trichothelium alboatrum	Trichotheliaceae	Crustose #	–	+	–	–
902	Trypethelium catervarium	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
903	Trypethelium eluteriae	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	+
904	Trypethelium flavocinereum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
905	Trypethelium luteum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
906	Trypethelium ochroleucum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
907	Trypethelium plicato-rimosum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
908	Trypethelium subnitidiusculum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
909	Trypethelium tropicum	Trypetheliaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
910	Tylophoron moderatum	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	+	+	–	–
911	Tylophoron nidulans	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EI
912	Tylophoron protrudens	Uncertain-Caliciales	Crustose	+	–	–	–
913	Usnea acciculifera	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
914	Usnea albopunctata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	+	–
915	Usnea austroindica*	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–	EWG
916	Usnea baileyii	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
917	Usnea bimolliuscula	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
918	Usnea ceylonica	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
919	Usnea complanata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
920	Usnea corralina	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	–	–	–	EWG
921	Usnea fischerii	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	–	–	–	EWG
922	Usnea fragilis	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–

923	Usnea ghattensis	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	–	+	+	EWG
924	Usnea gigas	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
925	Usnea himalayana	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
926	Usnea lucea	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
927	Usnea luridorufa	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
928	Usnea maculata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
929	Usnea nilgirica	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–	EWG
930	Usnea orientalis*	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
931	Usnea picta	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
932	Usnea pictoides	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	+	–	EWG
933	Usnea rigidula	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
934	Usnea rubicunda	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
935	Usnea spinosula	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–	EWG
936	Usnea stigmata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
937	Usnea stigmatoides	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	+	–	EWG
938	Usnea subflorida	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
939	Usnea subsordida	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–
940	Usnea undulata	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	+	–
941	Usnea vegae	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	+	+	–	–
942	Usnea vulneraria	Parmeliaceae	Fruticose	–	+	–	–	EWG
943	Verrucaria maura	Verrucariaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
944	Verrucaria muralis	Verrucariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
945	Xanthoparmelia congensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	+	–
946	Xanthoparmelia fucina	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
947	Xanthoparmelia keralensis	Parmeliaceae	Foliose	+	–	–	–
948	Xanthorina parietina	Teloschistaceae	Foliose	–	+	–	–
949	Xylographa vitiligo	Teloschistaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–

Address for Correspondence

Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute,
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, India.
E-mail: sanjeeva_n@yahoo.com, upretidk@rediffmail.com

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S.No.	Lichenogeographic region	Total no. of taxa/species	No. of endemic species	Percentange of endemism
1.	Western Himalayan Region	550	22	4
2.	Eastern Himalayan Region	759	133	17.5
3.	Western Dry Region	39	6	15.3
4.	Gangetic Plain	224	14	6.2
5.	Central India	48	4	8.3
6.	Western Ghats	949	253	26.7
7.	Eastern Ghats & Deccan Plateau	31	4	12.9
8.	Andaman & Nicobar Islands	307	73	23.7

Back	Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats Sanjeeva Nayaka & D K Upreti	Next

S.No.	Family	Species	Genus	S.No	Family	Species	Genus
1	Parmeliaceae	137	22	6	Arthoniaceae	47	4
2	Graphidaceae	103	6	7	Trichotheliaceae	44	3
3	Physciaceae	90	9	8	Collamataceae	42	2
4	Pyrenulaceae	79	3	9	Pertusariaceae	37	2
5	Thelotremataceae	72	4	10	Lecanoraceae	36	4

613	Pertusaria granulata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
614	Pertusaria idukkiensis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
615	Pertusaria indica	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
616	Pertusaria kodaikanalensis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
617	Pertusaria leioplacella	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
618	Pertusaria leioterella	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+
619	Pertusaria leucosora	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
620	Pertusaria leucosorodes	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
621	Pertusaria mattogrossensis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
622	Pertusaria multipuncta	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
623	Pertusaria neilgherrensis	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
624	Pertusaria pertusa	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
625	Pertusaria punctata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–	EWG
626	Pertusaria pustulata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
627	Pertusaria quassiae	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
628	Pertusaria rimosa	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
629	Pertusaria splendens	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EWG
630	Pertusaria subdepressa	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
631	Pertusaria subochraceae	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	–	–	EWG
632	Pertusaria tetrathalamia	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	OD
633	Pertusaria trisperma	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
634	Pertusaria tuberculifera	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–
635	Pertusaria velata	Pertusariaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
636	Phaeographina austroindica	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
637	Phaeographina awasthii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EI
638	Phaeographina caesiopruinosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
639	Phaeographina caesioradians	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–
640	Phaeographina canarensis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
641	Phaeographina coorgiana	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–	EWG
642	Phaeographina halei	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	–	+	EWG
643	Phaeographina limbata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	+	–
644	Phaeographina nakanishii	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
645	Phaeographina nilgiriensis	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
646	Phaeographina pudica var. platyloma	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
647	Phaeographina quassiaecola	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	+	–
648	Phaeographina steblocarpa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	–	+	–
649	Phaeographina wattiana	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	+	+	–	EI
650	Phaeographis albolabiata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	+	–	–	–	EWG
651	Phaeographis angulosa	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
652	Phaeographis endophaeiza	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–
653	Phaeographis hypoglauca	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG/OD
654	Phaeographis hypoglaucoides	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EWG
655	Phaeographis instrata	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–	EI
656	Phaeographis inusta	Graphidaceae	Crustose	–	+	–	–

S.No.	Genus	Species	S.No.	Genus	Species
1	Graphis	49	9	Ocellularia	27
2	Porina	42	10	Anthracothecium	26
3	Pyrenula	42	11	Leptogium	26
4	Parmotrema	35	12	Thelotrema	24
5	Pertusaria	33	13	Hypotrachyna	23
6	Lecanora	32	14	Arthothelium	22
7	Usnea	30	15	Graphina	22
8	Buellia	27	16	Heterodermia	21

Introduction

Lichenological investigations in India and Western Ghats: History

Status of lichen diversity in WGs

Economic importance of lichens

Conservation of WGs lichens

Scope for lichenological investigation in WGs

Acknowledgements

Maronea constans