Alexander, G. R. 1979. Predators of fish in coldwater streams. p. 153-170. In: H. Clepper (ed.), Predator-prey systems in fisheries management. Washington, D.C.

Alexander, G. R. 1977. "Food of Vertebrate Predators on Trout Waters in North Central Lower Michigan." Mich. Acad. 10, pp. 181=96195.

Britton, R. H. and M. E. Moser. 1982. Size specific predation by herons and its effect on the sex-ratio of natural populations of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, Baird and Girard. Oecologia 53:146-151.

Brown, L. R. and A. M. Brasher. 1995. Effect of predation by Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis) on habitat choice of California roach (Lavinia symmetricus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in artificial streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:1639-1646.

Brown, L. R. and P. B. Moyle. 1991. Changes in habitat and microhabitat partitioning within an assemblage of stream fishes in response to predation by Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:849-856.

Cerri, R. D. and D. F. Fraser. 1983. Predation and risk in foraging minnows: balancing conflicting demands. The American Naturalist= 121:552-561.

Cornwall, G.W. 1963. Observations on the breeding biology and behavior of a nesting population of belted kingfishers. Condor 65(5):426-431.

Davis, W.J. 1982. Territory size in Megaceryle alcyon along a stream habitat. Auk 99(2):353-362

Dolloff, CA. 1993. Predation by river otters (Lutra canadensis ) on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in Southeast Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(2) : 312-315.

Draulans, D. 1988. Effects of fish-eating birds on freshwater fish stocks: an evaluation. Biological Conservation 44:251-263.

Eipper, A. W. 1956. Differences in vulnerability of the prey of nesting kingfishers. J. Wildlife Management. 20:177-183.

Elson, P. F. 1962. Predator-prey relationships between fish-eating birds and Atlantic salmon. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 133: 1-87.

Feunteun, E. and Marion, L. 1994. Assessment of Grey Heron predation on fish communities: the case of largest European colony. Hydrobiologia 279/280: pp.327-344

Gilliam, J. F. and D. F. Fraser. 1987. Habitat selection under predation hazard: test of a model with foraging minnows. Ecology 68:1856-1862.

Hanbidge, B.A. 1989. Diet, growth and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Univ. Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Sask.), Dep. Biology, M.Sc. Thesis, x and 115 p.

Harvey, BC. 1991. Interactions among stream fishes: Predator-induced habitat shifts and larval survival. Oecologia. 87(1) : 29-36.

Harvey, BC and AJ. Stewart. 1991. Fish size and habitat depth relationships in headwater streams. Oecologia. 87(3) : 336-342.

Holierhoek, AM; Power, G; Klemetsen, A; Jonsson, B; Elliott, JM(eds). 1994. Responses of wild juvenile Arctic char to cover, light and predator threat. Proceedings Of The Third International Charr Symposium June 13-18, Trondheim, Norway., 1995, pp. 296-308, Nord. J. Freshwat.

Hvidsten, N.A., and R.A. Lund. 1988. Predation on hatchery-reared and wild smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the estuary of River Orkla, Norway. Journal of Fish Biology 33:121-126. ** No evidence was found for selective predation on smaller hatchery and wild smolts by cod.

Imhof, T.A. 1962. Alabama Birds. Univ. Alabama Press, University. 445 pp.

Itzkowitz, M. and D. Makie. 1986. Food provisioning and foraging behavior of the snowy egret, Egrette thula. Biology of Behavior 11:111-115.

Kelly, J.F. 1996. Effects of substrate on prey use by belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon): a test of the prey abundance-availability assumption. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:693-697.

Krebs, J. R. 1974. Colonial nesting and social feeding as strategies for exploiting food resources in the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). Behavior 51:99-151.

Kushlan, J. A. 1981. Resource use strategies of wading birds. Wilson Bulletin 93:145-163.

Latta, W. C., and R. F. Sharkey. 1966. Feeding behavior of the American merganser in captivity. J. Wildl. Manage. 30: 17-23.

Lindroth, A. 1955. Mergansers as salmon and trout predators in the river Indals=E4lven. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottningholm, Rept. 36: 126-132.

Matkowski, S.M.D. 1984. Angler harvest and mortality factors of stocked salmonids in lakes in Duck Mountain Provincial Park, Manitoba. Univ. Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba), M.Sc. Thesis, ? p.

Matkowski, S.M.D. 1989. Differential susceptibility of three species of stocked trout to bird predation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9(2):184-187.

Matlock, G.C., J.E. Weaver, and A.W. Green. 1982. Sampling nearshore estuarine fishes with rotenone. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 111(3):326-331.

Martel, G. 1992. Territoriality in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): influence of predation risk by common mergansers (Mergus merganser). Ph.D. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

Miller, S. W., and J. S. Barclay. 1974. Predation in warm water reservoirs by wintering common mergansers. p. 243-252. In: A. L. Mitchell (ed.), Proceedings of the twenty-seventh annual conference southeastern association of game and fish commissioners. Columbia, S. C.

Mittlebach, G. 1986. Predator-mediated habitat use: some consequences for species interactions. Environmental Biology of Fishes 16:159-169.

Modde, T., A.F. Wasowicz, and D.K. Hepworth. 1996. Cormorant and grebe predation on rainbow trout stocked in a southern Utah reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:388-394.

Munro, J. A., and W. A. Clemens. 1937. The American merganser in British Columbia and its relation to the fish population. Fish. Res. Board. Can., Bull. 50: 50 pp.

Melquist, W. E., and M. G. Hornocker. 1983. "Ecology of River Otters in West Central Idaho." Wildl. Monogr. 83, pp. 1=9660.

Power, M. E. 1984. Depth distribution of armored catfish: predator-induced resource avoidance? Ecology 65:523-528.

Power, M. E., T. L. Dudley and S. D. Cooper. 1989. Grazing catfish, fishing birds, and attached algae in a Panamanian stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26:285-294.

Rincon, PA; Lobon-Cervia, J. 1995. Use of an encounter model to predict size-selective predation by a stream-dwelling cyprinid. Freshwat. Biol. 33(2) : 181-191.

Safina, C. 1990. Bluefish mediation of foraging competition between roeate and common terns. Ecology 71:1804-1809.

Safina, C. and J. Burger. 1985. Common tern foraging: seasonal trends in prey fish densities and competition with bluefish. Ecology 66:1457-1463.

Salyer, J.C. and K.F. Lagler. 1949. The eastern Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus), in relation to fish management. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 76(1) : 97-117

Schlosser, I. J. 1987. The role of predation in age- and size- related habitat use by stream fishes. Ecology 68:651-659.

Schramm, H.L., Jr., M.W. Collopy, and E.A. Okrah. 1987. Potential problems of bird predation for fish culture in Florida. Progressive Fish-Culturist 49(1):44-49.

Shetter, D.S. 1951. The mortality and growth of marked and unmarked lake trout fingerlings in the presence of predators. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 81(1):17-34.

Sjoberg, K. 1989. Time-related predator/prey interactions between birds and fish in a northern Swedish river. Oecologia 80:1-10.

Sjoberg, K. 1988. Food selection, food-seeking patterns and hunting success of captive Goosanders (Mergus merganser) and Red-breasted Mergansers M. serrator in relation to the behaviour of their prey. Ibis. 130:79-93 **This captive study showed that hungry birds perferred larger prey, where satiated birds preferred smaller prey.

Suter, W., 1994. The effect of predation by wintering cormorants Pholacrocorax carbo on grayling Thymallus thymallus and trout (Salmonidae) populations: txo case studies from Swiss rivers. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, pp.29-46

Timken, R. L., and B. W. Anderson. 1969. Food habits of common mergansers in the northcentral United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 33: 87-91.

USFWS Biological Report 82 (10.87) entitled Habitat Suitability Index Models: Belted Kingfisher discusses the size of fish caught by belted kingfishers on the bottom of page 2 and the top of page 3.

Van Daele, L.J., and H.A. Van Daele. 1982. Factors affecting the productivity of ospreys nesting in west-central Idaho. Condor. 84:= 292-299.

Wanink & Goudswaard 1994. Hydrobiologia 279/280:367-376.

Wanink, Berger & Witte 1993. Proc. 8 Pan-Afr. Orn. Congr: 319-326.

Ware, D.M. 1972. Predation by rainbow trout : the influence of hunger, prey density, and prey size. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:1193-1201

Werner, E. J., J. F. Gilliam, D. J. Hall and G. G. Mittlebach. 1983. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64:1540-1548.

White, H.C. 1953. The eastern belted kingfisher in the Maritime Provinces. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 97. 44pp.

White, H.C. 1957. Food and natural history of mergansers on salmon waters in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Fishies Research Board of Canada Bulletin. No. 116. 63pp.

Willard, D. E. 1977. The feeding ecology and behavior of five species of herons in southeastern New Jersey. The Condor 79:462-470.

Winfield, I. J. 1990. Predation pressure from above: observations on the activities of piscivorous birds at a shallow eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 191:223-231.

Winfield, IJ; Biro, P; Talling, JF. (eds). Predation pressure from above: Observations on the activities of piscivorous birds at a shallow eutrophic lake. Trophic Relationships In Inland Waters. 1990. pp. 223-231. Hydrobiologia, vol. 191

Wood, C.C. 1985. Aggregate response of common mergansers : predicting flock size and abundance on Vancouver Island salmon streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42:1259-1271.

Wood, C.C. 1986. Dispersion of common merganser breeding pairs in relation to the availability of juvenile Pacific salmon in Vancouver Isalnd streams. Can. J. Zool. 64 : 756 - 765.

Wood, C.C. 1987. Predation of juvenile pacific salmon by the common merganser (Mergus merganser) on eastern Vancouver Island. I. Predation during seaward migration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 941-949.

Wood, C.C. 1987. Predation of juvenile Pacific salmon by the common merganser (Mergus merganser) on eastern Vancouver Island. II. Predation of stream-resident juvenile salmon by merganser broods. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 950-959.

Shawn P. Good =09
Centre Interuniversitaire
de Recherche sur le Saumon Atlantique GIROQ, Rm 2073
Pav. Vachon, Univ. Laval
Quebec City, PQ
G1K 7P4

E-mail : aad479@agora.ulaval.ca

(418) 656-2131 Ext. 8022
(418) 656-2339 FAX

    .            .:/                   
     .       ,,,///;,   ,;/            
       .   O:{{{{{{{{;;///             
          >:){{{{{{{{;;\\\             
            '''\\\\\    ';\.           
                  ';\