Introduction |
Purpose
This manual is intended for use by development workers involved in the
construction of wells to supply water to a local population for personal consumption.
It has been designed to help field workers with little
or no construction experience to assist communities in:
planning and designing a well, or
wells, appropriate to the needs of the local population;
assessing the advantages or disadvantages of locally available
construction materials;
deciding on the most appropriate
construction techniques;
constructing a well, or wells,
capable of meeting the community's needs.
Most of the materials, tools, and methods covered in
this manual are applicable throughout the world in a variety
of local situations. The techniques are designed to be useful
in the rural areas of most developing countries. Step-by-step plans
outline construction materials and techniques to be used where skills
may be limited. Although all potential situations cannot be covered,
this manual provides enough background to allow workers to assess
unusual situations, and determine what available techniques might be useful.
Organization of This Manual
The manual is organized into three sections. Section One, Planning, introduces the
knowledge needed for wells planning and discusses those aspects of
water development and wells construction that should be considered before
a wells project is begun. It also presents an outline
of the different methods of constructing wells. These are covered
in greater detail in the next two sections. Section One
will give you some basic ideas about the kind of
well that might be most appropriate in your situation.
Section Two, Hand Dug Wells, provides information on wells
that can, or must, be dug by hand:
a detailed outline of the tasks
involved in wells construction;
a discussion of the top, middle and bottom sections
of a hand dug well, their parts, and methods used in constructing them;
the tools, equipment and materials needed;
if tools and supplies can safely be lowered into
and out of the well;
the operations that must take place in the hole;
details of the construction of the middle section;
details of the construction of the bottom section.
Section Three Drilled Wells,provides information on
drilling techniques that can be used in certain situations:
the basic components and procedures used in drilling for water;
the different possible sinking methods;
a detailed description of
equipment and procedures used in a variety of hand-drilling methods;
how the bottom section of a drilled
well is constructed and finished for use.
Several appendices follow, giving useful information cn:
Metric-English measurement conversion;
vegetation as a possible indicator of water;
use of dynamite;
use of cement
techniques of levelling and plumbing molds;
piping
pumps.
Following these, the two figures (A and B)
which a appear inside the front and back covers are
reproduced at the beginnings of Section Two and Section Three
respectively. The manual concludes with a glossary and an annotated
bibliography.
How the Manual Can Be Used
You can use this manual:
as a text to teach and train people
about wells and their use;
to locate
the information necessary to construct a well;
to stimulate thinking about possible useful modifications of presently used
techniques;
to locate other sources of information.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks
are due to F. Eugene McJunkin for his technical review
of the material in Wells Construction. Thanks to Sam Kunkle
who wrote Appendix II, Vegetation as an Index of Ground
Water.
Thanks also to the many people who
helped in the preparation of this manual, especially Craig Hafner,
Howard Ebenstein, Brenda Gates, Francis Luzzatto, Laurel Druben, Sue Chappelear,
Pascal Pittman, Mary Ernsherger, Vic Wehman, Vicki Fries, Vernell Womack,
and Teri Barila.