Subject: Marine Mangroves - Part I
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Dear NHN Members
Today's posting is Indian Mangroves and some associated species of
invertebrates and fishes.
Later today, we will post a list of mammals that were NOT evaluated along
with their common names and a list of mammals by common name in ABC order
for your convenience.
Don't forget our web site on which all of this will be posted in due course.
Before posting Mangroves I should say that the Mangrove Workshop was
organised in collaboration with and hosted solely by the National Institute
of Oceanography, whose scientists attended in force and contributed much to
the output of the workshop. The National Institute of Oceanography is a
part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the nodal institute
in India for marine research. NIO has promoted the study of mangroves
probably more than any other institution in India and was the motive force
behind the National Mangrove Society of India, a group mangrove scientists
and field biologists.
In our web site in the near future we will post the hosts and collaborators
of all workshops along with their full contact information. We will also
post the names and addresses of all participants and contributors to the
workshops.
Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop on Indian
Mangrove Ecosystem
Organised and hosted and by National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 21 - 25
July, 1997
Organised and facilitated by Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG, India
Initiated and sponsored by the Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation
Project, India, WWF, India
Endangered Species Project Coordinated by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology
and Natural History
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The mangrove ecosystem is an interphase between terrestrial forests and
aquatic (marine) ecosystems and includes diversified macrohabitats such as
mangrove dominated forests, litter laden forest floors, mudflats, adjacent
coral reefs (in Andaman and Nicobar islands) and contiguous water courses
which may be rivers, bays, intertidal creeks and channels and, backwaters.
Thus, this ecosystem offers innumerable microhabitats for a diversity of
faunal and floral species. Indian mangroves can be broadly divided into two
kinds - east coast deltaic and west coast non-deltaic mangroves. Apart from
these, there are mangroves in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mangrove
plants were assessed by 2 groups of participants - west coast group and east
coast group. The east coast group also assessed mangrove taxa of the
Andaman and Nicobar islands. Totally 58 mangrove plants and 1 species of
sea grass were assessed at the workshop. Sixty-seven percent of the
assessed mangrove plants are Endangered, while 97% of all mangrove plants
assessed are threatened.
Separately, in other working groups, marine algae, mangrove invertebrates
and marine fishes were assessed simultaneously. The respective groups
evaluated 23 algae, 51 fishes and 42 invertebrates.
About 500 species of invertebrates have been reported from Indian mangroves
out of which little more than 50% are insects and 20 % are zooplankton
species. Amongst the remaining, molluscs and crustaceans are dominated
(45%) in number of species followed by polychaetes. The majority of insect
fauna reported so far are visitors. However, very recently 276 species of
insects have been reported from the mangals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
out of which 197 species are herbivores, 36 species are predators and 43
species of parasitoides. At this workshop, only invertebrates which spend
a majority of their adult lives in mangroves were assessed.
In recent years, there is a global awarness for increased fish production
under capture and culture conditions of coastal waters, estuaries,
backwaters and mangrove swamps which constitute one of the most valuable and
vulnerable natural resources of a nation's economy. The biodiversity of the
various finfish species in the above ecosystems affects the natural
resources. Marine finfishes based on finfish catch data, threats to
mangroves and over exploitation of stocks were evaluated at the workshop.
Though detailed information was not available, it was realised hat from the
fish catch data, a distinct decreasing trend was noticeable in finfish
populations.
Altogether 624 species of marine macro-algae occur along the Indian coast.
In India, forty-eight marine algal species are reported from the mangrove
swamps. At the workshop, 23 algal species were assessed, which belong to 3
major groups such as Chlorophyta - green algae; Phaeophyta - brown algae and
Rhodophyta - red algae. Mangrove regions in the tropics have been observed
to harbor a number of economically/ commercially important algae such as
Monostroma oxyspermum (high nutritional value), Gracilaria verrucosa
(agarophyte), Catnella impudica, Caloglossa lepriurii (dyes and food vale)
and Caulerpa sp. (bioactive substance), etc.
The marine algal distribution in this region, along the Indian coast has so
far been restricted to the taxonomical level, i.e. taxonomic identification
and geographical occurrence. Actual availability of these species (in terms
of biomass) still remains doubtful. Some estuaries along Central west coast
of India are studied extensively by Jagtap and Untawale et al. However,
from the east coast meager data is available (except for Sunderban) the
species are mentioned along with the open coast intertidal algae; some times
without monitoring the habitat.
Categorisation of taxa was done according to the 1994 IUCN Red List
categories. For a taxon to be threatened, any one of the five criteria
within the categories has to be satisfied. These criteria or factors that
are used in a categorisation of threat are 1. Population reduction; 2.
Restricted distribution; 3. Population estimates; 4. Restricted population
and 5 Probability of extinction. The degree of threat depending on each or
any of these five criteria determines the threat category.
One of the major outcomes of this workshop was the post-assessment research
and management recommendations for every mangrove taxon. Participants
identified lacunae areas that need prioritisation and this is indicated in
the recommendation section. Survey, monitoring and habitat management are
the most frequently recommended research and management tools for
understanding distribution and trends of mangroves. The workshop was also
an ideal forum to discuss controversial issues such as taxonomy and
nomenclature of Indian mangrove fauna and flora. There is some confusion
about classification of mangroves, which has led to confusion among field
biologists. Unfortunately, due to lack of time, no special issue working
groups could be convened to formally discuss classfification of mangroves.
However, it was felt that most of the biologists were happy to be able to
discuss those issues within their working groups while assessing the status.
It was also felt that a need for a network to identify and bring together
reptile researchers in and around India required urgent action.
Marine Mangroves
1. Acanthus ebracteatus -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
2. Acanthus ilicifolius -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
3. Acanthus volubilis -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
4. Acrostichum aureum -- LRlc
5. Aegialitis rotundifolia -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
6. Aegiceras corniculatum -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
7. Aeluropus lagopoides -- EN -- (B1, 2b)
8. Aglaia cuculata -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
9. Arthrocnemum indicum -- VU -- (A1ab)
10. Avicennia alba -- CR -- (A1ac)
11. Avicennia marina var. acutissima -- EN -- (A1cd)
12. Avicennia marina var. resinifera -- CR -- (B1, 2bcd; D)
13. Avicennia officinalis -- EN -- (B1, 2b)
14. Brownlowia tersa -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
15. Bruguiera cylindrica -- EN -- (A1cd, 2d; B1, 2c)
16. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza -- CR -- (A1cd)
17. Bruguiera parviflora -- CR -- (A1cd)
18. Bruguiera sexangula -- VU -- (B1, 2cd)
19. Cenchrus ciliaris -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
20. Cerbera manghas -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
21. Ceriops decandra -- EN -- (A1cd, 2d; B1, 2c)
22. Ceriops tagal -- EN -- (B1, 2ac)
23. Clerodendrum inerme -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
24. Cynometra ramiflora -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
25. Derris heterophylla -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
26. Derris trifoliata -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
27. Excoecaria agallocha -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
28. Finlaysonia obovata -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
29. Halophila beccarii -- EN -- (B1, 2cd)
30. Heretiera fomes -- EN -- (B1, 2bc)
31. Heretiera kanikensis -- CR -- (B1, 2c; C2b; D)
32. Heretiera littoralis -- EN -- (A2bcd; B1, 2cd )
33. Kandelia candel -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
34. Lumnitzera littorea -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
35. Lumnitzera racemosa -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
36. Myriostachya wightiana -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
37. Nypa fruticans -- EN -- (B1, 2abc)
38. Phoenix paludosa -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
39. Porteresia coarctata -- VU -- (B1, 2c)
40. Rhizophora annamalayana -- NE
41. Rhizophora apiculata -- EN -- (A2bd
42. Rhizophora lamarckii -- CR -- (B1, 2c; C2a)
43. Rhizophora mucronata -- VU -- (A2cd; B1,2c)
44. Rhizhophora stylosa -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
45. Salicornia brachiata -- LRnt
46. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
47. Sesuvium portulacastrum -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
48. Sonneratia alba -- EN -- (A2cd)
49. Sonneratia apetala -- EN -- (A2bdc; B1, 2c)
50. Sonneratia caseolaris -- EN -- (A2bcd; B1, 2c)
51. Sonneratia griffithii -- CR -- (B1, 2c)
52. Sporobolus virginicus -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
53. Suaeda maritima -- EN -- (B1, 2bc)
54. Suaeda monoica -- EN -- (B1, 2abc)
55. Suaeda nudiflora -- EN -- (B1, 2ac)
56. Tamarix troupii -- EN -- (B1, 2bcd)
57. Urochondra setulosa -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
58. Xylocarpus granatum -- EN -- (A1acd, 2bcd; B1, 2ac )
59. Xylocarpus mekongensis -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
60. Xylocarpus moluccensis -- EN -- (B1, 2c)
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