Status of Lichen Diversity in Western Ghats
Sanjeeva Nayaka & D K Upreti

   

Abstract: The Western Ghats has maximum number of crustose lichens represented by 618 taxa followed by foliose and fruticose with 269 and 62 species respectively. The Nilgiri Biosphere area of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu has been better explored for lichens while other localities remain under explored. Hence, among different states Tamil Nadu has the highest number of lichens with 657 taxa followed by Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra with 336, 288 and 91 taxa respectively. The lichens recorded from Goa are included under Maharashtra as they are few in number, while no records from Gujarat are available. In case of Tamil Nadu most of the lichens are from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The article enumerates the occurrence of 949 taxa of lichens in Western Ghats with high percentage of endemism (26.7%), which is highest for any Lichenogeographic regions in India. Graphidaceous, Parmelioid, Physcioid, Pyrenocarpous and Thelotremataceous lichens dominate the region. This article also discusses the history of lichenological investigation in Western Ghats, economic importance of lichens of the region and their conservation problems.

Introduction

The symbiotic association between an alga and a fungus has resulted in a new life form called lichen. It is present in a wide range of habitats throughout the world and dominates terrestrial ecosystems (about 8%). 20,000 species of lichens have been reported globally. The Indian subcontinent has 2,450 species of lichens, of which India alone has about 2040 species (Awasthi, 2000).

Western Ghats (here after referred as WGs) is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, which stretches from Tapti valley in the north of Gujarat to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, covering a distance of 1600 km with over 100 km wide. The WGs runs through different states of south-western India such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and covers various types of vegetation including evergreen, tropical deciduous, scrub, montane, subtropical temperate forests and grasslands. The diversity of higher plant flora and fauna has been studied in great detail since European colonization in India. Although there has been substantial research in terms of medicinal and ecosystem values, the lower plants such as lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes, algae and fungi have not received desired attention.

Lichenological investigations in India and Western Ghats: History

Lichens of India are being studied since 1753 AD. Linnaeus mentioned the occurrence of Lichen fuciformis (L.) DC. ( Rocella montagnei Bél.) from India, in his masterpiece ‘Species Plantarum'. Eric Acharius (1810, 1814) the father of Lichenology describes lichens in his classical works ‘Lichenographia Universalis' and ‘Synopsis Methodica Lichenum'. There after the Indian lichens have been described by various lichenologists.

Bélanger (1838) was the first person to study the lichens of WGs, who described a total of 40 taxa from Pondicherry and Coromandel Coast of which six were new to science. Montagne (1842), Stirton (1876, 1879), Hue (1898, 1899, 1900a,b, 1901), Jatta (1902, 1905, 1911), Smith (1926), Choisy (1931), Santesson (1952), Moreau and Moreau (1952) were the important European lichenologists who studied lichens of WGs. Awasthi (1965) and Singh (1964) have compiled lichens described by various researchers till 1960s including that of WGs.

Quraishi (1928) and Chopra (1934) were the pioneer lichenologists in India who studied the Himalayan lichens. Dr. D.D. Awasthi, ‘Father of Indian Lichenology', started the study of lichens in a systematic way. His work on lichens of WGs was first published in 1957 (Awasthi, 1957), which reported new species, like Parmelia (Hypogymnia) pseudobitteriana (from Kodaikanal). The school of lichenology at Lucknow University contributed a lot to the lichens of Nilgiri and Palni Hills (Singh 1984). The lichenological investigation in WGs was strengthened during 1960's with the setting up of the school of lichenology at Agarkar Research Institute (‘Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science'), Pune. Lichenology laboratory of National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and Botanical Survey of India have compiled vast information on the lichens of WGs. Singh (1980) consolidated the lichenological investigation between 1966-1977. Upreti (1992, 1995, 1997) and Upreti and Nayaka (2000, 2003) updated the developments in Indian lichenology.

Status of lichen diversity in WGs

Catalogue of the lichens from India, Nepal, Pakistan and Ceylon (Awasthi, 1965) lists around 250 taxa of WGs lichens. 225 taxa were added to the lichens of WGs during 1966-1977 (Singh, 1980). Patwardhan (1983), and Singh and Sinha (1997) estimation, shows 800 lichen species in WGs. Kumar and Stephen (1997a) in their attempt to consolidate information have listed 315 and 771 lichen taxa (Kumar and Stephen 1999), mainly based on macro and microlichen keys of Awasthi (1988,1991).

The present communication attempts to update the list of lichens for WGs. The nomenclature changes are incorporated by following Egan (1987) and CABI Bioscience Database (http://www.indexfungorum.org/index.htm). There are 949 lichen taxa in WGs belonging to 929 species, 20 varieties, 150 genera and 54 families, which is around 45% of the total lichens in India, the highest for any lichenogeographical region in the country. The crustose lichen dominates in WGs represented by 618 taxa followed by foliose lichens and fruticose lichens, which are represented by 269 and 62 taxa respectively. Out of the 949 lichen taxa the occurrence of 10 are doubtful in WGs. The highest number of endemic lichens (253 species (26.7%)) is present; of which 210 are found only in WGs while remaining 43 occur in other lichenogeographical regions of India (Table 4).

Parmeliaceae with 137 species belonging to 22 genera is the dominant family in the WGs while Graphis is the dominant genus with 49 species. 10 dominant lichen families and 16 dominant genera are listed in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Perithecia bearing lichens (Pyrenocarpous) mostly with crustose thallus (needs a more or less smooth and soft surface) exhibit their luxuriance in the WGs represented by 177 taxa, belonging to lichen families Arthopyreniaceae, Astrotheliaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Strigulaceae, Trichotheliaceae, Trypetheliaceae, Verrucariaceae. The Pamelioid, Graphidaceous, Physcioid and Thelotremataceous lichens with 137, 103, 90 and 72 species respectively also dominates the area.

Except for numerical and some nomenclature changes, the status of lichen diversity recorded in the present study from WGs (Table 3) is similar to the earlier reports (Singh and Sinha, 1997). The lichens in most parts of WGs are tropical in nature, while the higher altitudes of Nilgiri, Palni Hills and Kodaikanal support the growth of temperate lichens.

Economic importance of lichens

The lichens have been household items of Indians since ancient times as medicines and in various cultural events (Kumar and Upreti, 2001). ‘Shipal' in Atharveda (1500 B.C) is the first record of lichen used as medicine. The vernacular name ‘Charila' is widely used in Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine in India. The Sanskrit synonyms of lichens are ‘Shailaya' and ‘Shila Pushp' (Shila = rock, Pushp = flower). Lichens are used in the preparation of an indigenous perfume named ‘Otto' (the Hina Attar) at Kannauj, a town of Uttar Pradesh, which has been famous for the past 800 years for its perfume production. The common condiments used in food dishes called ‘Gharm Masala', ‘Meat Masala', ‘Sambar Masala' also contains lichen powder or whole plants as a major ingredient. The lichens have around 700 secondary metabolites, of which 550 are unique Most of these secondary metabolites have antibiotic properties and the much-exploited one is the usnic acid. Among the 949 lichen taxa of WGs, a total of 23 species that have well documented ethnic or commercial utilization are marked in Table 4 (Upreti et al., 2005). The lichens are sensitive to air pollution and microclimatic changes. Hence, widely considered as bioindicators and constitute an important component of biodiversity in a region.

Conservation of WGs lichens

The factors responsible for loss of lichen diversity in India (Upreti, 1995) include the change in the ecological conditions, forest cover, loss of habitat and increase of the urban and industrial areas. The anthropogenic activities in hilly regions such as ‘Jhoom' cultivation, agriculture, mineral extraction, tourism, hydroelectric and road building projects are leading to the rapid deterioration of lichen rich habitats. Over exploitation and selective removal of economically important lichens by local people pose serious threat to the lichens in India. Collected from the temperate regions of the Himalayas lichens are used indigenously and also exported. The Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal hills are the main areas of lichen collection in India. Few ethnic groups in the central Indian region of Madhya Pradesh and in certain localities of WGs also collect these plants. In the last five decades lichens of India has considerably declined in diversity and abundance. The raw material required for the various uses of lichens is quite high. The lichens weigh very little when dry, thus a vast bulk of these plants is required. 320 tons of lichens are annually utilized for different purpose in Nepal and adjoining regions of India (Moxham, 1986). Approximately 750 metric tons of lichens are brought in annually from the Uttaranchal hill and 800 metric tons from other regions of India, including Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Assam; of this about 50-80 metric tons are exported (Shah, 1997). The study of lichen samples available in local markets of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu yielded 11 species of lichens (Upreti et al., 2005). Quantitative studies have not been carried out in WGs to assess the amount of lichen collected, utilized, exported and its effect on particular lichen species or whole lichen diversity of the region.

Scope for lichenological investigation in WGs

Despite numerous studies in WGs, there still remain a number of interesting protected areas and special habitats such as Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka, Sanctuaries in Goa, forests of Gujarat, mangrove vegetation in the west coast to be explored for lichen. So far most of the survey and collection have been made from Nilgiri and Palni Hills. The mangrove vegetation has richer folicolous lichens and up to date only 39 species of them are recorded from WGs. The lichenological data from Nilgiri and Palni Hills is outdated and reassessment of lichen diversity in the area should be carried out. Some of the lichen species such as Bulbothrix bulbochaeta (Hale) Hale, Hypotrachyna dodapetta Hale and Patw, Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale and Ahti, P. disparile (Nyl.) Hale, P. erhizinosum (Awasthi) Awasthi, P. kamatii Patw. and Prabhu, P. xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, and Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) An addition of minimum 200 species can be expected if thorough exploration of lichens is carried out in the WGs. Bioprospecting lichen wealth is another interesting aspect to be attempted in the WGs. The scarcity of trained personnel for lichenology in India has lead to insufficient or non-exploration of many important and interesting localities in the country. It has become a necessity to create awareness among the students, common people, forest officials and authorities regarding the importance of lichens and the actions to be taken to conserve their diversity now.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for providing laboratory facilities work, to Dr. G. P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad for providing information regarding WGs lichens and to Mrs. Poonam for helping in data entry.

Table 1 : Dominant lichens families in Western Ghats arranged in decreasing order of species richness. Top

S.No.

Family

Species

Genus

S.No

Family

Species

Genus

1

Parmeliaceae

137

22

6

Arthoniaceae

47

4

2

Graphidaceae

103

6

7

Trichotheliaceae

44

3

3

Physciaceae

90

9

8

Collamataceae

42

2

4

Pyrenulaceae

79

3

9

Pertusariaceae

37

2

5

Thelotremataceae

72

4

10

Lecanoraceae

36

4

Table 2 : Dominant lichen genus (more than 20 species) in Western Ghats arranged in decreasing order of species richness. Top

S.No.

Genus

Species

S.No.

Genus

Species

1

Graphis

49

9

Ocellularia

27

2

Porina

42

10

Anthracothecium

26

3

Pyrenula

42

11

Leptogium

26

4

Parmotrema

35

12

Thelotrema

24

5

Pertusaria

33

13

Hypotrachyna

23

6

Lecanora

32

14

Arthothelium

22

7

Usnea

30

15

Graphina

22

8

Buellia

27

16

Heterodermia

21

Table 3 : Distribution of lichens in different lichenogeographical regions. (Singh and Sinha (1987) with updation for WGs) Top

S.No.

Lichenogeographic region

Total no. of taxa/species

No. of endemic species

Percentange of endemism

1.

Western Himalayan Region

550

22

4

2.

Eastern Himalayan Region

759

133

17.5

3.

Western Dry Region

39

6

15.3

4.

Gangetic Plain

224

14

6.2

5.

Central India

48

4

8.3

6.

Western Ghats

949

253

26.7

7.

Eastern Ghats & Deccan Plateau

31

4

12.9

8.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

307

73

23.7

Table 4 : List of lichens described from Western Ghats, their family, growth form, distribution in different states and status. (Note : K=Kerala, TN=Tamil Nadu, KN=Karnataka, M=Maharashtra, + = present, – = absent, EI = endemic to India, EWG = endemic and found only in Western Ghats, OD = occurrence doubtful, * = lichens with ethnic or economic importance, and # = foliicolous). Top

Sl. No.

Taxa

Family

Growth Form

K

TN

KN

M

Status

1

2

3

4

1

Anthracothecium assamiense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EI

2

Anthracothecium austroindicum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

3

Anthracothecium awasthii

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

4

Anthracothecium borbonicum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

5

Anthracothecium confine

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

6

Anthracothecium corticatum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

7

Anthracothecium depressum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

8

Anthracothecium globeliferum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

9

Anthracothecium goaense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

10

Anthracothecium gonistomum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

11

Anthracothecium himalayense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

12

Anthracothecium himalayense var. pseudohimalayense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

13

Anthracothecium indicum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EI

14

Anthracothecium macrosporum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

15

Anthracothecium maculatum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

16

Anthracothecium manipurense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

17

Anthracothecium megaspermum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

18

Anthracothecium ochrotropum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

19

Anthracothecium oculatum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

20

Anthracothecium platystomum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

21

Anthracothecium pustiliferum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

22

Anthracothecium pyrenuloides

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

23

Anthracothecium seminudum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

24

Anthracothecium staurosporum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

25

Anthracothecium thwaitesii

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

26

Anthracothecium variolosum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

27

Arthonia inconspicua

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

28

Arthonia medusula

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

29

Arthonia pellea

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

30

Arthonia recedens

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

31

Arthonia reniformis

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

32

Arthonia tumidula

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

33

Arthopyrenia alboatra

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

34

Arthopyrenia clavaeformis

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

35

Arthopyrenia fraxinii

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

36

Arthopyrenia indusiata

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

37

Arthopyrenia lapponina

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

38

Arthopyrenia nidulans

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

39

Arthopyrenia punctiformis

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

40

Arthopyrenia subnexa

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

41

Arthopyrenia terminata

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

42

Arthothelium abnorme

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EI

43

Arthothelium achromaticum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

44

Arthothelium albescens

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

45

Arthothelium anomalum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

46

Arthothelium awasthii

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EI

47

Arthothelium chiodectoides

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

48

Arthothelium chlorofuscum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

49

Arthothelium corticatum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

50

Arthothelium deplantatum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

51

Arthothelium dispersum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

52

Arthothelium distentum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

53

Arthothelium fuscoroseum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

54

Arthothelium karnatakanse

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

55

Arthothelium keralense

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

56

Arthothelium maculatum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

57

Arthothelium nigrescens

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

58

Arthothelium nigrodiscum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

59

Arthothelium plicatum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

60

Arthothelium ramosum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

61

Arthothelium saxicolum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

62

Arthothelium subruanum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

63

Arthothelium verruculosum

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

64

Arthothelium zahlbrucknerii

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

65

Aspicilia cinerea

Hymeneliaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

66

Astrothelium ochrothelizum

Astrotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

67

Bacidia alutacea

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

68

Bacidia apiahica

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

69

Bacidia fusconigrescens

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

70

Bacidia fusconigrescens var. oleosa

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

71

Bacidia incongruens

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EI

72

Bacidia laurocerasi

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

73

Bacidia medialis

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

74

Bacidia millegrana

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

75

Bacidia nigra

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG/OD

76

Bacidia personata

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

77

Bacidia phaeolomoides

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

78

Bacidia polychroa

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

79

Bacidia psorina

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

80

Bacidia rubella

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

81

Bacidia rufescens

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

82

Bacidia spadicea

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

83

Bacidia subletorum

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

84

Bacidia submedialis

Bacidiaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

85

Bacidina apiahica

Lecanoraceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

86

Badimia pallidula

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

87

Baeomyces soredifer

Beomycetaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

88

Brigantiaea ionoexcipula

Brigantiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

89

Brigantiaea leucoxantha

Brigantiaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

90

Brigantiaea nigra

Brigantiaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EWG

91

Brigantiaea pulchra

Brigantiaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

92

Buellia aethalea

Brigantiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

93

Buellia aggredians

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

94

Buellia betulinoides

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

95

Buellia ceylanensis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

96

Buellia conformis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

97

Buellia confusa

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

98

Buellia curatellae

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

99

Buellia curtisii

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

100

Buellia disconformis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

101

Buellia disjecta

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

EWG

102

Buellia flavella

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

103

Buellia flavelloides

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

104

Buellia glaucotheca

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

105

Buellia granularis

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

106

Buellia hemispherica

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

107

Buellia indica

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

108

Buellia inornata

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

109

Buellia insignis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

110

Buellia isidiophora

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

111

Buellia nilgiriensis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

112

Buellia palniensis

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

113

Buellia pleiotera

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

114

Buellia sororioides

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

115

Buellia stigmea

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

116

Buellia stillingiana

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

117

Buellia subsororioides*

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

118

Buellia substigmea

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

119

Bulbothrix bulbochaeta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

120

Bulbothrix isidiza

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

121

Bulbothrix meizophora*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

122

Bulbothrix sensibilis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

123

Bullatina aspidota

Gomphillaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

124

Byssolecania fumosonigricans

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

125

Byssoloma leucoblepharum

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

126

Byssoloma subdiscordans

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

127

Byssophragmia monospora

Uncertain affinity

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

128

Calicium abietinum

Caliciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

129

Calicium glaucellum

Caliciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

130

Calicium robustellum

Caliciaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

131

Calopadia fusca

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

132

Calopadia puiggarii

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

133

Calopadia subceorulescens

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

134

Caloplaca ferruginea

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

135

Caloplaca flavorubescens

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

136

Caloplaca malaensis

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

137

Caloplaca pindarensis

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

138

Caloplaca sipeana

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

139

Caloplaca vitellinula

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

140

Campylothelium nitidum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

141

Candelaria concolor

Candeleriaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

142

Candelaria indica

Candeleriaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

143

Canomaculina subsumpta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

144

Canomaculina subtinctoria*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

145

Canoparmelia carneopruinata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

146

Canoparmelia cinerascens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

147

Canoparmelia crozalsiana

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

148

Canoparmelia ecaperata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

149

Canoparmelia pustulescens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

150

Canoparmelia texana*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

151

Catapyrenium lachneum

Verrucariaceae

Foliose

–

–

–

+

152

Catillaria endochroma

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

153

Catillaria intermixta

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

154

Catillaria leptocheila

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

155

Catillaria leptocheiloides

Catillariaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

156

Catillaria nilgiriensis

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

157

Catillaria obscura

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

158

Catillaria pulverea

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

159

Catillaria versicolor

Catillariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

160

Cetrelia olivetorum

Catillariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

161

Chiodecton hypochnoides

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

162

Chiodecton leptosporum

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

163

Chrysothrix candelaris

Chrysothricacae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

164

Cladonia bacillaris

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

165

Cladonia caespiticia

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

166

Cladonia ceratophylla

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

167

Cladonia chlorophaea

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

168

Cladonia cornuta

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

169

Cladonia crispata

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

170

Cladonia farinacea

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

171

Cladonia fimbriata

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

172

Cladonia furcata

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

173

Cladonia macilenta

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

174

Cladonia polydactyla

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

175

Cladonia ramulosa

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

176

Cladonia scabriuscula

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

177

Cladonia vulcanica

Cladoniaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

178

Clathroporina duplicascens

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

179

Coccocarpia erythroxyli

Coccocarpiaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

180

Coccocarpia palmicola

Coccocarpiaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

181

Coccocarpia pellita

Coccocarpiaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

182

Collema auriforme

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

183

Collema callibotrys

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

184

Collema callybotrys var. coecophyllizum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

185

Collema coccophyllum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

186

Collema conglomeratum var. crassiculum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

187

Collema crispum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

188

Collema furfuraceum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

189

Collema glaucophthalmum

Collemataceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

190

Collema glaucothalmum var. implicatum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

192

Collema leptaleum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

191

Collema leptaleum var. bilosum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

193

Collema nigrescens

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

194

Collema pulcellum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

+

195

Collema rugosum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

196

Collema subflaccidum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

197

Collema subnigrescens

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

198

Cornicularia muricata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

+

–

199

Cryptothecia albomaculata

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

200

Cryptothecia anamalaiensis

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

201

Cryptothecia awasthii

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

202

Cryptothecia culbersonae

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

203

Cryptothecia emergens

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

204

Cryptothecia faveolata

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

205

Cryptothecia groenhartii

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

206

Cryptothecia involuta

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EI

207

Cryptothecia lunulata

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

208

Cryptothecia macroacarpa

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

209

Cryptothecia macrospora

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

210

Cryptothecia nilghiriensis

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

211

Cryptothecia stirtonii

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

212

Cryptothecia subnidulans

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

213

Cryptothecia subtecta

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

214

Cryptothecia verrucominuta

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

215

Cryptotheica porosa

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

216

Cyphelium sessile

Caliciaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

217

Degelia plumbea

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

218

Dendriscocaulon intricatulum

Uncertain affinity

Crustose

+

–

–

–

OD

219

Dendriscocaulon umhausense

Uncertain affinity

Crustose

–

+

–

–

220

Dermatocarpon vellereum

Verrucariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

221

Diploschistes actinostomus

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

222

Diploschistes candissimus

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

223

Diploschistes cinereocaesis

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

224

Diploschistes megalosporus

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

225

Diploschistes muscorum subsp. bartlettii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

226

Diploschistes muscorum subsp. muscorum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

227

Diploschistes rampoddensis

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

228

Diploschistes scruposus

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

229

Diplotomma pharcidium

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

230

Diplotomma proximatum

Physciaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

231

Dirinaria aegialita

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

232

Dirinaria aegialita var. angelica

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

233

Dirinaria applanata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

234

Dirinaria applanata var. endochroma

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

235

Dirinaria confluens

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

236

Dirinaria consimilis

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

237

Dirinaria picta

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

238

Endocarpon pusillum

Verrucariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

239

Erioderma meiocarpum

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

240

Erioderma polycarpon

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

241

Everniastrum cirrhatum*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

242

Everniastrum nepalense*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

243

Everniastrum vexans

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

244

Fellhanera bouteillei

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

245

Fellhanera fuscatula

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

246

Fellhanera rhapidophylli

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

247

Fellhanera semecarpi

Pilocarpaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

248

Flavoparmelia caperata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

249

Flavopuctelia flaventior*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

250

Fuscopannaria adanata

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

251

Fuscopannaria coerulescens

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

252

Glyphis cicatricosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

253

Glyphis confluents

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

254

Graphina andamanica

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

255

Graphina canaliculata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

256

Graphina cleistoblephara

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

257

Graphina confluens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

258

Graphina dimorphodes

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

259

Graphina epixantha

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

260

Graphina fissofurcata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

261

Graphina hololeuca

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

262

Graphina incrustans

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

263

Graphina junghunii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

264

Graphina macella

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

265

Graphina marcescens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

266

Graphina nanodes

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

267

Graphina nylanderi

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

268

Graphina obtecta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

269

Graphina obtecta var. tuberculosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

270

Graphina panhalensis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

271

Graphina parilis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

272

Graphina perticosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

273

Graphina philippina

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

274

Graphina subnitida

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

275

Graphina subserpentina

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

276

Graphis afzelii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

+

277

Graphis ajarekarii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

278

Graphis anfructuosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

279

Graphis anguillaeformis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

280

Graphis aphanes

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

+

281

Graphis arecae

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EWG

282

Graphis asahinae

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

283

Graphis assimilis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

284

Graphis capillaceae

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EWG

285

Graphis celata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

286

Graphis ceylanica

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

287

Graphis congesta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

288

Graphis dumastii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

289

Graphis duplicata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

290

Graphis exalbata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

+

291

Graphis foliicola var. major

Graphidaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

EWG

292

Graphis garoana

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

293

Graphis glaucescens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

294

Graphis glauconigra

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

295

Graphis grammatis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EWG

296

Graphis guimarana

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

297

Graphis homichlodes

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

298

Graphis hossei

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

299

Graphis illinata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

300

Graphis illota

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

301

Graphis inquinata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

302

Graphis intermediella

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

303

Graphis intritica

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

304

Graphis karstenii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

305

Graphis lineola

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

306

Graphis longiramea

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EI

307

Graphis marginata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

308

Graphis modesta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

309

Graphis nakanishiana

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

310

Graphis nigroglauca

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

311

Graphis patwardhanii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

312

Graphis persicina

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

+

313

Graphis persulcata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

314

Graphis proserpens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

315

Graphis pyrrhocheiloides

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

316

Graphis schizograpta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

317

Graphis scripta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

318

Graphis sikkimensis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EI

319

Graphis striatula

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

320

Graphis subassimilis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

321

Graphis subvirginea

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

322

Graphis tenella

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

323

Graphis triticea

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EWG

324

Graphis vittata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

+

325

Gyalectidium filicinum

Gomphillaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

326

Haematomma puniceum

Haematommataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

327

Helminthocarpon subalbatum

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

328

Heppsora indica

Lecideaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

329

Heterocyphelium leucampyx

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

–

–

+

–

330

Heterodermia albicans

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

331

Heterodermia angustiloba

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

332

Heterodermia boryi

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

333

Heterodermia comosa

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

334

Heterodermia coronata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

335

Heterodermia dentritica

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

336

Heterodermia diademata*

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

337

Heterodermia dissecta

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

338

Heterodermia flabellata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

339

Heterodermia hypocaesia

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

340

Heterodermia hypoleuca

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

341

Heterodermia incana

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

342

Heterodermia isidiophora

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

343

Heterodermia japonica

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

344

Heterodermia leucomela*

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

345

Heterodermia obscurata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

346

Heterodermia podocarpa

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

347

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

348

Heterodermia speciosa

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

349

Heterodermia togashii

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

350

Heterodermia tremulans*

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

351

Hyperphyscia adglutinata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

352

Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

353

Hypogymnia zeylanica

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

354

Hypotrachyna awasthii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

EWG

355

Hypotrachyna boquetensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

356

Hypotrachyna costaricensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

357

Hypotrachyna crenata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

358

Hypotrachyna degelii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

359

Hypotrachyna dodapetta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

360

Hypotrachyna endochlora

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

361

Hypotrachyna exsecta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

362

Hypotrachyna imbricatula

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

363

Hypotrachyna immaculata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

364

Hypotrachyna infirma

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

365

Hypotrachyna intercalanda

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

366

Hypotrachyna kingii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

367

Hypotrachyna livida

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

368

Hypotrachyna masonhalei

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

369

Hypotrachyna microblasta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

370

Hypotrachyna neodissecta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

371

Hypotrachyna orientalis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

372

Hypotrachyna osseoalba

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

373

Hypotrachyna physcioides

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

374

Hypotrachyna revoluta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

375

Hypotrachyna rockii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

376

Hypotrachyna thryptica

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

EWG

377

Laurera aurantiaca

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

378

Laurera columellata

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

379

Laurera fusispora

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

380

Laurera keralensis

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

381

Laurera kundaraensis

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

382

Laurera madriporiformis

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

383

Laurera megasperma

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

384

Laurera subbenguelensis

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

385

Laurera subphaeomelodes

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

386

Laurera tuberculosa

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

387

Laurera vezdae

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

388

Lecanactis quassiae var. plurilocularis

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

389

Lecanora albella

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

390

Lecanora alophana

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

391

Lecanora andina

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

392

Lecanora argentata

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

393

Lecanora caesiorubella

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

394

Lecanora cancilians

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

395

Lecanora carpinea

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

396

Lecanora chlarotera

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

397

Lecanora cinereofusca

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

+

–

+

398

Lecanora cinereofusca var. himalayensis

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

399

Lecanora coronulans

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

400

Lecanora fimbriatula

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

401

Lecanora flavidofusca

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

402

Lecanora flavidomarginta

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

403

Lecanora helva

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

+

–

+

404

Lecanora impudens

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

405

Lecanora indica

Lecanoraceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

406

Lecanora insignis

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

407

Lecanora intumescens

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

408

Lecanora iseana

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

409

Lecanora leprosa

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

410

Lecanora melanommata

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

411

Lecanora perplexa

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

412

Lecanora pseudargentata

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

413

Lecanora psundistera

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

414

Lecanora pulicaris

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

415

Lecanora subalbellina

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

416

Lecanora subimmersa

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

417

Lecanora subrugosa

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

418

Lecanora sulphurescens

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

419

Lecanora tropica

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

420

Lecanora varia

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

421

Lecidea oreinodes

Lecideaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

422

Lecidella enteroleucella

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

423

Lecidella parasema

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

424

Leioderma sorediatum

Pannariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

425

Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula

Imperfect lichenized fungi

Crustose

–

+

–

–

426

Leptogium adpressum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

427

Leptogium austro-americanum

Collemataceae

Foliose

+

–

+

+

428

Leptogium azureum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

429

Leptogium brevissonii

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

430

Leptogium burgessii

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

431

Leptogium burnetiae var. hirsutum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

432

Leptogium chloromelum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

+

433

Leptogium cochleatum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

434

Leptogium corticola

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

435

Leptogium cyanescens

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

436

Leptogium denticulatum

Collemataceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

437

Leptogium fallax

Collemataceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

438

Leptogium furfuraceum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

439

Leptogium gelatinosum

Collemataceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

440

Leptogium indicum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

–

–

+

EI

441

Leptogium inflexum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

442

Leptogium isidiocellum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

443

Leptogium marginellum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

444

Leptogium milligranum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

445

Leptogium molluccanum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

446

Leptogium papillosum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

447

Leptogium phyllocarpum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

448

Leptogium pichneum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

449

Leptogium platynum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

450

Leptogium saturninum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

451

Leptogium ulvaceum

Collemataceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

452

Leptorhaphis epidermidis

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

453

Letrouitia aureola

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

454

Letrouitia domingensis

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

455

Letrouitia flavocrocea

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

456

Letrouitia muralis

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

457

Letrouitia transgressa

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

458

Letrouitia vulpina

Letrouitiaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

459

Lithothelium indicum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

460

Lobaria adscripturiens

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

461

Lobaria discolor

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

462

Lobaria discolor var. subinterversaens

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

463

Lobaria japonica

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

464

Lobaria retigera*

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

465

Lopadium coorgianum

Lopadiaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

466

Lopadium palniense

Lopadiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

467

Lopadium pezizoideum

Lopadiaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

468

Maronea constans

Fuscideaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

469

Mazosia bambusae

Opegraphaceae

Crustose #

+

–

–

–

470

Mazosia melanophthalma

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

471

Mazosia phyllosema

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

472

Mazosia rotula

Opegraphaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

473

Megalospora pruinata

Megalosporaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

474

Megalospora sulphurata

Megalosporaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

475

Megalospora tuberculosa

Megalosporaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

476

Menegazzia terebrata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

477

Mycomicrothelia nonensis

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

478

Mycomicrothelia thelena

Arthopyreniaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

479

Myelochroa aurulenta*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

480

Myelochroa denegans

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

481

Myelochroa indica

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

482

Myelochroa irrugans

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

483

Myelochroa perisidians

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

484

Myelochroa xantholepis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

485

Myriotrema anamalaiensis

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

486

Myriotrema clandestinum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

487

Myriotrema compunctum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

488

Myriotrema concretum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

489

Myriotrema elachistoteron

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

490

Myriotrema fissurinum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

491

Myriotrema glaucescens

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

492

Myriotrema glaucophaenum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

493

Myriotrema microporum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

494

Myriotrema norstictideum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

495

Myriotrema terebrans

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

496

Myriotrema trypaneoides

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

497

Myriotrema wightii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

498

Nadvornikia diplotylia

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

–

–

+

–

499

Ocellularia albo-olivacea

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

500

Ocellularia allosporoides

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

501

Ocellularia arecae

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

502

Ocellularia asiatica

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

503

Ocellularia auberiana

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

504

Ocellularia berkeleyana

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

505

Ocellularia canara

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

506

Ocellularia canariana

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

507

Ocellularia diacida

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

508

Ocellularia garoana

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

509

Ocellularia groenhartii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EWG

510

Ocellularia jamesii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

511

Ocellularia karnatakensis

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

512

Ocellularia leucina

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

513

Ocellularia mahabalei

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

514

Ocellularia neomasonhalei

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

515

Ocellularia papillata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

516

Ocellularia patwardhanii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

517

Ocellularia perforata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

518

Ocellularia platystoma

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

519

Ocellularia pseudoexanthismocarpa

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

520

Ocellularia subperforata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

521

Ocellularia terebrata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

522

Ocellularia thelotremoides

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

523

Ocellularia udupiensis

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

524

Ocellularia verrucoisidiata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

525

Ocellularia verrucomarginata

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

526

Ochrolechia africana

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

527

Ochrolechia androgyna

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

528

Ochrolechia subpallescens

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

529

Ochrolechia subviridis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

530

Opegrapha filicina

Opegraphaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

EWG

531

Opegrapha leptoterodes

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

532

Opegrapha longula

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

533

Opegrapha prosodea

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

534

Opegrapha rufescens

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

535

Opegrapha subvulgata

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

536

Opegrapha viridis

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

537

Opegrapha vulgata

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

538

Pannaria complanata

Pannariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

EWG

539

Pannaria emodi

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

540

Pannaria leucosticta

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

541

Pannaria nilgherrensis

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

542

Pannaria rubiginosa

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

543

Pannaria stylophora

Pannariaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

544

Paraparmelia murina

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

545

Paraparmelia pustulescens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

546

Parmelia erumpens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

547

Parmeliella conopleoides

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

548

Parmeliella pannosa

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

549

Parmeliella papillata

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

550

Parmeliella philippina

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

551

Parmeliella tryptophylla

Pannariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

552

Parmelinella simplicoir

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

EWG

553

Parmelinella wallichiana*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

554

Parmelinopsis cryptochlora

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

555

Parmelinopsis expallida

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

556

Parmelinopsis horrescens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

557

Parmelinopsis spumosa

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

558

Parmentaria keralaensis

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

559

Parmentaria maculata

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

560

Parmentaria occulata

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

561

Parmentaria oligospora

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

562

Parmentaria operta

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

563

Parmentaria verrucosareolata

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

564

Parmotrema abessinicum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

565

Parmotrema andinum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

566

Parmotrema austrosinense*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

567

Parmotrema awasthii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

EWG

568

Parmotrema chinense

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

569

Parmotrema cooperi

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

570

Parmotrema crinitoides

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

571

Parmotrema crinitum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

572

Parmotrema cristiferum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

+

–

EI

573

Parmotrema defectum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

574

Parmotrema dilatatum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

575

Parmotrema direagens

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

576

Parmotrema disparile

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

577

Parmotrema erhizinosum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

578

Parmotrema grayanum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

579

Parmotrema hababianum*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

580

Parmotrema indicum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

581

Parmotrema kamatii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

EWG

582

Parmotrema margaritatum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

583

Parmotrema mellissii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

584

Parmotrema mesotropum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

585

Parmotrema nilgherrense*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

586

Parmotrema planatilobatum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

587

Parmotrema praesorediosum*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

588

Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

589

Parmotrema rampoddense

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

590

Parmotrema saccatilobum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

–

+

591

Parmotrema sanctae-angelii*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

592

Parmotrema stuhlmannii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

593

Parmotrema stuppeum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

594

Parmotrema subarnoldii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

595

Parmotrema tinctorum*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

596

Parmotrema tsavoense

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

597

Parmotrema vartaki

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

EWG

598

Parmotrema xanthinum

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

599

Peltigera canina

Peltigeraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

600

Peltigera collina

Peltigeraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

601

Peltigera didactyla

Peltigeraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

602

Peltula euploca

Peltulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

603

Pertusaria acuta

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

604

Pertusaria albescens

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

605

Pertusaria amara

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

606

Pertusaria amarkantakensis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

607

Pertusaria cinchonae

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

608

Pertusaria colorata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

609

Pertusaria concinna

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

610

Pertusaria coronata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

611

Pertusaria dehiscens var. depressoir

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

612

Pertusaria depressa

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

613

Pertusaria granulata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

614

Pertusaria idukkiensis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

615

Pertusaria indica

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

616

Pertusaria kodaikanalensis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

617

Pertusaria leioplacella

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

618

Pertusaria leioterella

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

619

Pertusaria leucosora

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

620

Pertusaria leucosorodes

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

621

Pertusaria mattogrossensis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

622

Pertusaria multipuncta

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

623

Pertusaria neilgherrensis

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

624

Pertusaria pertusa

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

625

Pertusaria punctata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

626

Pertusaria pustulata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

627

Pertusaria quassiae

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

628

Pertusaria rimosa

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

629

Pertusaria splendens

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EWG

630

Pertusaria subdepressa

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

631

Pertusaria subochraceae

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EWG

632

Pertusaria tetrathalamia

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

633

Pertusaria trisperma

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

634

Pertusaria tuberculifera

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

635

Pertusaria velata

Pertusariaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

636

Phaeographina austroindica

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

637

Phaeographina awasthii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

638

Phaeographina caesiopruinosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

639

Phaeographina caesioradians

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

640

Phaeographina canarensis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

641

Phaeographina coorgiana

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

642

Phaeographina halei

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

643

Phaeographina limbata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

644

Phaeographina nakanishii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

645

Phaeographina nilgiriensis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

646

Phaeographina pudica var. platyloma

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

647

Phaeographina quassiaecola

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

648

Phaeographina steblocarpa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

649

Phaeographina wattiana

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EI

650

Phaeographis albolabiata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

651

Phaeographis angulosa

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

652

Phaeographis endophaeiza

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

653

Phaeographis hypoglauca

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG/OD

654

Phaeographis hypoglaucoides

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

655

Phaeographis instrata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

656

Phaeographis inusta

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

657

Phaeographis leightonii

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

658

Phaeographis medusiformis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

659

Phaeographis nilgiriensis

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

660

Phaeographis platycarpa var. indica

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

661

Phaeographis subdividens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

662

Phaeographis submaculata

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

663

Phaeographis submarcescens

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

664

Phaeographis subtigrina

Graphidaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

665

Phaeophyscia ciliata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

666

Phaeophyscia hispidula

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

667

Phaeophyscia orbicularis

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

668

Phaeophyscia sciastra

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

669

Phylliscum testudinum

Lichinaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

670

Phyllopsora buettneri

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

671

Phyllopsora corralina

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

+

+

+

672

Phyllopsora haemophaea

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

673

Phyllopsora kiiensis

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

674

Phyllopsora manipurensis

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

–

+

+

675

Phyllopsora parvifolia

Biotoraceae

Foliose

+

+

+

–

676

Physcia aipolia

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

677

Physcia alba

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

678

Physcia crispula

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

679

Physcia dimidiata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

680

Physcia integrata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

681

Physcia stellaris

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

682

Physcia tribacia

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

683

Physcia tribacoides

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

684

Physcidia cylindrophora

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

685

Pleurotrema aggregatum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

686

Pleurotrema filisporum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

687

Pleurotrema flavopallidum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

688

Pleurotrema horrisii

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

689

Pleurotrema immersum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

690

Pleurotrema indicum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

691

Pleurotrema karnatakense

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

692

Pleurotrema macrosporum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

693

Pleurotrema megaspermum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

694

Pleurotrema monosporum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

695

Pleurotrema muelleri

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EWG

696

Porina americana

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

697

Porina angustata

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

+

EI

698

Porina atriceps

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

+

+

–

–

699

Porina atroperiostiola

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

EWG

700

Porina aurantiaca

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

701

Porina chrysophora

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

702

Porina cupreola

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

703

Porina decamera

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

704

Porina dolichophora

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

705

Porina elliptica

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

706

Porina epiphylla

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

+

+

+

–

707

Porina epiphylla var. antriceps

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

+

+

–

–

708

Porina fulvella

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

709

Porina glaucoflava

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EWG

710

Porina halei

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

+

EWG

711

Porina innata

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

712

Porina interestes

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

713

Porina internigrans

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

714

Porina interspersa

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

OD

715

Porina isidiata

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

716

Porina karnatakensis

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

+

+

+

–

EWG

717

Porina limbulata

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

718

Porina mastoidea

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

+

719

Porina microcarpa

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

–

+

–

EWG

720

Porina monocarpa

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

721

Porina multiloculata

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

+

+

+

–

EWG

722

Porina nilgiriensis

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

EWG

723

Porina nitidula

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

724

Porina ochrostoma

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

725

Porina octomera

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

726

Porina pallescens

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

727

Porina palniensis

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

EWG

728

Porina platystoma

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

729

Porina rufula

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

730

Porina santessonii

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

+

+

EWG

731

Porina semecarpi

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

732

Porina subcutanea

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

733

Porina subgigantospora

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

EI

734

Porina subhibernica

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

EI

735

Porina subinterestes

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EI

736

Porina subsanctirosae

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EWG

737

Porina thaxteri

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

738

Protoblastenia russula

Psoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

739

Pseudocyphellaria argyracea

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

740

Pseudocyphellaria aurata

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

741

Pseudocyphellaria crocata

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

742

Pseudocyphellaria intricata

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

743

Pseudopyrenula pupula

Lobariaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

744

Psorella isidiophora

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

745

Psorella psorina

Biotoraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

746

Psoroma hispidulum

Pannariaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

EWG

747

Punctelia borreri

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

748

Punctelia neturalis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

749

Punctelia rudecta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

750

Punctelia subrudecta

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

751

Pyrenastrum oblistescens

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

752

Pyrenula aducta

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

753

Pyrenula anamalaiensis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

754

Pyrenula aspistea

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

755

Pyrenula cayennensis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

756

Pyrenula citiformis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

757

Pyrenula comirana

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

758

Pyrenula cuyabensis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

759

Pyrenula elegans

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

760

Pyrenula glabrescens

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

761

Pyrenula immersa

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

762

Pyrenula immissa

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

EI

763

Pyrenula interducta

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

764

Pyrenula introducta

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

EI

765

Pyrenula karnatakensis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

766

Pyrenula kurzii

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

767

Pyrenula leucostoma

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

768

Pyrenula limae

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

769

Pyrenula macularis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

770

Pyrenula mamillana

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

771

Pyrenula mamillata

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

772

Pyrenula mastophorizans

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

773

Pyrenula melaleuca

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

774

Pyrenula microcarpoides

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

775

Pyrenula minarum

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

776

Pyrenula nanospora

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

777

Pyrenula nitens

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

778

Pyrenula nitida

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

779

Pyrenula obscurior

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

780

Pyrenula ochraceoflava

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

+

–

781

Pyrenula ochraceoflavens

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

782

Pyrenula oculata

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

783

Pyrenula oxysporiza

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

784

Pyrenula pinguis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

785

Pyrenula pluricarpa

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

786

Pyrenula subacutalis

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

+

EI

787

Pyrenula subcamptospora

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

788

Pyrenula subglabriuscula

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

789

Pyrenula sublaevigata

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

790

Pyrenula submastophora

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

791

Pyrenula subnitidella

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EI

792

Pyrenula suboligocarpa

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

793

Pyrenula zeylanica

Pyrenulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

794

Pyrgidium montellicum

Sphrinctrinaceae

Crustose

+

+

–

–

795

Pyrgillocarpon indicum

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

+

–

+

–

796

Pyrgillus javanicum

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

+

–

–

–

797

Pyrrhospora russula

Lecideaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

798

Pyxine asiatica

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

EWG

799

Pyxine austroindica

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

EWG

800

Pyxine berteriana

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

801

Pyxine coccifera

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

802

Pyxine cocoes

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

803

Pyxine cocoes var. prominula

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

804

Pyxine cognata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

805

Pyxine coralligera

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

806

Pyxine cylindrica

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

+

–

EWG

807

Pyxine keralensis

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

EWG

808

Pyxine meissenerina

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

809

Pyxine minuta

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

810

Pyxine nilgiriensis

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

EWG

811

Pyxine palniensis

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

EWG

813

Pyxine petricola

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

812

Pyxine petricola var. pallida

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

–

+

–

814

Pyxine reticulata

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

815

Pyxine sorediata

Physciaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

816

Pyxine subcinerea

Physciaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

817

Ramalina africana

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

818

Ramalina arabum

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

819

Ramalina Berteri

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

–

+

–

EWG

820

Ramalina celastri

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

821

Ramalina farinacea

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

822

Ramalina fraxinea

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

823

Ramalina geniculata

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

824

Ramalina inflata

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

825

Ramalina leiodea

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

826

Ramalina nervulosa

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

+

–

+

–

827

Ramalina pacifica

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

+

+

+

–

828

Ramalina roesleri

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

829

Ramalina subpusilla

Ramalinaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

830

Relicina abstrusa

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

831

Relicina sydneyensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

832

Relicinopsis dahlii

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

833

Relicinopsis malaccensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

834

Rimelia cetrata

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

835

Rimelia reticulata*

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

+

+

+

836

Rinodina badiella

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

837

Rinodina oxydata

Physciaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

838

Roccella montagnei

Rocellaceae

Fruticose

–

–

+

–

839

Rolfidium peltatum

Biotoraceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

840

Schismatomma atomellum

Uncertain-Arthoniales

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

841

Schismatomma incurvulum

Uncertain-Arthoniales

Crustose

–

+

–

–

842

Schistophoron tenue

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

–

+

–

–

843

Sclerophyton indicum

Opegraphaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

844

Solorina saccata

Peltigeraceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

845

Sphaerophorus diplotypus

Sphaerophorus

Fruticose

+

–

–

–

EWG

846

Sphinctrina angelica

Sphinctrinaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

847

Sphinctrina gomphilloides

Sphinctrinaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

848

Sphinctrina nitidula

Sphinctrinaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

849

Sphinctrina tubaeformis

Sphinctrinaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

850

Sporopodium xantholeucum

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

851

Staurothele fissa

Verrucariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

+

852

Stereocaulon austroindicum

Stereocalaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

853

Sticta cyphellulata

Lobariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

854

Sticta damaecornis

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

855

Sticta filicina

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

856

Sticta fuliginosa

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

857

Sticta limbata

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

858

Sticta nylanderiana

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

859

Sticta orbicularis

Lobariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

860

Sticta platyphylloides

Lobariaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

861

Sticta sylvatica

Lobariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

862

Sticta weigelli

Lobariaceae

Foliose

+

+

–

–

863

Stirtonia monospora

Arthoniaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

864

Strigula complanata

Strigulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

865

Strigula elegans

Strigulaceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

866

Strigula maculata

Strigulaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

867

Strigula nemathora

Strigulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

868

Strigula nitidula

Strigulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

869

Strigula subelegans

Strigulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

870

Strigula subtillissima

Strigulaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

871

Tapellaria bilimbioides

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

EWG

872

Tapellaria phyllophilla

Ectolechiaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

873

Teloschistes flavicans

Teloschistaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

874

Tephromela atra

Lecanoraceae

Crustose

–

+

+

–

875

Thelocarpon palniensis

Acarosporaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

876

Thelotrema alboannuliforme

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

877

Thelotrema alborosellum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

878

Thelotrema annuloelevatum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

879

Thelotrema armellense

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

880

Thelotrema canarense

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

881

Thelotrema confertum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

882

Thelotrema exertum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

883

Thelotrema hiatum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

884

Thelotrema indicum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

885

Thelotrema kalakkadense

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

886

Thelotrema kamatii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

887

Thelotrema laceratulum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

+

+

888

Thelotrema lepademersum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EWG

889

Thelotrema lepadinum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

890

Thelotrema lepadodes

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

891

Thelotrema leprieurii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

892

Thelotrema leprocarpum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

893

Thelotrema peoltii

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

894

Thelotrema porinoides

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

895

Thelotrema pseudoexanthismocarpum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

896

Thelotrema pycnoporellum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

897

Thelotrema santense

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

898

Thelotrema subkeralense

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

899

Thelotrema tuberculiferum

Thelotremataceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

900

Tricharia allostrigosa

Gomphillaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

901

Trichothelium alboatrum

Trichotheliaceae

Crustose #

–

+

–

–

902

Trypethelium catervarium

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

903

Trypethelium eluteriae

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

+

904

Trypethelium flavocinereum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EWG

905

Trypethelium luteum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

EWG

906

Trypethelium ochroleucum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

907

Trypethelium plicato-rimosum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

–

+

EWG

908

Trypethelium subnitidiusculum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

EI

909

Trypethelium tropicum

Trypetheliaceae

Crustose

+

+

+

–

910

Tylophoron moderatum

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

+

+

–

–

911

Tylophoron nidulans

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

+

–

–

–

EI

912

Tylophoron protrudens

Uncertain-Caliciales

Crustose

+

–

–

–

913

Usnea acciculifera

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

914

Usnea albopunctata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

+

–

915

Usnea austroindica*

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

EWG

916

Usnea baileyii

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

917

Usnea bimolliuscula

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

918

Usnea ceylonica

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

919

Usnea complanata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

920

Usnea corralina

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

–

–

–

EWG

921

Usnea fischerii

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

–

–

–

EWG

922

Usnea fragilis

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

923

Usnea ghattensis

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

–

+

+

EWG

924

Usnea gigas

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

925

Usnea himalayana

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

926

Usnea lucea

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

927

Usnea luridorufa

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

928

Usnea maculata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

929

Usnea nilgirica

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

EWG

930

Usnea orientalis*

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

931

Usnea picta

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

932

Usnea pictoides

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

+

–

EWG

933

Usnea rigidula

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

934

Usnea rubicunda

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

935

Usnea spinosula

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

EWG

936

Usnea stigmata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

937

Usnea stigmatoides

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

+

–

EWG

938

Usnea subflorida

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

939

Usnea subsordida

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

940

Usnea undulata

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

+

–

941

Usnea vegae

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

+

+

–

–

942

Usnea vulneraria

Parmeliaceae

Fruticose

–

+

–

–

EWG

943

Verrucaria maura

Verrucariaceae

Crustose

+

–

–

–

944

Verrucaria muralis

Verrucariaceae

Crustose

–

+

–

–

945

Xanthoparmelia congensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

+

–

946

Xanthoparmelia fucina

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

947

Xanthoparmelia keralensis

Parmeliaceae

Foliose

+

–

–

–

948

Xanthorina parietina

Teloschistaceae

Foliose

–

+

–

–

949

Xylographa vitiligo

Teloschistaceae

Crustose

–

–

+

–

Address for Correspondence

Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute,
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, India.
E-mail: sanjeeva_n@yahoo.com, upretidk@rediffmail.com